Discussion Question #1:
Find an article about a current event that discusses a change in the supply or demand of a product. For example, has there been a weather event that has affected certain food crops or the availablility of energy? Has a new consumer product been introduced? Or has a government regulation affected the production of a product? Provide a brief description of the article’s content and explain how economics can be used to analyze the situation and predict changes in equilibrium prices and quantities. Will the change likely persist over time, or is it temporary?
admin
Sticky Note
ie., the SLFIi > 0 identify positively or directly correlative (X-peak)-to-(Y-peak) associations
admin
Sticky Note
ie., the SLFIi < 0 identify positively or directly correlative (X-valley)-to-(Y-valley) associations
admin
Sticky Note
to fruther simplify the positively correlated feature associations in the X- and Y-datasets, replot the SLFIi as=>
- map-A for all SLFIi > 0, and
- map-B for all SLFIi < 0, where the
admin
Sticky Note
to fruther simplify the negaitively correlated feature associations in the X- and Y-datasets, replot the DLFIi as=>
- map-C for all DLFIi > 0, and
- map-D for all DLFIi < 0, where the
admin
Sticky Note
ie., the DLFIi > 0 identify negatively or inversely correlative (X-peak)-to-(Y-valley) associations
admin
Sticky Note
ie., the DLFIi < 0 identify negatively or inversely correlative (X-valley)-to-(Y-peak) associations
admin
Sticky Note
To illustrate WCA, consider the signals T1 and T2 plotted in Fig. 4-below with their respective amplitude means (AM) removed.
- the signals' other statistical attributes also are highly disparate, including the
- amplitude standard deviations (ASD) and
- amplitude ranges of (min, max)-values (AR)
- the signals also have a negligible correlation coefficient (CC) that seems to be supported graphically by an apparent lack of feature associations
admin
Sticky Note
- the 128-point signal T1 is the superposition of the regional background signal (B1) and the higher frequency residual signal (R1), and
- the 128-point signal T2 is the superposition of the regional background signal (B2) and the higher frequency residual signal (R2), where
- CC(B1, B2) = 0, and
- the first half of R1 is positively correlated with the first half of R2, and
- the other two halves are negatively correlated so that
- CC(R1, R2) = 0.
admin
Sticky Note
- this example is from von Frese et al. (1997) and
- also is summarized in Chap. 7.3 [p. (135-138)/153] of the GeomathBook.pdf
admin
Sticky Note
- to facilitate graphical correlation analysis of apples (eg., T1) to oranges (eg., T2), the signals were normalized as described on the next page-below=>
admin
Sticky Note
Accordingly, in Fig. 5, the normalized T1 (ie., NT1) and T2 (ie., NT2) signals have dimensionless
- ASD(NT1) = ASD(NT2) = 2.0, and
- normalization factors (NF) so that
T1 = [NF(T1) x NT1] and T2 = [NF(T2) x NT2]
a.
adminSticky Noteie., the SLFIi 0 identify positively o.docxbobbywlane695641
admin
Sticky Note
ie., the SLFIi > 0 identify positively or directly correlative (X-peak)-to-(Y-peak) associations
admin
Sticky Note
ie., the SLFIi < 0 identify positively or directly correlative (X-valley)-to-(Y-valley) associations
admin
Sticky Note
to fruther simplify the positively correlated feature associations in the X- and Y-datasets, replot the SLFIi as=>
- map-A for all SLFIi > 0, and
- map-B for all SLFIi < 0, where the
admin
Sticky Note
to fruther simplify the negaitively correlated feature associations in the X- and Y-datasets, replot the DLFIi as=>
- map-C for all DLFIi > 0, and
- map-D for all DLFIi < 0, where the
admin
Sticky Note
ie., the DLFIi > 0 identify negatively or inversely correlative (X-peak)-to-(Y-valley) associations
admin
Sticky Note
ie., the DLFIi < 0 identify negatively or inversely correlative (X-valley)-to-(Y-peak) associations
admin
Sticky Note
To illustrate WCA, consider the signals T1 and T2 plotted in Fig. 4-below with their respective amplitude means (AM) removed.
- the signals' other statistical attributes also are highly disparate, including the
- amplitude standard deviations (ASD) and
- amplitude ranges of (min, max)-values (AR)
- the signals also have a negligible correlation coefficient (CC) that seems to be supported graphically by an apparent lack of feature associations
admin
Sticky Note
- the 128-point signal T1 is the superposition of the regional background signal (B1) and the higher frequency residual signal (R1), and
- the 128-point signal T2 is the superposition of the regional background signal (B2) and the higher frequency residual signal (R2), where
- CC(B1, B2) = 0, and
- the first half of R1 is positively correlated with the first half of R2, and
- the other two halves are negatively correlated so that
- CC(R1, R2) = 0.
admin
Sticky Note
- this example is from von Frese et al. (1997) and
- also is summarized in Chap. 7.3 [p. (135-138)/153] of the GeomathBook.pdf
admin
Sticky Note
- to facilitate graphical correlation analysis of apples (eg., T1) to oranges (eg., T2), the signals were normalized as described on the next page-below=>
admin
Sticky Note
Accordingly, in Fig. 5, the normalized T1 (ie., NT1) and T2 (ie., NT2) signals have dimensionless
- ASD(NT1) = ASD(NT2) = 2.0, and
- normalization factors (NF) so that
T1 = [NF(T1) x NT1] and T2 = [NF(T2) x NT2]
admin
Sticky Note
- Note that normalization does not affect CC(T1, T2).
- However, this plot of the normalized signals suggests a possible regional phase shift for WCA investigation
- Thus. wavenumber correlation filters (WCF) were developed and applied to NT1 & NT2 to extract the minimally correlated wavenumber components output respectively in Fig.s 6- & 7-below
admin
Sticky Note
- or set σz = σx and μz = μx to normalize Y to X, so that zi(Y) = NY can be plotted on the same axes or contour intervals, etc. as those of X
- or normalize both X and Y to common σz and μz so that zi.
adminSticky Noteie., the SLFIi 0 identify positively o.docxgalerussel59292
admin
Sticky Note
ie., the SLFIi > 0 identify positively or directly correlative (X-peak)-to-(Y-peak) associations
admin
Sticky Note
ie., the SLFIi < 0 identify positively or directly correlative (X-valley)-to-(Y-valley) associations
admin
Sticky Note
to fruther simplify the positively correlated feature associations in the X- and Y-datasets, replot the SLFIi as=>
- map-A for all SLFIi > 0, and
- map-B for all SLFIi < 0, where the
admin
Sticky Note
to fruther simplify the negaitively correlated feature associations in the X- and Y-datasets, replot the DLFIi as=>
- map-C for all DLFIi > 0, and
- map-D for all DLFIi < 0, where the
admin
Sticky Note
ie., the DLFIi > 0 identify negatively or inversely correlative (X-peak)-to-(Y-valley) associations
admin
Sticky Note
ie., the DLFIi < 0 identify negatively or inversely correlative (X-valley)-to-(Y-peak) associations
admin
Sticky Note
To illustrate WCA, consider the signals T1 and T2 plotted in Fig. 4-below with their respective amplitude means (AM) removed.
- the signals' other statistical attributes also are highly disparate, including the
- amplitude standard deviations (ASD) and
- amplitude ranges of (min, max)-values (AR)
- the signals also have a negligible correlation coefficient (CC) that seems to be supported graphically by an apparent lack of feature associations
admin
Sticky Note
- the 128-point signal T1 is the superposition of the regional background signal (B1) and the higher frequency residual signal (R1), and
- the 128-point signal T2 is the superposition of the regional background signal (B2) and the higher frequency residual signal (R2), where
- CC(B1, B2) = 0, and
- the first half of R1 is positively correlated with the first half of R2, and
- the other two halves are negatively correlated so that
- CC(R1, R2) = 0.
admin
Sticky Note
- this example is from von Frese et al. (1997) and
- also is summarized in Chap. 7.3 [p. (135-138)/153] of the GeomathBook.pdf
admin
Sticky Note
- to facilitate graphical correlation analysis of apples (eg., T1) to oranges (eg., T2), the signals were normalized as described on the next page-below=>
admin
Sticky Note
Accordingly, in Fig. 5, the normalized T1 (ie., NT1) and T2 (ie., NT2) signals have dimensionless
- ASD(NT1) = ASD(NT2) = 2.0, and
- normalization factors (NF) so that
T1 = [NF(T1) x NT1] and T2 = [NF(T2) x NT2]
admin
Sticky Note
- Note that normalization does not affect CC(T1, T2).
- However, this plot of the normalized signals suggests a possible regional phase shift for WCA investigation
- Thus. wavenumber correlation filters (WCF) were developed and applied to NT1 & NT2 to extract the minimally correlated wavenumber components output respectively in Fig.s 6- & 7-below
admin
Sticky Note
- or set σz = σx and μz = μx to normalize Y to X, so that zi(Y) = NY can be plotted on the same axes or contour intervals, etc. as those of X
- or normalize both X and Y to common σz and μz so that zi.
