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1. UNIVERSIDAD TECNICA DE MACHALA
ACADEMIC UNIT OF CHEMICAL
SCIENCES AND HEALTH
MEDICINE SCHOOL
ENGLISH
DISEASE OF THE MOUTH
CAVITY
STUDENTS
William Cruz
Kevin Herrera
Jorge Pacheco
Angie Chamba
Sonia Quijilema
TEACHER:
Mgs. Barreto Huilcapi Lina Maribel
CLASS:
EIGHTH SEMESTER ‘’A’’
Machala, El Oro
2018

2. Disease of the Mouth Cavity
Definition
The mouth is one of the most important parts of your body. It fulfills many different
functions. It allows:
 Consume foods and liquids
 Inhale and exhale air
 Begin digestion, with your teeth chewing food and your salivary glands producing
saliva that helps soften food
 Talk and sing
 Show emotions, such as smiling or pouting
Any problem that affects your mouth can make it hard for you to eat, drink or even smile.
Some common problems of the mouth are:
 Cold sores: Painful sores on the lips and around the mouth caused by a virus
 Canker sores: Painful ulcers in the mouth, caused by bacteria or viruses
 Muguet or oral candidiasis: Candida infection that causes white patches in the
mouth
 Leukoplakia: White patches formed by excess cellular growth in the mucosa of the
cheeks, gums or tongue, common in smokers
 Dry mouth: Lack of enough saliva, caused by some medicines and diseases
 Problems in the gums or teeth
 Bad breath

3. The treatment of mouth disorders varies depending on the problem. If the problem of the
mouth is caused by another condition, treating that disease can help. It is important to keep
your mouth clean by brushing and flossing frequently, and avoid tobacco.
Etiology
Different investigations have shown that more than 120 systemic diseases originate in the
oral cavity. Oral diseases have been associated with nutritional compromise, cancer,
xerostomia, pneumonia, bacteremia, emphysema, heart problems, diabetes, complications
in surgery, among others. Oral diseases increase the risk of chronic diseases such as
cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus and respiratory diseases. On
the other hand, the epidemiological surveillance of oral pathologies acquires importance
insofar as it provides useful elements for the planning, programming, organization,
integration, control and direction of the Oral Health Program, which guides the attention to
the population.
According to the National Health Program 2007-2012 and the current regulations in our
country, the System for Epidemiological Surveillance of Oral Pathologies is presented
(SIVEPAB), to monitor this group of diseases within those considered non-communicable.
The system is based on a model that proposes three phases: the first, the permanent, will
obtain information from patients who come to receive dental care, mainly to the first level
services of the Health Sector; the second, the survey,
will study the population through population groups by using a sampling frame for
last, that of special investigations, which will arise from the problems detected
in the previous phases.
Signs and symptoms
Among the signs and symptoms are:
 A sore that does not heal
 A sore that bleeds
 Growth, bulging or thickening of the skin or lining of the mouth
 Loose teeth
 Dentures that do not fit well

4.  Pain in the tongue
 Pain or stiffness in the jaw
 Pain or difficulty chewing
 Pain or difficulty swallowing
 Sore throat
Diagnosis
Periodontal diseases do not usually cause severe pain or discomfort. The most frequent
symptom is spontaneous bleeding or during tooth brushing, although it is less evident in
smokers. Pus may also appear on the gum, bad taste or bad mouth odor, redness of the
gums, receding of the gums and appearance of longer tooth, appearance of spaces between
the teeth or changes of position of these, hypersensitivity to thermal changes ( especially
the cold), pain, mobility of the teeth.
In any case, the diagnosis of certainty can only be made by the dentist or the periodontist
(specialist dentist in treating gum problems). By means of a meter that we call a probe, it is
evaluated if the periodontal tissues are superficially inflamed (gingivitis) and if there has
been a loss of supporting tissues (periodontitis). It may also be necessary to take x-rays to
confirm the findings. The diagnosis can be complemented by microbiological analysis (to
identify pathogenic bacteria), or by genetic analysis (to assess what susceptibility the
individual has to the disease).
Treatment
In the case of gingivitis, it is necessary to clean bacteria that have accumulated, by
removing dental plaque and dental calculus (also called tartar or tartar, which is the
mineralized plate). This treatment, called professional prophylaxis (or scaling, or "mouth
cleaning"), is performed by dental professionals, both dental hygienists, dentists or
periodontists. In addition, it is essential to explain how teeth and gums should be brushed to
keep them clean, and that gingivitis does not recur.
In periodontitis, the treatment is organized in two phases. In the first phase, also called the
basic phase of treatment, the bacteria in the periodontal pockets will be removed by scaling
and root planing (incorrectly called curettage), which involves cleaning the bacteria, plaque

