This document outlines the curriculum for an 11th grade Social Sciences course covering the emergence and key concepts of various social science disciplines. It introduces students to anthropology, economics, geography, history, linguistics, political science, psychology, and sociology. Students will learn about influential approaches within each discipline like structural functionalism, Marxism, and feminist theory. The course also discusses efforts to indigenize social sciences through the lens of Filipino thinkers and perspectives. It aims to illustrate how social sciences can be applied to address real-world social issues.
On the role of personal epistemology in the study of Science, Technology and ...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : The study of the social influence on the scientific praxis is an important branch of social
sciences. This branch, however, has focused mostly on large scale phenomena or otherwise individual ethics. In
this work we propose a way to approach this topic from individual psychological constructs using the
cognitiveframe of personal epistemology. In particular, we show that the insertion of psychological variables to
account for the self-control over personal epistemology is a useful tool facing the modern tendencies of the
scientific work. The pertinence of this approach for a complete analysis of the science agents is discussed in
several perspectives. We recall that, even when socio-scientific dynamics is not reducible to its constituents, it is
precisely within the individuals that many important clues can be found to understend complex collective
behaviors.
KEYWORDS : Personal epistemology, interdisciplinary research, cognitive processes, social sciences
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
More Related Content
Similar to Disciplines-and-Ideas-in-the-Social-Sciences.pdf
On the role of personal epistemology in the study of Science, Technology and ...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : The study of the social influence on the scientific praxis is an important branch of social
sciences. This branch, however, has focused mostly on large scale phenomena or otherwise individual ethics. In
this work we propose a way to approach this topic from individual psychological constructs using the
cognitiveframe of personal epistemology. In particular, we show that the insertion of psychological variables to
account for the self-control over personal epistemology is a useful tool facing the modern tendencies of the
scientific work. The pertinence of this approach for a complete analysis of the science agents is discussed in
several perspectives. We recall that, even when socio-scientific dynamics is not reducible to its constituents, it is
precisely within the individuals that many important clues can be found to understend complex collective
behaviors.
KEYWORDS : Personal epistemology, interdisciplinary research, cognitive processes, social sciences
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...
Disciplines-and-Ideas-in-the-Social-Sciences.pdf
1. K to 12 BASIC EDUCATION CURRICULUM
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL – ACADEMIC TRACK
HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES
K to 12 Senior High School Humanities and Social Sciences Strand – Disciplines and Ideas in the Social Sciences February 2014 Page 1 of 7
Grade: 11 Semester: Second Semester
Subject Title: Disciplines and Ideas in the Social Sciences (DISS) No. of Hours/ Semester: 80 hours/ semester
Prerequisite (if needed):
Subject Description: The course introduces students to basic concepts, subjects, and methods of inquiry in the disciplines that comprise the Social Sciences. It then
discusses influential thinkers and ideas in these disciplines, and relates these ideas to the Philippine setting and current global trends.
CONTENT CONTENT STANDARD
PERFORMANCE
STANDARD
LEARNING COMPETENCY CODE
EMERGENCE OF THE SOCIAL SCIENCES
1. Defining Social Sciences as the study of
society
2. Introducing the disciplines within the
Social Sciences
2.1. Anthropology
2.2. Economics
2.3. Geography
2.4. History
2.5. Linguistics
2.6. Political Science
2.7. Psychology
2.8. Sociology and Demography
3. Historical context of the emergence of
each discipline
The learners demonstrate
an understanding of…
the emergence of the
Social Sciences and the
different disciplines
The learners shall be able
to…
connect the disciplines
with their historical and
social foundations
The learners…
1. define Social Sciences as the study of
society
HUMSS_DIS
11- IIIa-1
2. distinguish Social and Natural Sciences and
Humanities
HUMSS_DIS
11- IIIa-2
3. compare and contrast the various Social