Graduation project (Excellent)
Coastal Processes Assessment and Marina Design, EL-Sallume, Egyptian North coast.
EL-Sallume new marina is a proposed project in Egyptian North Coast that aims to provide a unique experience through linking the marina with the Exterior Oases corridor.
The project consisted of four stages, The first was Metocean study including data collection, data analysis and spectral wave modelling using Mike21 SWs. The second was detailed design of marine structures. Third stage was estimating the cost of the project (BOQ). Finally, environmental impact assessment (EIA)
This document proposes an adaptive modulation scheme using rain fade predictions from Kalman filtering to mitigate the effects of rain fade on geostationary satellite communications in the Ka-band. It simulates a cognitive radio-based satellite communication system with an adaptive transmitter and receiver. Prediction of the rain fade using a linear Kalman filter allows time for the transmitter and receiver to reconfigure before the predicted fade occurs, improving the bit error rate performance by two orders of magnitude compared to a non-adaptive system. The simulation shows switching between 4-QAM and 16-QAM modulation based on predicted fade levels keeps the bit error rate below a threshold while transmitting more data overall.
River stage forecasting using wavelet analysisVinit Sehgal
The document describes research on using wavelet regression (WR) models and artificial neural network (ANN) models to forecast river stages of the Kosi River in India. WR models were developed using discrete wavelet transform to decompose historical river stage data into wavelet components, which were then used as inputs to autoregressive models. The WR models achieved higher coefficients of correlation and lower root mean square errors than ANN models when evaluating predictions against verification data, indicating WR models more accurately forecasted river stages of the Kosi River.
The document discusses gear strength analysis and design. It summarizes the Lewis equation for bending stress in gears and its limitations. It then introduces the AGMA gear stress equation which modifies the Lewis equation to better account for factors like radial forces, stress concentrations, and multiple teeth in contact. It also discusses factors for velocity, overload, size, and others. The document further discusses surface stresses and wear between gear teeth. It provides the AGMA equation for surface (contact) stress. Finally, it outlines the design process using the bending and surface strength equations along with material properties and factors.
This document discusses automatic generation control (AGC) in a restructured two-area power system with superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES). It presents:
1) A two-area test system model with multiple generating units and SMES in one area for AGC.
2) Methods to optimize integral controller gains with and without SMES using integral squared error.
3) Three cases of generation-load scheduling under different market structures and the effects on frequency regulation and tie-line power flows.
1. Estimate the Rain Fade for earth-to-satellite microwave Down links for the following frequency bands (LP-V, LP-H, CP):
a. C-band (4 GHz)
b. Ku-band (12 GHz)
c. Ka-band (20 GHz)
d. V-band (30 GHz)
2. Make a table and compare the estimated rain fades for above four bands with three different polarizations.
3. Design and estimate the downlink budget for the above frequency bands by highlighting the following two parameters:
C/N ratio during clear air
C/N ratio during rain
4. Predict the BER for QPSK modulation and above environmental conditions.
adminSticky Noteie., the SLFIi 0 identify positively o.docxbobbywlane695641
admin
Sticky Note
ie., the SLFIi > 0 identify positively or directly correlative (X-peak)-to-(Y-peak) associations
admin
Sticky Note
ie., the SLFIi < 0 identify positively or directly correlative (X-valley)-to-(Y-valley) associations
admin
Sticky Note
to fruther simplify the positively correlated feature associations in the X- and Y-datasets, replot the SLFIi as=>
- map-A for all SLFIi > 0, and
- map-B for all SLFIi < 0, where the
admin
Sticky Note
to fruther simplify the negaitively correlated feature associations in the X- and Y-datasets, replot the DLFIi as=>
- map-C for all DLFIi > 0, and
- map-D for all DLFIi < 0, where the
admin
Sticky Note
ie., the DLFIi > 0 identify negatively or inversely correlative (X-peak)-to-(Y-valley) associations
admin
Sticky Note
ie., the DLFIi < 0 identify negatively or inversely correlative (X-valley)-to-(Y-peak) associations
admin
Sticky Note
To illustrate WCA, consider the signals T1 and T2 plotted in Fig. 4-below with their respective amplitude means (AM) removed.
- the signals' other statistical attributes also are highly disparate, including the
- amplitude standard deviations (ASD) and
- amplitude ranges of (min, max)-values (AR)
- the signals also have a negligible correlation coefficient (CC) that seems to be supported graphically by an apparent lack of feature associations
admin
Sticky Note
- the 128-point signal T1 is the superposition of the regional background signal (B1) and the higher frequency residual signal (R1), and
- the 128-point signal T2 is the superposition of the regional background signal (B2) and the higher frequency residual signal (R2), where
- CC(B1, B2) = 0, and
- the first half of R1 is positively correlated with the first half of R2, and
- the other two halves are negatively correlated so that
- CC(R1, R2) = 0.
admin
Sticky Note
- this example is from von Frese et al. (1997) and
- also is summarized in Chap. 7.3 [p. (135-138)/153] of the GeomathBook.pdf
admin
Sticky Note
- to facilitate graphical correlation analysis of apples (eg., T1) to oranges (eg., T2), the signals were normalized as described on the next page-below=>
admin
Sticky Note
Accordingly, in Fig. 5, the normalized T1 (ie., NT1) and T2 (ie., NT2) signals have dimensionless
- ASD(NT1) = ASD(NT2) = 2.0, and
- normalization factors (NF) so that
T1 = [NF(T1) x NT1] and T2 = [NF(T2) x NT2]
admin
Sticky Note
- Note that normalization does not affect CC(T1, T2).
- However, this plot of the normalized signals suggests a possible regional phase shift for WCA investigation
- Thus. wavenumber correlation filters (WCF) were developed and applied to NT1 & NT2 to extract the minimally correlated wavenumber components output respectively in Fig.s 6- & 7-below
admin
Sticky Note
- or set σz = σx and μz = μx to normalize Y to X, so that zi(Y) = NY can be plotted on the same axes or contour intervals, etc. as those of X
- or normalize both X and Y to common σz and μz so that zi.
adminSticky Noteie., the SLFIi 0 identify positively o.docxgalerussel59292
admin
Sticky Note
ie., the SLFIi > 0 identify positively or directly correlative (X-peak)-to-(Y-peak) associations
admin
Sticky Note
ie., the SLFIi < 0 identify positively or directly correlative (X-valley)-to-(Y-valley) associations
admin
Sticky Note
to fruther simplify the positively correlated feature associations in the X- and Y-datasets, replot the SLFIi as=>
- map-A for all SLFIi > 0, and
- map-B for all SLFIi < 0, where the
admin
Sticky Note
to fruther simplify the negaitively correlated feature associations in the X- and Y-datasets, replot the DLFIi as=>
- map-C for all DLFIi > 0, and
- map-D for all DLFIi < 0, where the
admin
Sticky Note
ie., the DLFIi > 0 identify negatively or inversely correlative (X-peak)-to-(Y-valley) associations
admin
Sticky Note
ie., the DLFIi < 0 identify negatively or inversely correlative (X-valley)-to-(Y-peak) associations
admin
Sticky Note
To illustrate WCA, consider the signals T1 and T2 plotted in Fig. 4-below with their respective amplitude means (AM) removed.
- the signals' other statistical attributes also are highly disparate, including the
- amplitude standard deviations (ASD) and
- amplitude ranges of (min, max)-values (AR)
- the signals also have a negligible correlation coefficient (CC) that seems to be supported graphically by an apparent lack of feature associations
admin
Sticky Note
- the 128-point signal T1 is the superposition of the regional background signal (B1) and the higher frequency residual signal (R1), and
- the 128-point signal T2 is the superposition of the regional background signal (B2) and the higher frequency residual signal (R2), where
- CC(B1, B2) = 0, and
- the first half of R1 is positively correlated with the first half of R2, and
- the other two halves are negatively correlated so that
- CC(R1, R2) = 0.
admin
Sticky Note
- this example is from von Frese et al. (1997) and
- also is summarized in Chap. 7.3 [p. (135-138)/153] of the GeomathBook.pdf
admin
Sticky Note
- to facilitate graphical correlation analysis of apples (eg., T1) to oranges (eg., T2), the signals were normalized as described on the next page-below=>
admin
Sticky Note
Accordingly, in Fig. 5, the normalized T1 (ie., NT1) and T2 (ie., NT2) signals have dimensionless
- ASD(NT1) = ASD(NT2) = 2.0, and
- normalization factors (NF) so that
T1 = [NF(T1) x NT1] and T2 = [NF(T2) x NT2]
admin
Sticky Note
- Note that normalization does not affect CC(T1, T2).
