3. Anatomy and physiology of the
eye. (Overview ).
*The human eye is a complex structure designed
to gather a significant amount of information
about the environment around us.(To see)
* The eyeball is spherical in shape with a
diameter of about 2.3 cm
*The normal, or healthy, visual acuity is 20/20
vision. That simply means that you can clearly
see something 20 feet away that you should be
able to see from that distance.
4. * Main functions of the cye is to visualize
objects.
*Help in light perception, color and depth
perceptions.
5. Eyeball
• It has three layers
• The outer fibrous layer - sclera and cornua
• Middle vascular layer - choroid , ciliary body and iris
• Inner layer -retina , consisting of optic and non
visual parts
• Muscles of the orbit are :Levator palpebrae
superioris ,four recti ( superior , inferior , medial
and lateral ) ,two oblique (superior and inferior )
6. Eye Vision
Introduction
* Vision is the special sense of sight that is based on
the transduction of light stimuli received through the
eye.
*°Components of the visual system include the ;optical
components of the eye (cornea, aqueous humor, lens,
and vitreous body), retina, optic nerves, optic tracts,
optic radiations, visual cortex .
8. The cornea’ help in light ray bending so
as to allow passage of light freely
through the pupil, the size-changing hole
in the iris.
The iris give the eye color, and also
enlarge/shrink like a camera.
*After passing the iris, the light rays
strike the eye’s lens shortening and
lengthening its width in order to focus
light rays properly.
9. * In a normal eyeball, after exiting the
back of the lens, the light rays pass
through the vitreous humor .
*The vitreous humor helps the eye
hold its spherical shape. Finally, the
light rays land and come to a sharp
focusing point on the retina.
10. * The optic nerve is an extension
of the brain
with millions nerve fibers
*The light impulses travel through
this nerve fiber to the brain, where
they are interpreted as an image.
11. DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURE.
*Assessment
Inspection of the eyes for; Symmetry of
eyelids, Size, Contour, Alignment of the
eyeballs and Signs of traumatic injury.
*involves looking for eyelid drop (ptosis),
dysconjugate gaze, exophthalmos (protruding
gaze), sunken eyes, eyes drainage, pupil size,
and reaction of eye to light with diagnostic
procedures.
12. *Diangnostic procedure of the disorders of the eye involves;
1. Refraction, ;. Is use to assess focusing errors, where their is
problems with visual acuity (sharpness of vision)
2. Visual field testing.;is the entire area of vision that is seen out
of each eye, including the corners (peripheral vision).
3. Ophthalmoscopy almoscopy (also called funduscopy); A
direct ophthalmoscope is a handheld device that looks like a
small flashlight with magnifying lenses
4. Slit-lamp examination. lamp is a table-mounted binocular
microscope that shines light into the eye to allow examination
of the entire eye under high magnification.
5. Tonometry; ; Measurement of the pressure with 8n the eyes
13. Signs and symptoms
Severe eye pain or irritation.
*Vision n loss or double vision.
*Eye floaters, flashes of light or halos around
lights.
*Severe headache.
*Nausea or vomiting.
*Numbness or weakness on one side of the
body.
*Confusion, dizziness or trouble talking
14. NURSING MANAGEMENT.
Dealing with vision disorder prevention is key
were possible .
• Control of diabetes – This prevents progression
of diabetic retinopathy and resulting visual
impairment to some extent. However in
advanced cases this may be of little help.
• Education on institution of prescribed eye
drops.
• Magnification systems – This is achieved using
appropriate lens, reading and telescopes
15. Check visual acuity.
Educate the patient on the disease.
Apply cool compress
Administer medications as prescribed.
Encourage hand washing
Advise not to share personal care items.
Keep children at home until symptoms
subside
16. Medical management
This depend on the type of visual disorder
*Age-Related Macular Degeneration.; It affects central vision ,this means the
person can’t see things directly in front of them. . TREATMENT __intravitreal
injections in to improve vision. But can't cure .
*Amblyopia.: occurs in early childhoodWhen nerve pathways between the
brain and an eye aren't properly stimulated, the brain favours the other eye.
TREATMENT __includes eye patches, drops, glasses or contact lenses and
sometimes surgery.
*Cattaract.: Clouding of the normally clear lens of the eye. TREATMENT ---
Cataract surgery
Diabetic Retinopathy.; Treatment consists of diet modifications and insulin
Glauoma.; The nerve connecting the eye to the brain is damaged, usually due
to high eye pressure. TREATMENT __ Include eye drops, medication and
surgery.
Refractive Errors. ::the nerve connecting the eye to the brain is damaged,
usually due to high eye pressure.
TREATMENT ---glasses or contact lenses, or fix the refractive error with
surgery.
17. Nursing Diagnosis
•Pain related to disease process
evidence by patient
vandalization.
•Disturbed sensory perception
related to visual impairment.
evidence by vision loss.
•Anxiety related to possible vision
loss.