Science disciplines and their fields, main
areas of inquiry, and methods
HUMSS_DIS
11- IIIb-d-3
4. trace the historical foundations and social
contexts that led to the development of
each discipline
HUMSS_DIS
11- IIId-4
DOMINANT APPROACHES AND IDEAS Part 1
1. Structural-Functionalism
2. Marxism
3. Symbolic Interactionism
4. Psychoanalysis
key concepts and
approaches in the Social
Sciences
interpret personal and
social experiences using
relevant approaches in the
Social Sciences
evaluate the strengths and
weaknesses of the
approach
1. Structural-Functionalism
1.1. Structuralism
1.2. determine manifest and latent
functions and dysfunctions of
sociocultural phenomena
HUMSS_DIS
11 -IIIe-f-1
2. Marxism
analyze social inequalities in terms of
class conflict
HUMSS_DIS
11-IIIg-2
3. Symbolic Interactionism
appraise the meanings that people
attach to everyday forms of
interaction in order to explain social
HUMSS_DIS
11-IIIh-3
2. K to 12 BASIC EDUCATION CURRICULUM
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL – ACADEMIC TRACK
HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES
K to 12 Senior High School Humanities and Social Sciences Strand – Disciplines and Ideas in the Social Sciences February 2014 Page 2 of 7
CONTENT CONTENT STANDARD
PERFORMANCE
STANDARD
LEARNING COMPETENCY CODE
behavior
4. Psychoanalysis
analyze the psychodynamics of the
person’s personality in terms of Id,
Ego, and Superego
HUMSS_DIS
11-IIIi-5
THIRD-QUARTER EXAM
3rd
quarter
exam
DOMINANT APPROACHES AND IDEAS Part 2
6. Rational Choice
7. Institutionalism
8. Feminist Theory
9. Hermeneutical Phenomenology
10. Human-Environment Systems
key concepts and
approaches in the Social
Sciences
interpret personal and
social experiences using
relevant approaches in the
Social Sciences
evaluate the strengths and
weaknesses of the
approach
5. Rational Choice
predict the social consequences of
decision making based on scarcity
HUMSS_DIS
11-IVa-6
6. Institutionalism
examine the constitutive nature of
informal and formal institutions and
their actors and how it constrains
social behavior
HUMSS_DIS
11-IVb-7
7. Feminist Theory
determine the relationship between
gender ideology and gender
inequality
HUMSS-DIS
11-IVc-8
8. Hermeneutical Phenomenology
analyze significance of data
HUMSS_DIS
11-IVd-9
9. Human-Environment Systems
9.1. distinguish the ways by which
human-environment interactions
shape cultural and natural landscapes
9.2. interpret thematic and mental maps
to understand landscape changes and
an individual’s sense of place
9.3. explain environmental and social
issues through the analysis of spatial
distributions and spatial processes
HUMSS_DIS
11-IVd-10
INDIGENIZING THE SOCIAL SCIENCES
1. Filipino Social Thinkers
2. Institute of Philippine Culture’s study on
Philippine values
key concepts in the Social
Sciences rooted in Filipino
language/s and
carry out an exploration of
personal and social
experiences using
1. examine the social ideas of Filipino
thinkers starting from Isabelo de los
Reyes, Jose Rizal, and other Filipino
HUMSS_DIS
11-IVe-1
3. K to 12 BASIC EDUCATION CURRICULUM
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL – ACADEMIC TRACK
HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES
K to 12 Senior High School Humanities and Social Sciences Strand – Disciplines and Ideas in the Social Sciences February 2014 Page 3 of 7
CONTENT CONTENT STANDARD
PERFORMANCE
STANDARD
LEARNING COMPETENCY CODE
3. Sikolohiyang Pilipino
4. Pantayong Pananaw
experiences indigenous concepts intellectuals
2. value the role of interpersonal relations in
Philippine culture
HUMSS_DIS
11-IVe-2
3. evaluate the person’s personality using the
core values of Sikolohiyang Pilipino
HUMSS_DIS
11-IVf-3
4. explain the significance of using a
particular language for discourse
HUMSS_DIS
11-IVg-4
5. critique dominant approaches using
Filipino perspectives
HUMSS_DIS
11-IVg-5
SOCIAL SCIENCES IN THE REAL WORLD
1. Professions
2. Applications and intersections of the
approaches in addressing social problems
the role of Social Science
in the real world
illustrate situations and
contexts in which Social
Science can be applied
1. determine how Social Science can be used
to address social concerns
HUMSS_DIS
11-IVh-6
2. recognize multidisciplinarity and/or
interdisciplinarity as an approach to
looking at society
HUMSS_DIS
11-IVh-7
3. generate an analysis of a social
phenomenon using at least two
approaches from the Social Sciences
HUMSS_DIS
11-IVi-j-8
FOURTH-QUARTER EXAM
4th
quarter
exam
4. K to 12 BASIC EDUCATION CURRICULUM
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL – ACADEMIC TRACK
HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES
K to 12 Senior High School Humanities and Social Sciences Strand – Disciplines and Ideas in the Social Sciences February 2014 Page 4 of 7
GLOSSARY1
Absolute location The exact position of an object or place stated in spatial coordinates of a grid system designed for locational purposes
Anthropology The study of humans; the social science that seeks to understand human origins and adaptation, and the diversity of cultures and
worldviews
Binary opposition The means by which the units of language have value or meaning; each unit is defined against what it is not
Class conflict Conflict between entire classes over the distribution of a society’s wealth and power
Constitutive nature Forming an essential part or a component of
Core values In Sikolohiyang Pilipino, the core of Filipino personhood is the concept of “kapwa” (shared identity), associated with which are
other societal values
Discourse A formal way of thinking expressed through language
Economics A social science that deals with the optimum allocation of scarce resources among its alternatives to satisfy the unlimited human
wants and needs of the people
Ego The Freudian structure of personality that deals with the demand of reality
Environment Surroundings; the totality of things that in any way may affect an organism, including both physical and cultural conditions; a
region characterized by a certain set of physical conditions
Feminist theory A theory that (1) emphasizes gender as key basis of structured inequality, (2) challenges conventional distinctions between public
and private, and (3) problematizes the fundamentally political relationship between gender and power
Formal institutional constraint Rules, procedure, and formal political organizations (such as government)
Gender ideology Meanings involved in the assignment of roles for women and men within the household and outside of it
Geography The study of the earth’s surface; a specialized investigation of the physical structure of the earth, including its terrain and its
climates, and the nature and character of its contrasting inhabited portions
Geographical imagination A sensitivity toward the significance of place and space, landscape and nature, in the constitution and conduct of life on Earth
History A study of the past, one that describes/narrates and analyzes human activities in the past and the changes that these had
undergone
Hermeneutical
Phenomenology/Phenomenological
Hermeneutics
Historical phenomena (or the world outside) is interpreted differently in proper context through one’s consciousness
Humanities The study of the ways in which the human experience is processed and documented; the fields of philosophy, literature, religion,
art, music, history and language
Id The part of personality that Freud called “it” consisting of unconscious drives; the individual’s reservoir of sexual energy
Informal institutional constraint Uncodified rules of conduct such as sanctions, taboos, customs, and traditions that may create and/or sustain temporary
organizations in potentially underdeveloped/ immature political worlds
5. K to 12 BASIC EDUCATION CURRICULUM
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL – ACADEMIC TRACK
HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES
K to 12 Senior High School Humanities and Social Sciences Strand – Disciplines and Ideas in the Social Sciences February 2014 Page 5 of 7
Institutionalism An approach that views institutions as humanly devised constraints that structure political, economic, and social interactions
Institutions Stable, recurring patterns of behavior; hence, political institutions are not the same as political organizations
Interdisciplinary approach A method that integrates disciplinary elements and perspectives to create a holistic view or common understanding of a complex
issue or problem
Landscape A term referring to the appearance of an area and to the items comprising that appearance
Latent function The unrecognized and unintended consequence of any social pattern
Linguistics The scientific study of language and its structure
Manifest function The recognized and intended consequence of any social pattern
Marxism An approach that acknowledges the economic relations between classes determine/structure soclal and political relations
Mental maps A map drawn to represent the mental image a person has of an area
Multidisciplinary approach A method that puts together separate disciplinary perspectives side by side, adding breadth of knowledge, information, and
methods; disciplines retain their separate perspectives and elements
Pantayong Pananaw “From-us-for-us perspective”: A communication-based framework whose aim is to produce a "national" discourse (“talastasang
bayan”).