- However, this plot of the normalized signals suggests a possible regional phase shift for WCA investigation
- Thus. wavenumber correlation filters (WCF) were developed and applied to NT1 & NT2 to extract the minimally correlated wavenumber components output respectively in Fig.s 6- & 7-below
admin
Sticky Note
- or set σz = σx and μz = μx to normalize Y to X, so that zi(Y) = NY can be plotted on the same axes or contour intervals, etc. as those of X
- or normalize both X and Y to common σz and μz so that zi.
Graduation project (Excellent)
Coastal Processes Assessment and Marina Design, EL-Sallume, Egyptian North coast.
EL-Sallume new marina is a proposed project in Egyptian North Coast that aims to provide a unique experience through linking the marina with the Exterior Oases corridor.
The project consisted of four stages, The first was Metocean study including data collection, data analysis and spectral wave modelling using Mike21 SWs. The second was detailed design of marine structures. Third stage was estimating the cost of the project (BOQ). Finally, environmental impact assessment (EIA)
This document proposes an adaptive modulation scheme using rain fade predictions from Kalman filtering to mitigate the effects of rain fade on geostationary satellite communications in the Ka-band. It simulates a cognitive radio-based satellite communication system with an adaptive transmitter and receiver. Prediction of the rain fade using a linear Kalman filter allows time for the transmitter and receiver to reconfigure before the predicted fade occurs, improving the bit error rate performance by two orders of magnitude compared to a non-adaptive system. The simulation shows switching between 4-QAM and 16-QAM modulation based on predicted fade levels keeps the bit error rate below a threshold while transmitting more data overall.
River stage forecasting using wavelet analysisVinit Sehgal
The document describes research on using wavelet regression (WR) models and artificial neural network (ANN) models to forecast river stages of the Kosi River in India. WR models were developed using discrete wavelet transform to decompose historical river stage data into wavelet components, which were then used as inputs to autoregressive models. The WR models achieved higher coefficients of correlation and lower root mean square errors than ANN models when evaluating predictions against verification data, indicating WR models more accurately forecasted river stages of the Kosi River.
The document discusses gear strength analysis and design. It summarizes the Lewis equation for bending stress in gears and its limitations. It then introduces the AGMA gear stress equation which modifies the Lewis equation to better account for factors like radial forces, stress concentrations, and multiple teeth in contact. It also discusses factors for velocity, overload, size, and others. The document further discusses surface stresses and wear between gear teeth. It provides the AGMA equation for surface (contact) stress. Finally, it outlines the design process using the bending and surface strength equations along with material properties and factors.
This document discusses automatic generation control (AGC) in a restructured two-area power system with superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES). It presents:
1) A two-area test system model with multiple generating units and SMES in one area for AGC.
2) Methods to optimize integral controller gains with and without SMES using integral squared error.
3) Three cases of generation-load scheduling under different market structures and the effects on frequency regulation and tie-line power flows.
1. Estimate the Rain Fade for earth-to-satellite microwave Down links for the following frequency bands (LP-V, LP-H, CP):
a. C-band (4 GHz)
b. Ku-band (12 GHz)
c. Ka-band (20 GHz)
d. V-band (30 GHz)
2. Make a table and compare the estimated rain fades for above four bands with three different polarizations.
3. Design and estimate the downlink budget for the above frequency bands by highlighting the following two parameters:
C/N ratio during clear air
C/N ratio during rain
4. Predict the BER for QPSK modulation and above environmental conditions.
The document discusses drag reduction for vehicles and other moving bodies through streamlining of the body. It provides examples of how rounding off sharp edges and points on objects moving through a fluid can significantly reduce drag. Graphs and calculations are shown relating drag coefficients to the shape of different 2D cross-sections exposed to fluid flow, such as a circular cylinder versus a square cylinder.
The document summarizes a presentation on power management in DC microgrids. It outlines the presenter's coursework credits and GPA. It then introduces the importance of ensuring dynamic stability in microgrids to achieve safe and reliable performance. The presentation covers various converter topologies used in DC microgrids, including the KY-boost, Sepic, and Cuk converters. State-space models and analyses of these converters are provided through equations and frequency response plots.
1) The document presents Von Karman 3D procedures as a generalization of Westergaard 2D formulae for estimating hydrodynamic forces on dams during earthquakes.
2) Westergaard's 2D formulae have limitations and can produce singularities, while Von Karman's approach is non-periodic and non-singular with easier generalization to 3D.
3) Numerical examples show that accounting for 3D effects through Von Karman procedures can increase estimated overturning moments on dams by up to 7% compared to 2D Westergaard formulae.
This document describes challenges with imaging hydrocarbon reservoirs in offshore peninsular Malaysia that are affected by shallow gas clouds. Conventional P-wave seismic data suffers from issues like attenuation, scattering, and velocity inversions due to the gas-charged sediments. The document outlines improvements achieved in imaging a 3D-4C seismic dataset from the area through steps like S-wave receiver statics, receiver line interpolation, and iterative converted wave velocity analysis. This resulted in a higher quality PS-wave time image and PS-wave depth image that provides clearer imaging of structures and faults beneath the gas clouds compared to previous P-wave data.
The primary controller response to a load/generation imbalance results in generation adjustment so as to maintain load/generation balance. However, due to droop, it also results in a non-zero steady-state frequency deviation. This frequency deviation must be corrected.
Also, the net scheduled export must be maintained according to the purchase agreements.
Internal-multiple attenuation on Encana data - Qiang Fu and Arthur B. WegleinArthur Weglein
The attenuation of internal-multiple energy on land data is currently one of the most challenging
tasks in seismic data preprocessing. In general, poor data quality and the lack of velocity
information for complicated geological structure (especially in the near surface) in land data often
result in poor predictions by the internal multiple attenuation methods requiring subsurface
information. Inverse Scattering Series (ISS) internal-multiple attenuation is a very promising
algorithm for attenuating internal-multiple energy on land seismic exploration data. The key
characteristic of the ISS-based methods is that they do not require any information about the
subsurface– i.e., they are fully data driven. Internal multiples from all possible generators are
predicted simultaneously from the input data. In this paper we apply Inverse Scattering Series
(ISS) internal- multiple-attenuation algorithms on land seismic data from Canada.
The fieldwork report details a site leveling survey conducted to determine reduced levels at various turning points (TPs) relative to Benchmark 1 (BM1). Level readings were taken using an automatic level and leveling rod between BM1 and TPs A through J. The rise and fall method and height of collimation method were used to calculate reduced levels, with an arithmetical check showing an acceptable misclosure of +0.00318mm. The error was distributed evenly among setups by applying a +0.00318mm correction to each reduced level reading.
This document discusses feedback amplifiers and their properties. It begins by introducing a non-inverting amplifier testbed and defining its transfer function. It then discusses how the feedback factor and loop transfer function are represented in the transfer function. It also discusses how feedback improves sensitivity to gain variations. The document then examines inverting amplifiers and their transfer functions. It analyzes error functions and loop gain and how they relate to the accuracy and bandwidth of feedback amplifiers. Design guidelines for achieving limited gain error are also provided.
PSO and SMC based Closed Loop V/F Control of AC Drive using SVPWMIRJET Journal
This document proposes a particle swarm optimization and sliding mode control scheme for V/F control of an induction motor drive. Space vector pulse width modulation is used to control the motor voltage and frequency, reducing total harmonic distortion. Particle swarm optimization is used as the main controller, while sliding mode control provides stability without requiring precise system knowledge. Simulation results in MATLAB validate the effectiveness of the proposed control system in controlling motor speed, current, and torque.
A rainfall-runoff model for Chew and Kinder Reservoirs, Peak District; utilising the Flood Studies Report to find whether the dams at Chew and Kinder could withstand a 1-in-10,000 year storm (UK recommended safety limit)
Grade: 91%
This document contains a marking scheme for a Physics sample question paper from 2018. It includes 5 sections - Section A with 5 one-mark questions, Section B with 6 questions ranging from 1/2 to 3 marks, Section C with 4 questions ranging from 1 to 5 marks, Section D with 3 one-mark questions and Section E with 7 questions ranging from 1 to 5 marks. The marking scheme provides details about the expected answers for each question such as concepts, principles, diagrams, calculations and numerical values involved. It also specifies the marks allocated for different parts of each question.
This document discusses frequency response and Bode plots. It explains that:
- The frequency response describes a system's steady-state response to sinusoidal inputs of varying frequency.
- Bode plots use log-log graphs to show the magnitude and phase characteristics of a system's frequency response.
- Common factors in transfer functions and their effects on Bode plots are described, including gain, poles, and zeros.
- Key concepts like gain margin, phase margin, stability, and the process of creating Bode and polar plots are outlined.