5. and calculus of the roots of the teeth. Sometimes, this phase of treatment is accompanied by
the use of antibiotics.
However, in aggressive or advanced diseases, it is necessary to perform a second phase of
treatment, which will consist of accessing these deep periodontal pockets. This phase is
called periodontal surgery. Occasionally, during periodontal surgery, techniques of
regeneration of lost bone can also be applied locally. When the active treatment ends, the
disease must be controlled. At this moment the maintenance phase begins, which is a
fundamental stage of periodontal treatment and the only way to achieve control of
periodontitis in the long term. The basic and surgical phases are very effective in
controlling bacteria and achieving periodontal health, but these bacteria tend to recolonize
the periodontal pocket from other buccal reservoirs and, if not acted appropriately, the
disease tends to reappear after a few months.
At each maintenance visit, the dentist, the periodontist or the dental hygienist will carry out
protocolized actions consisting of the following points: verification of the clinical situation
tooth by tooth; evaluation of oral hygiene and elimination of calculus and bacteria
individually, according to the situation of the different areas of the mouth. It is important to
emphasize that periodontal maintenance is not only a professional prophylaxis ("mouth
cleaning"), but it is an individualized medical action adapted to the needs of each patient.
The frequency of maintenance is defined for each particular case, but it usually varies
between visits every 3 to 6 months.
Prevention
There is no proven way to prevent mouth cancer. However, you can follow these tips to
reduce the risk of mouth cancer:
Stop using tobacco or do not start doing it. If you use tobacco, stop doing it. If you do not
use tobacco, do not start. Consuming tobacco, whether you smoke it or chew it, exposes the
cells of the mouth to dangerous carcinogenic chemicals.
If you drink alcohol, let it be in moderation. Excessive and frequent consumption of alcohol
can irritate the cells of the mouth and make them vulnerable to mouth cancer. If you decide

6. to drink alcohol, limit consumption to one drink per day if you are a woman or two drinks
per day if you are a man.
Eat a variety of fruits and vegetables. Take a diet based on many fruits and vegetables. The
vitamins and antioxidants present in fruits and vegetables can help reduce the risk of mouth
cancer.
Avoid excessive exposure to the sun on the lips. Stay in the shade whenever possible to
protect the skin from the lips against the sun. Wear a hat with a wide brim that protects
your entire face, including your mouth. Include the use of a sunscreen for the lips as part of
the routine of your sun protection regimen.
Consult your dentist regularly. As part of the routine dental examination, ask your dentist to
examine your entire mouth to detect any abnormalities that may indicate precancerous and
cancerous changes in the mouth.
Bibliography
 Clément P., Le Guyadec T., Zalagh M., Gauthier J., N'Zouba L., Kossowski M.
Oral and nasosinusal manifestations of specific infectious diseases. EMC,
Otolaryngology, 20-373-A-10, 2005.
 Amir J, Harel L, Smetana Z, Varsano I. The natural history of primary herpes
simple type 1 gingivostomatitis in children. Pediatr Dermatol 1999; 16: 259-263.
 Krain LS, Terasaki I, Newcomer VD, Mikey MR. Increased frequency of HLAA10
in pemphigus vulgaris. Arch Dermatol, 1973; 108: 803-805.