Place A human-wrought transformation of a part of the Earth’s surface or of preexisting, undifferentiated space
Political science The systematic study of politics
Politics May be defined as (1) the art of government, (2) public affairs, (3) compromise and consensus, and (4) power
Psychoanalysis A theory of personality, an approach to psychotherapy, and method of investigation founded by Sigmund Freud
Psychodynamic approach An approach to psychology emphasizing unconscious thoughts of the person
Psychology The scientific study of behaviour and mental processes
Rational choice Rational choice is a product of scarcity and demand the people to make the right and rational choice to maximize the use of its
resources
Region The term applied to an earth area that displays a distinctive grouping of physical or cultural phenomena or is functionally united as
a single organizational unit
Relative location The position of a place or activity in relation to other places or activities
Scale In cartography, the ratio between length or size of an area on a map and the actual length or size of that same area on the earth’s
surface; the size of the area studied, from local to global
Scarcity Scarcity is a basic problem arising from unlimited wants of people with limited resources
Site The place where something is located; the immediate surroundings and their attributes
Situation The location of something in relation to the physical and human characteristics of a larger region
Sikolohiyang Pilipino Is a psychology of, about, and for Philippine peoples
Social dysfunction Any social pattern that may disrupt the operation of society
Social function The consequence of any social pattern for the operation of a society as a whole
Social conflict approach An approach that sees society as an area of inequality that generates conflict and change
Social Science The systematic study of various aspects of human society
Sociology The systematic study of human society
Spatial distribution The arrangement of things on the earth’s surface
Structure Any relatively stable pattern of social behavior
6. K to 12 BASIC EDUCATION CURRICULUM
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL – ACADEMIC TRACK
HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES
K to 12 Senior High School Humanities and Social Sciences Strand – Disciplines and Ideas in the Social Sciences February 2014 Page 6 of 7
Structural functionalism An approach that sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote soiidarity and stability. It looks for a
structure’s social function
Structuralism A method for analyzing language, narratives, and cultural phenomena that uncovers basic elements that form structures (often
binary oppositions)
Superego The Freudian structure of personality that serves as the harsh internal judge of our behavior; what we often call conscience
Symbolic interactionism An approach that sees society as the product of the everyday interactions of individuals
Systems Analysis An approach to the study of large systems through (1) segregation of the entire system into its component parts; (2) investigation
of the interactions between system elements; and (3) study of inputs, outputs, flows, interactions, and boundaries within the
system
Thematic maps A representation of the spatial distribution of a specific phenomenon (theme) across a geographic area
1
General References:
Barnard, A. (2000). History and Theory in Anthropology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Burnham, P., Gilland Lutz, K., Grant, W., and Layton-Henry, Z. (2008). Research Methods in Politics (2nd
Edition). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Eviota, E. (1992). The Political Economy of Gender: Women and the Sexual Division of Labour in the Philippines. London and New Jersey: Zed Books Ltd.
Feist, J., Feist, G., and Roberts, TA. (2013). Theories of Personality (8th
Edition). USA: McGraw Companies, Inc.
Goodin, R. (1996). “Institutions and their Design”, in R. Goodin (ed.) The Theory of Institutional Design. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Getis, Arthur, Judith Getis, and Jerome Fellman (1998) Introduction to Geography, USA: McGraw Hill.
Gregory, Derek, Ron Johnston, Geraldine Pratt, Michael Watts, and Sarah Whatmore (2OO9) The Dictionary of Human Geography, UK: Wiley-Blackwell.
Heywood, A. (2013). Politics (4th
Edition). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
King, L. (2013). Experience Psychology (2nd
Edition). USA: McGraw Companies, Inc.
Klein, J. (2007). “Interdisciplinary Approaches in Social Science Research”, in W. Outhwaite & S. Turner (eds.) The Sage Handbook of Social Science Methodology. London:
Sage Publications.
Macionis, J. (2012). Sociology (14th
Edition). Singapore; Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd.
Marsh, D. (2002). “Marxism”, in D. Marsh and G. Stoker (ed). Theory and Methods on Political Science (2nd
Edition). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
March, J. and Olsen, J. (1989). Rediscovering Institutions. New York: Free Press.
Navarro, A. at Lagbao-Bolante, F. (eds) (2007). Mga Babasahin sa Agham Panlipunang Pilipino: Sikolohiyang Pilipino, Pilipinolohiya at Pantayong Pananaw. Lungsod
Quezon: C&E Publishing.
North, D. (1991). “Institutions.” The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 5(1), pp. 97-112.
Randall, V. (2002). “Feminism”, in D. Marsh and G. Stoker (ed). Theory and Methods on Political Science (2nd
Edition). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Schaefer, R. (2001). Sociology (7th
Edition). New York: McGraw Hill.
7. K to 12 BASIC EDUCATION CURRICULUM
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL – ACADEMIC TRACK
HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES
K to 12 Senior High School Humanities and Social Sciences Strand – Disciplines and Ideas in the Social Sciences February 2014 Page 7 of 7
CODE BOOK LEGEND
SAMPLE CODE: HUMSS_DIS11-IIh-2
LEGEND SAMPLE
First Entry
Track/ Strand
Humanities and Social Sciences
Strand
HUMSS_DIS
11
underscore_
Track/ Strand Subject Disciplines and Ideas in the Social Sciences
Grade Level 11
-
Roman Numeral
*Zero if no specific quarter
Quarter First Quarter II
Lowercase Letter
*Put a hyphen (-) in between letters
to indicate more than a specific week
Week Week Eight h
-
Arabic Number Competency
Generate an analysis of a social
phenomenon using at least two
approaches from the Social Sciences
2