The document provides an analysis of the slope design for an open pit operation submitted by Andrews Surface-Design LTD. West Country Minerals conducted an independent review using software like DIPS, RocLab, RocPlane, and Slide. The analysis examined potential failure mechanisms like planar, wedge, and toppling failures. It also analyzed the stability of individual benches and the overall slope. The review found that some benches would fail without support but adding tension bolts could achieve the target safety factors, particularly if higher bolt tension is used for seismic conditions. Overall, the analysis found the slope design to be stable but recommended some amendments to bolt support and further sensitivity analysis.
This document discusses the design of low-noise amplifiers. It begins with an overview of the basic structure of transmitters and receivers in wireless communication systems. It then reviews the relationships between power and gain and introduces the concept of the available power gain circle. The document discusses a design method for amplifiers that does not require simultaneous conjugate matching of both ports. It also covers noise theory for two-port networks and the fixed noise figure circle. The key points are utilizing available power gain circles and fixed noise figure circles to design amplifiers through tradeoffs between gain and noise on the Smith chart.
This document summarizes key information from Chapter 10 of an unknown text. It includes:
1) A nickel-base alloy billet split after the fourth pass of rolling with a 5% reduction per pass. Various experts proposed lowering the reduction, applying tension, or increasing the reduction.
2) The Mannesmann tube process involves small reductions between non-parallel rolls onto a flexible mandrel, creating low axial forces and keeping the mandrel centered.
3) Equations for deformation zone geometry reduce to simpler forms for small angles and reductions, with errors of around 2-5% for given values.
This document contains 20 multiple choice questions from GATE EE 2007 exam. It provides the questions, solutions and explanations for each question in detail. The key details are:
- The document contains one mark multiple choice questions on topics like transistors, voltage regulators, transformer connections, generator scheduling, HVDC systems, electric field distribution, op-amps, system stability, time variant systems, sampling, matrix rank, thyristor converters etc.
- For each question, the solutions clearly explain the concepts and calculations involved in arriving at the correct option. Relevant circuit diagrams and equations are included.
- The level of detail in the solutions and explanations is quite high as it is aimed to help students prepare for competitive exams
1) The document is a lecture summary from a fluid mechanics course taught by Dr. Bijit Kumar Banik at Shahjalal University of Science and Technology.
2) It covers topics related to impulse-momentum principles, including the momentum correction factor for non-uniform flow, examples of forces on vanes and nozzles, and homework problems from the textbook.
3) Sample problems are worked through, such as determining the magnitude and direction of the resultant force on a double nozzle, and calculating the forces on a stationary vane where the fluid jet velocity is reduced due to friction.
Buck converter controlled with ZAD and FPIC for DC-DC signal regulationTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This document summarizes a study that combines two control techniques, zero average dynamics (ZAD) and fixed-point induction control (FPIC), to regulate the output voltage of a buck converter. The control system is modeled mathematically and simulated in MATLAB. Experimental tests are also conducted using a digital signal processor to validate the simulation results. The control system is able to regulate the output voltage with errors lower than 1% by calculating the duty cycle based on the ZAD and FPIC techniques at each switching period.
This document summarizes hydrology and water engineering reports for a new water source and treatment plant for the greater Gort area in County Galway, Ireland. It identifies Lough Cutra as the chosen water source and provides calculations of its catchment area and average runoff. It also details preliminary designs for the main treatment processes at the new plant, including sizing calculations for sedimentation tanks, filters, and other units. Impoundment of Lough Cutra is recommended to ensure sufficient water flow during drought periods.
The document describes experiments to simulate and analyze second order systems in time domain. It discusses designing a second order RLC circuit with different damping ratios ξ and applying a unit step input. The time domain specifications like percentage overshoot, peak time, rise time and settling time are calculated theoretically and also measured experimentally for different damping cases. Another experiment aims to design a passive RC lead compensator network for a specified phase lead and verify its performance using Bode plots. A third experiment analyzes steady state error of type-0, type-1 and type-2 digital control systems using MATLAB. A fourth experiment discusses simulating position control of an armature controlled DC motor in state space. The last experiment discusses designing a digital controller with
Write a page to a page and half for each topic and read each topic a.docxedgar6wallace88877
Write a page to a page and half for each topic and read each topic and there attachment carefully and summarize
1-Mon Oct 28: The Conflict over Religious Authority in Post-Safavid Iran
Attached Files:
Attachment : Momen Akhbari School (1).pdf
Moojan Momen,
An Introduction to Shi’i Islam,
ch.6, 12.
2- Wed Oct 30: Imperial Reform Movements
Attached Files:
Tanzimat Decree (1).pdf
Tobacco Concession (2)pdf
25 Reform Movements (3) pptx
Cleveland,
Modern Middle East,
ch.5-6
Primary Sources:
Gulhane Edict (1839)
Hatt-i Humayun (1856)
Tobacco Concession
3- Fri Nov 1: Social and Intellectual Movements in the Early 20th Century
Attached Files:
alAfghani (1)
Abduh Theology of Unity (2)
.
Write a page discussing why you believe PMI is focusing BA as the fi.docxedgar6wallace88877
PMI focuses business analysis as the first step in the project management model because understanding requirements upfront helps define the scope and prevent issues down the road. Poor business analysis can negatively impact a project's success if the wrong objectives are identified or user needs aren't understood correctly. Validating ideas with citations is important to support opinions on why analysis is important for setting projects up for success.
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The document summarizes a presentation on power management in DC microgrids. It outlines the presenter's coursework credits and GPA. It then introduces the importance of ensuring dynamic stability in microgrids to achieve safe and reliable performance. The presentation covers various converter topologies used in DC microgrids, including the KY-boost, Sepic, and Cuk converters. State-space models and analyses of these converters are provided through equations and frequency response plots.
1) The document presents Von Karman 3D procedures as a generalization of Westergaard 2D formulae for estimating hydrodynamic forces on dams during earthquakes.
2) Westergaard's 2D formulae have limitations and can produce singularities, while Von Karman's approach is non-periodic and non-singular with easier generalization to 3D.
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This document describes challenges with imaging hydrocarbon reservoirs in offshore peninsular Malaysia that are affected by shallow gas clouds. Conventional P-wave seismic data suffers from issues like attenuation, scattering, and velocity inversions due to the gas-charged sediments. The document outlines improvements achieved in imaging a 3D-4C seismic dataset from the area through steps like S-wave receiver statics, receiver line interpolation, and iterative converted wave velocity analysis. This resulted in a higher quality PS-wave time image and PS-wave depth image that provides clearer imaging of structures and faults beneath the gas clouds compared to previous P-wave data.
The primary controller response to a load/generation imbalance results in generation adjustment so as to maintain load/generation balance. However, due to droop, it also results in a non-zero steady-state frequency deviation. This frequency deviation must be corrected.
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Internal-multiple attenuation on Encana data - Qiang Fu and Arthur B. WegleinArthur Weglein
The attenuation of internal-multiple energy on land data is currently one of the most challenging
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The fieldwork report details a site leveling survey conducted to determine reduced levels at various turning points (TPs) relative to Benchmark 1 (BM1). Level readings were taken using an automatic level and leveling rod between BM1 and TPs A through J. The rise and fall method and height of collimation method were used to calculate reduced levels, with an arithmetical check showing an acceptable misclosure of +0.00318mm. The error was distributed evenly among setups by applying a +0.00318mm correction to each reduced level reading.
This document discusses feedback amplifiers and their properties. It begins by introducing a non-inverting amplifier testbed and defining its transfer function. It then discusses how the feedback factor and loop transfer function are represented in the transfer function. It also discusses how feedback improves sensitivity to gain variations. The document then examines inverting amplifiers and their transfer functions. It analyzes error functions and loop gain and how they relate to the accuracy and bandwidth of feedback amplifiers. Design guidelines for achieving limited gain error are also provided.
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The document provides an analysis of the slope design for an open pit operation submitted by Andrews Surface-Design LTD. West Country Minerals conducted an independent review using software like DIPS, RocLab, RocPlane, and Slide. The analysis examined potential failure mechanisms like planar, wedge, and toppling failures. It also analyzed the stability of individual benches and the overall slope. The review found that some benches would fail without support but adding tension bolts could achieve the target safety factors, particularly if higher bolt tension is used for seismic conditions. Overall, the analysis found the slope design to be stable but recommended some amendments to bolt support and further sensitivity analysis.
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Buck converter controlled with ZAD and FPIC for DC-DC signal regulationTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This document summarizes a study that combines two control techniques, zero average dynamics (ZAD) and fixed-point induction control (FPIC), to regulate the output voltage of a buck converter. The control system is modeled mathematically and simulated in MATLAB. Experimental tests are also conducted using a digital signal processor to validate the simulation results. The control system is able to regulate the output voltage with errors lower than 1% by calculating the duty cycle based on the ZAD and FPIC techniques at each switching period.
This document summarizes hydrology and water engineering reports for a new water source and treatment plant for the greater Gort area in County Galway, Ireland. It identifies Lough Cutra as the chosen water source and provides calculations of its catchment area and average runoff. It also details preliminary designs for the main treatment processes at the new plant, including sizing calculations for sedimentation tanks, filters, and other units. Impoundment of Lough Cutra is recommended to ensure sufficient water flow during drought periods.
The document describes experiments to simulate and analyze second order systems in time domain. It discusses designing a second order RLC circuit with different damping ratios ξ and applying a unit step input. The time domain specifications like percentage overshoot, peak time, rise time and settling time are calculated theoretically and also measured experimentally for different damping cases. Another experiment aims to design a passive RC lead compensator network for a specified phase lead and verify its performance using Bode plots. A third experiment analyzes steady state error of type-0, type-1 and type-2 digital control systems using MATLAB. A fourth experiment discusses simulating position control of an armature controlled DC motor in state space. The last experiment discusses designing a digital controller with
Similar to Discussion Question #1Find an article about a current event tha.docx (20)
Write a page to a page and half for each topic and read each topic a.docxedgar6wallace88877
Write a page to a page and half for each topic and read each topic and there attachment carefully and summarize
1-Mon Oct 28: The Conflict over Religious Authority in Post-Safavid Iran
Attached Files:
Attachment : Momen Akhbari School (1).pdf
Moojan Momen,
An Introduction to Shi’i Islam,
ch.6, 12.
2- Wed Oct 30: Imperial Reform Movements
Attached Files:
Tanzimat Decree (1).pdf
Tobacco Concession (2)pdf
25 Reform Movements (3) pptx
Cleveland,
Modern Middle East,
ch.5-6
Primary Sources:
Gulhane Edict (1839)
Hatt-i Humayun (1856)
Tobacco Concession
3- Fri Nov 1: Social and Intellectual Movements in the Early 20th Century
Attached Files:
alAfghani (1)
Abduh Theology of Unity (2)
.
Write a page discussing why you believe PMI is focusing BA as the fi.docxedgar6wallace88877
PMI focuses business analysis as the first step in the project management model because understanding requirements upfront helps define the scope and prevent issues down the road. Poor business analysis can negatively impact a project's success if the wrong objectives are identified or user needs aren't understood correctly. Validating ideas with citations is important to support opinions on why analysis is important for setting projects up for success.
Write a page of personal reflection of your present leadership compe.docxedgar6wallace88877
This document asks the reader to write a journal entry reflecting on their present leadership competencies, possible adjustments to their leadership approach, and how it relates to concepts of communication, leadership, and power and politics. The reflection should demonstrate a high level of understanding by adequately integrating authoritative sources with in-text citations in APA format.
Write a page of compare and contrast for the Big Five Personalit.docxedgar6wallace88877
Write a page of compare and contrast for the Big Five Personality Model against the MBTI. Attached some info below.
Based on what you have learned thus far, how might the MBTI lack for strong supporting evidence as opposed to the Big Five Model? Thoroughly explain.
After doing so discuss how the Big Five Traits could predict behavior at your place of employment. What could be some advantage of doing so?
What might be some disadvantages? Thoroughly explain.
Please be sure to validate your opinions and ideas with intext citations and references in APA format.
.
Write a page of research and discuss an innovation that includes mul.docxedgar6wallace88877
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.
Write a page answering the questions below.Sometimes projects .docxedgar6wallace88877
Write a page answering the questions below.
Sometimes projects fail. Such failure can be contributed to unreasonable time constraints, poorly estimated financial estimates, poorly systematized planning process or organizational goals not understood at lower organizational levels.
As a project manager, what key factors are absolutely vital to prevent such failure?
Discuss the role of the leader and manager in a project environment or project initiative.
Be sure to identify how the duties of project managers reinforce the role of leadership. Use real-life examples.
Please be sure to validate your opinions and ideas with citations and references in APA format.
.
Write a one-paragraph summary of one of the reading assignments from.docxedgar6wallace88877
Write a one-paragraph summary of one of the reading assignments from the textbook.
Reading assignments to choose from are
from Beowulf - trans. Burton Raffel
Children - Slawomir Mrozek
The Jar - Luigi Pirandello
Death of a Tsotsi - Alan Paton
Judges Must Balance Justice vs. Young Lives - Patricia Edmonds
Youth Violent Crime Keeps Climbing - J.L. Albert
Action Will Be Taken: An Action-Packed Story - Heinrich Boll
from The Life of Henry the Fifth - William Shakespeare
Speech, May 13, 1940 - Winston Churchill
The Thrill of the Grass - W.P. Kinsella
from Night - Elie Wiesel
This Too Is Everything - Shu Ting
A Marriage Proposal - Anton Chekhov
There's plenty more reading assignments in the book. If you can help me but need more choices let me know. Thanks
.
Write a one-paragraph summary of this article.Riordan, B. C..docxedgar6wallace88877
Write a one-paragraph summary of this article.
Riordan, B. C., Flett, J. A. M., Hunter, J. A., Scarf, D., & Conner, T. S. (2015). Fear of missing out (FoMO): the relationship between FoMO, alcohol use, and alcohol-related consequences in college students.
Journal of Psychiatry and Brain Functions
,
2
(1), 9. https://doi.org/10.7243/2055-3447-2-9
.
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Many people in America still struggle with the concept of interracial dating. Is dating people of other races a sign of tolerance or of self-hatred? Should individuals date within their own race as a show of cultural pride or date other races as a way of combating racism and moving closer to equality? Originate your own ideas with vivid details and examples to support your stance. No secondary sources should be included in this response.
.
Write a one-page rhetorical analysis in which you analyze the argume.docxedgar6wallace88877
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•Identify and explain the impact of persuasive techniques
•Explain how Paine “enters the conversation” about the topic in his argument
.
Write a one pageliterature review of your figure( FIGURE A.docxedgar6wallace88877
Write a one page
literature review of your figure
( FIGURE ASSIGNED 6 d-g)
Abstract: What is the question they were trying to answer, and what were their overall conclusions
Introduction: Introduce, briefly, the endomembrane system and how proteins move back and forth. Describe the importance of the KDEL sequence. What is the question they are trying to answer in your figure? How does this question relate to the larger context of the whole paper?
Body: What technique are they using? Briefly describe the technique. For each experiment tell me specifically what the variables are from that technique for that experiment (so which antibody are they using, and how did they prepare the samples) . How can that particular antibody or preparation help them to answer their question. What were their observations? What do they see?
Conclusions: What do they conclude from this figure or part of a figure?
This description, must be IN YOUR OWN WORDS. Focus, on the parts of the signaling cascade that they are trying to understand.
.
Write a one page-paper documenting the problemneed you wish to .docxedgar6wallace88877
Write a one page-paper documenting the problem/need you wish to address for the
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homelessness in San Antonio TX
.
Write a one page report on Chapter 1 and 2 with the same style of mo.docxedgar6wallace88877
Write a one page report on Chapter 1 and 2 with the same style of module 1 assignment and it's requirement. Please add subtitle to your paper including a name for your paper, major topics under consideration, conclusion (a paragraph of personal
experience
) and a reference list. Keep your citations and references as a evidence for the midterm and final.
.
Write a one page reflection about the following1) Identify .docxedgar6wallace88877
Write a one page reflection about the following:
1) Identify the key messages about being female that you saw in tv and magazine adds, including movies.
2) Do you feel the media/images affect both sexes the same? If not, why not?
3) Have you found your sense of self affected by media images? In what ways?
.
Write a one page paper on the question belowSome of the current.docxedgar6wallace88877
Write a one page paper on the question below:
Some of the current trends in the delivery of value (channels, logistics, supply chain) include e-commerce; VMS; use of multi-channel approaches; mobile commerce; social retailing; and more. From your own research, discuss how two companies are using are using these techniques to improve their delivery of value to consumers.
.
Write a one page paper (double spaced) describing and discussing the.docxedgar6wallace88877
Write a one page paper (double spaced) describing and discussing the following ethical concepts found in chapter 1; logical, factual and normative. You may use definitions or scenarios in your writing. The goal of this paper is to gain a level of understanding of all three (logical, factual and normative).
Textbook:
1.
Logical, or formal, statements
are definitions or statements derivable from
definitions, including the entirety of mathematical discourse (e.g., “2
+
2
=
4,”
or “A square has four equal sides”). Such statements can be
verified by a for
-
mal procedure
(“recourse to arithmetic”) derived from the same definitions
that control the rest of the terms of the field in question (i.e., the same axioms
define “2,” “4,” and the procedure of “addition”; the four equal sides and right
angles define the “square”). True formal statements are
analytic
:
they are true
logically, necessarily, or by the definitions of the terms
. False statements in
this category are
self–contradictory
. (If you say, “2
+
2
=
5,” or start talking
about “round squares,” you contradict yourself, for you assert that which can-
not possibly be so—you conjoin ideas that are incompatible). A logically true
or logically valid statement can never be false, or disproved by any discovery
of facts; it will never be the case that some particular pairs of 2 do not add up
to 4, or some particular squares turn out to be circular—and if you think you’ve
found such a case, you’re wrong! “2
+
2
=
4” is true, and squares are equi-
lateral rectangles, as philosophers like to say,
in all possible worlds
. For this
reason we say that these statements are “
true a priori
”: we can know them to
be correct prior to any examination of the facts of the world, without having to
count up lots of pairs of pairs, just to make sure that 2
+
2 really equals 4.
2.
Factual, or empirical, statements
are assertions about the world out there, the
physical environment of our existence, including the entirety of scientific dis-
course, from theoretical physics to sociology. Such statements are
verifiable by
controlled observation
(“recourse to measurement,” “recourse to weighing”)
of that world, by experiment or just by careful looking, listening, touching,
smelling, or tasting. This is the world of our senses, the world of space, objects,
time and causation. These empirical statements are called
synthetic,
for they
“put together” in a new combination two ideas that do not initially include or
entail each other. As a result they cannot be known a priori, but can be deter
-
mined only
a posteriori, that is, after investigation of the world
. When they
are true, they are
true only contingently, or dependently, as oppo.
write a one page about this topic and provide a reference.Will.docxedgar6wallace88877
write a one page about this topic and provide a reference.
Will making changes to the built environments (adding parks, sidewalks, healthy food stores, playgrounds, green-spaces, safer streets, etc.) of low-income neighborhoods be adequate enough to help community members combat health disparities based upon income or race? Why or why not?
.
Write a one or more paragraph on the following question below.docxedgar6wallace88877
Write a one or more paragraph on the following question below:
The three characteristics required by an individual to be considered a dependent of another taxpayer by the IRS.
The four tests stipulated by the IRS that a taxpayer must satisfy to claim a dependent as a qualifying child
What do you think are the reasons the IRS included the four tests for a qualifying child to be claimed as a dependent?
.
Write a one or more page paper on the following belowWhy are .docxedgar6wallace88877
Write a one or more page paper on the following below:
Why are systems for collaboration and social business so important and what technologies do they use? Explain the benefits of collaboration and social business. Describe what organizational culture is necessary for business processes and collaboration.
.
Write a one page dialogue in which two characters are arguing but .docxedgar6wallace88877
Write a one page dialogue in which two characters are arguing but are speaking every thought, every iteration of subtext. Then go back and cut the dialogue so that no line is longer than five words without losing any of the meaning.
1. I'd like for you to submit both versions of your dialog.
The first version (with all the subtext written out) and the second version (with only 5 words per line.)
2. Be sure to write it in dialog format.
That means it should look like the plays in our text--
James: Starting with the character's name?
Carrie: And with little or no narration outside of the dialog?
Prof.: Yes to both questions!
3. Notice how little narration / stage direction there is in most of the sample dialogs.
Your dialog should be almost entirely dialog!
Try to resist the urge to get carried away explaining every little detail of what the characters are doing.
And resist the urge to add modifiers like (angrily) (with great emotion) (etc.) before each line of dialog.
You want to put everything into the dialog itself-- the emotion should be obvious from what the characters say!
.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Reimagining Your Library Space: How to Increase the Vibes in Your Library No ...Diana Rendina
Librarians are leading the way in creating future-ready citizens – now we need to update our spaces to match. In this session, attendees will get inspiration for transforming their library spaces. You’ll learn how to survey students and patrons, create a focus group, and use design thinking to brainstorm ideas for your space. We’ll discuss budget friendly ways to change your space as well as how to find funding. No matter where you’re at, you’ll find ideas for reimagining your space in this session.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
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Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
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Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
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Discussion Question #1Find an article about a current event tha.docx
1. Discussion Question #1:
Find an article about a current event that discusses a change in
the supply or demand of a product. For example, has there been
a weather event that has affected certain food crops or
the availablility of energy? Has a new consumer product been
introduced? Or has a government regulation affected the
production of a product? Provide a brief description of the
article’s content and explain how economics can be used to
analyze the situation and predict changes in equilibrium prices
and quantities. Will the change likely persist over time, or is it
temporary?
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ie., the SLFIi > 0 identify positively or directly correlative (X-
peak)-to-(Y-peak) associations
admin
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ie., the SLFIi < 0 identify positively or directly correlative (X-
valley)-to-(Y-valley) associations
admin
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to fruther simplify the positively correlated feature associations
in the X- and Y-datasets, replot the SLFIi as=>
- map-A for all SLFIi > 0, and
- map-B for all SLFIi < 0, where the
2. admin
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to fruther simplify the negaitively correlated feature
associations in the X- and Y-datasets, replot the DLFIi as=>
- map-C for all DLFIi > 0, and
- map-D for all DLFIi < 0, where the
admin
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ie., the DLFIi > 0 identify negatively or inversely correlative
(X-peak)-to-(Y-valley) associations
admin
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ie., the DLFIi < 0 identify negatively or inversely correlative
(X-valley)-to-(Y-peak) associations
admin
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To illustrate WCA, consider the signals T1 and T2 plotted in
Fig. 4-below with their respective amplitude means (AM)
removed.
- the signals' other statistical attributes also are highly
disparate, including the
- amplitude standard deviations (ASD) and
3. - amplitude ranges of (min, max)-values (AR)
- the signals also have a negligible correlation coefficient (CC)
that seems to be supported graphically by an apparent lack of
feature associations
admin
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- the 128-point signal T1 is the superposition of the regional
background signal (B1) and the higher frequency residual signal
(R1), and
- the 128-point signal T2 is the superposition of the regional
background signal (B2) and the higher frequency residual signal
(R2), where
- CC(B1, B2) = 0, and
- the first half of R1 is positively correlated with the first half
of R2, and
- the other two halves are negatively correlated so that
- CC(R1, R2) = 0.
admin
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- this example is from von Frese et al. (1997) and
- also is summarized in Chap. 7.3 [p. (135-138)/153] of the
GeomathBook.pdf
admin
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- to facilitate graphical correlation analysis of apples (eg., T1)
to oranges (eg., T2), the signals were normalized as described
4. on the next page-below=>
admin
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Accordingly, in Fig. 5, the normalized T1 (ie., NT1) and T2
(ie., NT2) signals have dimensionless
- ASD(NT1) = ASD(NT2) = 2.0, and
- normalization factors (NF) so that
T1 = [NF(T1) x NT1] and T2 = [NF(T2) x NT2]
admin
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- Note that normalization does not affect CC(T1, T2).
- However, this plot of the normalized signals suggests a
possible regional phase shift for WCA investigation
- Thus. wavenumber correlation filters (WCF) were developed
and applied to NT1 & NT2 to extract the minimally correlated
wavenumber components output respectively in Fig.s 6- & 7-
below
admin
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- or set σz = σx and μz = μx to normalize Y to X, so that zi(Y) =
NY can be plotted on the same axes or contour intervals, etc. as
those of X
- or normalize both X and Y to common σz and μz so that zi(X)
and zi(Y) may be plotted with common graphical parameters,
etc.
5. admin
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RMSE is the root-mean-squared error
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- an even better estimate of B1 (ie., EB1) is possible with (-0.1
< CC(k) < 0.1)
admin
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- subtracting EB1 from T1, and EB2 from T2 yields pretty good
estimated residuals ER1 and ER2, respectively
- however=> CC(ER1, ER2) = 0
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ER1 is signal A(x) in figure on next page
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ER2 is signal B(x) in figure on next page
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=> ER1
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=> ER2
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(ER1-valley)-to-(ER2-valley) associations
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(ER1-peak)-to-(ER2-peak) associations
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(ER1-peak)-to-(ER2-valley) associations
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(ER1-valley)-to-(ER2-peak) associations
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As another example of WCF from von Frese et al. (1997),
consider the satellite magnetic observations in nT from the two
Magsat mission orbital tracks across the arctic to northern
Finnland in Fig. 14.A-below
admin
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- these orbital track segments of lithospheric magnetic anomaly
data at 400 km altitude are within about 10 km or so of each
other
- thus the lithospheric anomaly estimates should be highly
correlated,
7. - but the CC = 0.705, which suggests an initial noise
contribution of roughly=>
no = √[(1/CC2) – 1] ≈ 0.6468 or about 65%
admin
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- to estimate the more correlative wavenumber components in
the data tracks, a WCF for CC(k) > 0.6 was applied with output
shown in Fig. 14.B-below
admin
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- these positively correlated signals reflect ocean-continent
boundaries and other lithospheric features
- also, the improved CC suggests a noise contribution of only=>
n1 ≈ 0.0707 or about 7.1%, or
- a noise reduction of [(no - n1)/no]100 ≈ 89%
admin
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- however, to avoid throwing out the baby with the bath water,
it is always prudent to check out the rejected signal components
as shown in Fig. 14.C-below
- the positive residual correlation was checked by WCF for
CC(k) > 0.3,
- which output the regionally correlated components in Fig.
14.D-below
8. admin
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- these regionally correlated signals seem to ignore continent-
ocean boundaries and other lithospheric features,
- thus, they were attributed mostly to external geomagnetic field
effects and
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- the residual signals of Fig. 14.C shown here also lack
prominent lithospheric affinities, and
- their amplitudes are marginal relative to the amplitudes of the
presumed lithospheric magnetic anomalies in Fig. 14.B-above
admin
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- thus, pair-averages of the strong, positively correlated
anomalies in Fig. 14.B-above were taken as least squares
estimates of the lithospheric anomalies that the two Magsat
tracks observed
- here, the pair-averaged magnetic anomalies of the lithosphere
are mapped by the solid-line profile, whereas
- the dotted-line profile gives the pair-wise RMS-differences as
error estimates on the corresponding lithospheric magnetic
anomaly estimates
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A further WCF example from von Frese et al. (1997) considers
9. five track-pairs of geoidal undulations from ascending orbits of
the US Navy's Geosat-GM altimetry mission over a region east
of the Gunerus Ridge which extends offshore of East
Antarctica's
admin
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- the marine altimetry estimates geoidal undulations in cm-
amplitude units (AU)
- vertical differentiation of the geoidal undulations can yield
gravity anomalies for constraints on modeling the subjacent
lithosphere
admin
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- the tracks in these 5 pairs are separated by mean distances of
about 2 to 5 km over a mean sea floor depth of about 4 km
- so that geological features at these scales and larger should
yield strong, positively correlated features between the
altimetry tracks
- but the mean CC between the track-pairs is
CCM = 0.832, which implies a noise level of about=>
no = √[(1/CC2) – 1] ≈ 44.93%
admin
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- to reduce the noise level, the track-pairs were WCF for CC(k)
> 0.80 for the output in Fig. 16-below
admin
10. Sticky Note
- the WCF-output suggests an reduced noise level of about
=> n1 ≈ 29.1%, which is in a noise reduction of roughly
=> [(0.4493 - 0.2909)/0.4493]100 ≈ 35%
admin
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- here, the rejected, broadband non-correlative features
presumably include=>
- crustal signals that are smaller than the track spacing, and
- dynamic signals from temporal and spatial variations of the
- orbit errors,
- ocean currents,
- waves and ice,
- measurement and data reduction errors, and
- other non-lithospheric effects
admin
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Basement
- not Bedrock...which refers to the overlying Phanerozoic
sedimentary rocks
11. admin
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WCA of the gravity and magnetic anomaly maps of Ohio
- adapted from von Frese et al., 1997, Spectral correlation of
magnetic and gravity anomalies of Ohio, Geophysics, v. 62,
365-380.
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compositional constraints on the basement rocks from 149
basement-penetrating boreholes
admin
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interpretation of the anomaly maps is based on modeling of
statewide profiles A-thru-E
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interpretation examples for profiles A and B are shown below
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A-profile
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Correlative features between the two datasets=>
- reduce interpretational ambiguity
12. - and improve interpretational reliability
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CC < 0
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CC < 0
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CC > 0
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CC < 0
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B-profile
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CC > 0
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CC < 0
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CC > 0
13. admin
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CC > 0
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CC > 0
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Basement geology inferred from the magnetic and gravity
anomaly data
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physical basis for correlating magnetic and gravity anomalies
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where there is
- a correlation spectrum CC(k), there also is
- an intercept spectrum A(k), and
- slope spectrum S(k) involving the ratio Δj/Δσ of physical
property contrasts
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14. A(k)
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S(k)
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pseudo-anomalies
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raw (ie., unnormalized) pseudo-anomalies derived from the
Bouguer gravity and total magnetic anomalies
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here the normalization factor NF = SF
admin
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normalized pseudo anomalies for enhance visual-spatial
correlation analysis
15. admin
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normalized FVD gravity and RTP magnetic anomalies WCF for
(+1 ≤ k ≤ 0) to emphasize positive anomaly correlations
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SLFI > 0 emphasizes peak-to-peak gravity and magnetic
features
16. admin
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SLFI > 0 emphasizes peak-to-peak gravity and magnetic feature
associations
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SLFI < 0 emphasizes valley-to-valley gravity and magnetic
feature associations
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SLFI < 0 emphasizes valley-to-valley gravity and magnetic
feature associations
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SLFI > 1 standard deviation (SD) emphasizes the strongest
peak-to-peak gravity and magnetic feature associations
17. admin
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SLFI < -1 standard deviation (SD) emphasizes the strongest
valley-to-valley gravity and magnetic feature associations
admin
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normalized FVD gravity and RTP magnetic anomalies WCF for
(-1 ≤ k ≤ 0) to emphasize negative anomaly correlations
admin
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comparison of WCF normalized FVD gravity anomalies with
DLFI based on the LFI difference=>
LFI(FVDG) - LFI(RTP)
to hi-lite inverse feature associations in the FVD gravity
anomalies
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comparison of WCF normalized RTP magnetic anomalies with
DLFI based on the LFI difference=>
LFI(FVDG) - LFI(RTP)
to hi-lite inverse feature associations in the RTP magnetic
anomalies
18. admin
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comparison of normalized FVD gravity anomalies with DLFI >
0 to hi-lite=>
FVDG-peak to RTPM-valley associations
admin
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comparison of normalized RTP magnetic anomalies with DLFI >
0 to hi-lite=>
FVDG-peak to RTPM-valley associations
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comparison of normalized FVD gravity anomalies with DLFI <
0 to hi-lite=>
FVDG-valley to RTPM-peak associations
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comparison of normalized RTP magnetic anomalies with DLFI <
0 to hi-lite=>
19. FVDG-valley to RTPM-peak associations
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DLFI > 1 standard deviation (SD) emphasizes the strongest
FVDG-peak to RTPM-valley anomaly associations
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DLFI < -1 standard deviation (SD) emphasizes the strongest
FVDG-valley to RTPM-peak anomaly associations
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normalized FVD gravity and RTP magnetic anomalies WCF for
(-0.3 ≤ k ≤ +0.3) to emphasize the null-correlated anomaly
features
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#4
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#4
20. admin
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#4
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#4
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#4
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#4
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- regions of the basement rocks where the WCA emphasizes
possible occurrences of 4 physical property combinations
- the edges of these regions were mapped from the zero contours
of the SVD(g) and SVD(RTPm) anomalies
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negative=> [Δm(-), Δσ(+)]
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negative=> [Δm(+), Δσ(-)]
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22. from=>
= √[(jωl)p + (jωk)p]
- in particular, for p = 2 the horizontal curvature may be
obtained with zero contours that estimate feature edges, and
thus provide edge detection
admin
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- this is an elementary linear differential equation of order p
with constant coefficients
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- typically found in Chap. 2 of common textbooks on ordinary
differential equations
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=> iff A = 0
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ideal SVD-response
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ideal VD-response for p = 4
admin
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23. lousy (ie., crude) SVD-response
- perhaps derived from the data domain convolution of a
simplified first derivative operator=> (-1, 0, 1),
- where the SVD(1D)=> (-1, 0, 1(۞)-1, 0, 1) and ۞ denotes
convolution
admin
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- much improved response of a SVD-operator such as developed
in Fig. 1-below on next page
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- derivative filters generally behave like high-pass/low-cut
filters
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Elkins 7-by-7 point SVD-grid or -mask operator
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zero row
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zero column
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- the weights at radii ri=>
r1 = Δx,
24. r2 = Δx√2,
r3 = Δx2,
etc.
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real
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imaginary with=>
i = j = √(-1)
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imaginary with=>
i = j = √(-1)
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- note that the order 'p' previously used is now 'n'
- ie., p-order => n-order
helpful for assignment 5.3
admin
25. Sticky Note
regional gravity effect
admin
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total gravity effect of 5-cylinders + regional
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individual gravity effects of the 5 cylinders
admin
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- or estimate the 5 cylinder densities and regional slope and
intercept values from the total signal by inversion
- and modify the A-coefficients for coefficients that obain the
desired integral/derivative properties
- by forward modeling of the modified system assuming the
other cylinder parameters are known
admin
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- or simply take the FFT of the total signal,
- filter it using the appropriate integral/derivative transfer
function coefficients
- and IFFT the modified spectrum to obtain the data domain
estimates of the desired integral/derivative properties
admin
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The FFT is the superior approach in terms of numerical
efficiency, accuracy, and the minimum assumptions needed
26. admin
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To evaluate the integral/derivative properties of the total signal,
we could=>
- perform graphical operations with significant computational
labor
- or equivalent convolutions with significant computational
effort and error
Ralph
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cylinder #1
Ralph
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cylinder #2
Ralph
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cylinder #3
Ralph
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cylinder #4
Ralph
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cylinder #5
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27. plus regional
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mgal
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rind applied at both ends to minimze Gibbs' error
Ralph
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- if the investigator correctly assumes that these anomaly peaks
are all due to the gravity effects of horizontal cylinder mass
variations,
- then at the anomaly peaks or maximum amplitudes (MA), the
depths to the central axes (zc) of the sources may be estimated
from the ratios of the anomalies to their respective FVD
anomalies
- ie.,
zc = [g#1(MA)] / [∂g#1(MA)/∂z]
admin
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mgal/km
admin
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where the analytic FVD for the i-th cylinder is=>
28. ∂[gz(x)]i/∂z = K(Δρi)Ri2(x2 – zi2)/(x2 + zi2)2
so that for all i = 1-thru-5 cylinders and the regional, the total
analytic FHD (= ftn) is=>
∂[gz(x)]/∂z = 1∑5 ∂[gz(x)]i/∂z +
[∂gz(regional)/∂z = ???]
admin
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first vertical derivative (FVD) of the gravity effects of the 5-
cylinders plus regional
Ralph
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- the peak FVD gravity anomaly [∂g#1(MA)/∂z] so that
zc = [g#1(MA)] / [∂g#1(MA)/∂z] = -2 km
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where the Analytic Ftn=>
SVD = ∂{1∑5 ∂[gz(x)]i/∂z}/∂z +
[∂{∂gz(regional)/∂z}/∂z = ???]
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mgal/km2
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second vertical derivative (SVD) of the gravity effects of the 5-
29. cylinders plus regional
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in addition, the maximum amplitudes (MA)
- locate the x-coordinates of the central axes of the cylinders,
- of p-order may be compared against their (p±1)-order
components for the depths zi of the central axes, and
- the zero crossings of the SVD about the MAs estimate the
diameters (= 2Ri) of the related cylinders
Ralph
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- thus from the FFT of the gravity anomalies, we may determine
for each cylinder the=>
- x-coordinate of its central axis,
- z-coordinate or depth of its central axis, and
- diameter of the source (eg., D#1 = 4 km)
- the above results effectively constrain the A-coefficients so
that least-squares estimates of the density contrasts (∆ρ) may be
obtained
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- integration of the FFT-SVD completely recovers the total
30. gravity signal on page 47/59
- compared to differentiation, integration is a very stable
process
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analytic ftn=>
∫∫∂/∂z[(∂gz/∂z) ∂z] ∂z = gz
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what would you get if you integrated gz one more time?
admin
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Assignment #11=> complete exercise 5.3=>
EARTHSC_5642_Ex5-3_17Mar15
John
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note that the teacher integrated twice
John
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to produce geoid anylation or the sense of the gravity potencial.
31. admin
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-3 km
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+3 km
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- 'downward' continuation amplifies the high-frequency
components
- thus, it essentially behaves like a high-pass/low-cut filter
admin
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- 'upward' continuation attenuates the high-frequency
components
- thus, it behaves essentially like a high-cut/low-pass filter,
whereas
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the Nyquist limit of coefficient values
admin
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- nowadays, however, multiple altitude grids of potential field
data are becoming increasingly available from surface, airborne,
and satellite surveys,
- for which 'interval' continuation operators can be developed to
evaluate data values at the intermediate altitudes between the
grids
32. - that also honor the boundary grid values
- the 'interval' grid continuation operator is described on pages
(117-119)/153 of the GeomathBook.pdf
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- the inverse operations of 'upward' and 'downward'
continuation are most reliable only over elevations within a few
grid intervals of the observations
- due to measurement errors and the non-uniquess of
continuation
- thus, to be certain of data behavior at more distant elevations,
there is no recourse but to survey
admin
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- array size=> 480 x 220 = 115,200 anomaly values
- station interval = 2 km
- from NRC (Keller et al., 1980)
admin
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- note prominent edge effects
- better window carpentry can reduce these edge effects
33. admin
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- upward continuation substantially reduces and smooths the
anomaly gradients with increasing altitude
Exercise 5.3 Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)
A) Show that the gravity effect of the horizontal cylinder=>
gz = [41.93 Δρ(R2/z)]/[(d2/z2) + 1]
satisfies Laplace’s equation=> ∂2gz/∂d2 + ∂2gz/∂z2 = 0.
For the gravity effects of the 5 buried horizontal cylinders
B) Compute, list, and plot the related amplitude and phase
spectra.
C) Inverse transform the Fourier coefficients and compare the
synthesized signal with the original. What are the sources of
the mismatches?
D) Compute, list and plot the first horizontal derivative ∂gz/∂d
from the FFT of (gz).
E) How do the results in D-above compare with the analytical
horizontal first derivative gravity effects of the buried
34. horizontal cylinders?
F) Compute, list, and plot the second horizontal derivative
∂2gz/∂d2 from the FFT of (gz).
G) How do the results in F-above compare with the analytical
horizontal second derivative gravity effects of the buried
horizontal cylinders?
H) Compute, list and plot the first vertical derivative ∂gz/∂z
from the FFT of (gz).
I) How do the results in H-above compare with the analytical
vertical first derivative gravity effects of the buried
horizontal cylinders?
J) Compute, list, and plot the second vertical derivative
∂2gz/∂z2 from the FFT of (gz).
K) How do the results in J-above compare with the analytical
vertical second derivative gravity effects of the buried
horizontal cylinders?
L) Compute, list, and plot (gz) from the FFT of the analytical
(∂2gz/∂z2) in K-above.
M) How do the FFT estimates from L-above compare with the
gravity effects of the 5 buried horizontal cylinders obtained in
Exercise 2.1?
Assignment TIP to consider: Just take an fft of the data and use
the MATLAB "angle" command on the output. This will
calculate the phase spectra. The "abs" command calculates the
magnitude.
35. Look page 51/59 in pdf note
%% Ex2-1 A)
% Compute the 5 gravity profiles
d=[-34 -20 0 20 35]; % in km
z=[2 3 5 10 10]; % in km
R=[2 1 3 4 3.5]; % in km
dro=[3.0 5.0 1.0 2.0 1.5]; % in gm/cm^3
gz = (41.93*dro.*R.^2./z)./(d.^2./z.^2+1);
d_itv=-100:1:100;
gz1=(41.93*dro(1)*R(1)^2/z(1))./(d_itv.^2./z(1)^2+1);
gz2=(41.93*dro(2)*R(2)^2/z(2))./(d_itv.^2./z(2)^2+1);
gz3=(41.93*dro(3)*R(3)^2/z(3))./(d_itv.^2./z(3)^2+1);
gz4=(41.93*dro(4)*R(4)^2/z(4))./(d_itv.^2./z(4)^2+1);
gz5=(41.93*dro(5)*R(5)^2/z(5))./(d_itv.^2./z(5)^2+1);
d1=d_itv+d(1);
d2=d_itv+d(2);
d3=d_itv+d(3);
d4=d_itv+d(4);
d5=d_itv+d(5);
index1=find(abs(d1)<=64);
index2=find(abs(d2)<=64);
index3=find(abs(d3)<=64);
index4=find(abs(d4)<=64);
index5=find(abs(d5)<=64);
% Plot the 5 gravity superimposed
figure(1)
plot(d1(index1), gz1(index1),'green');
hold on;
plot(d2(index2), gz2(index2),'red');
hold on;
plot(d3(index3), gz3(index3),'blue');
hold on;
plot(d4(index4), gz4(index4),'yellow');
hold on;
plot(d5(index5), gz5(index5),'black');
36. hold off
title('Gravity Profiles', 'FontSize', 20);
xlabel('Distance (km)', 'FontSize', 15);
ylabel('Gravity (mgal)', 'FontSize', 15);
legend('Caylinder 1','Cylinder 2','Cylinder 3','Cylinder
4','Cylinder 5');
%% Ex2-1 B)
% Compute the total gravity effect of the 5 cylinders by
summing their
% effects at each observation point on the profile
g=gz1(index1)+gz2(index2)+gz3(index3)+gz4(index4)+gz5(inde
x5);
% mean value
average = sum(g)/length(g);
% standard deviation
std=sqrt(sum((g-average).^2)/length(g));
% Plot the total gravity effect
figure(2);
plot(d1(index1),g);
hold on;
plot(d1(index1),repmat(average,length(index1),1));
title('Total Gravity From Five Cylinders', 'FontSize', 20);
xlabel('Distance (km)', 'FontSize', 15);
ylabel('Gravity (mgal)', 'FontSize', 15);
%% Ex2-1 C)
A1=((41.93*R(1)^2/z(1))./(d_itv.^2./z(1)^2+1))'
B1=gz1'
dro1=(inv(A1'*A1))*A1'*B1;
A2=((41.93*R(2)^2/z(2))./(d_itv.^2./z(2)^2+1))';
B2=gz2';
dro2=(inv(A2'*A2))*A2'*B2;