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Disaster management
- 2. Major Disasters in India • 1984 Bhopal gas tragedy • 2001 Gujarat earthquake • 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami • 2008 Mumbai terrorist attacks
- 3. Is India Vulnerable? Type of Calamity Percent Earthquake 57 Severe Earthquake 12 Drought 68 Floods 12 Cyclones 8 Some cities vulnerable to industrial and chemical disaster
- 4. Introduction
- 5. What is disaster? • Occurrence that causes damage, ecological disruption, loss of human life,, deterioration of health and health services on a scale, sufficient to warrant an extraordinary response from outside the affected community or area
- 6. What Are The Consequences Of Disaster? • Health • Physical:entanglement, injuries, disabilities, coma, death • Pschological:cognitive, behavioural,social • Structural damage to variable extent • Ecological:changes to the ecosystem • Economical:financial losses
- 7. What is disaster management? • Prevention of danger threat of any disaster • Reduction of risk of any disaster or its severity or consequences • Capacity building • Preparedness: activities prior to disaster to deal with any disaster • Prompt response during disaster • Assessment of severity and magnitude of disaster • Recovery: activities following a disaster include evacuation, rescue and releif • Mitigation: activities that reduce the effects of disaster ie rehabilitation and reconstruction
- 8. What is disaster management? Mitigation Building codes and zoning Vulnerability analysis Public education Preparedness Plans Emergency drills Training Warning Systems Recovery Temporary housing Claims processing Grants Medical care Response Public Warning Systems Emergency operations Search and rescue Disaster Management
- 10. Types • Natural • Metrological • Floods • Tsunami • Cyclone • Hurricane • Typhoon • Snow storm • Blizzard • Hail Storm • Topographical • Earthquake • Volcanic eruptions • Landslides/Avlanaches • Asteroids • Limnic eruptions
- 11. Types • Natural • Environmental • Global Warming • El Nino Southern Oscillations • Ozone depletion • UVB Radiation • Solar Flare
- 12. Types • Man made • Technological • Transport failure • Public place failure • Fire • Industrial accidents • Chemical spills • Radioactive spills • Security related • War • Terrorism • Internal conflicts • Civil unrest • CBRNE
- 13. Earthquake • Shaking of Earth • Surface falling • After shocks • Tsunami • Tremors/vibrations • Landslides • Exact time cannot be determined
- 14. Tsunami • Faulty movement of sea floor accompanied by earthquake • Landslide occurs under water or above sea and plunging into the water • Volcanic activity takes place either under water or near the shore • Waves barely perceptible in deep water, distance may go upto 160 Kms between two crests • May contain 10 or more wave crests • Move upto 800 Kms/hr in deep water, diminishing in speed as the waves approaches shore
- 15. Volcano • Death results from rock fall • Toxic gases lead to respiratory problems • Destruction of property, crop and supplies
- 16. Landslides • Downslope transport of soil and rock
- 17. Draughts • Insufficient water • Rainfall deficit • Can be human induced
- 18. Tropical Cyclones • High current spin winds • From sea to land • Exceptional rainfall and Storm • Result in flooding and landslides
- 19. Floods • Flash, river and coastal flooding from intense rainfall • Can be induced by human interference of watersheds, drainage basins and flood plains
- 20. Pollution • Sulphur di oxide, Nitrogen oxides, Carbon Mono oxide and Lead from industries and transport • Marine pollution including sewage, industrial effluents, marine litter, petroleum spills, dumped radioactive substances • Water pollution by dumping of domestic waste water into lakes, rivers and ponds
- 21. Deforestation • Occurs due to firewood collection and timber harvesting • Causes floods, draughts, famine and desertification
- 22. Chemical and Industrial Accidents • Caused by • Disaster in plants/ factory handlins • Explosion of toxic substances • Improper waste management of toxic chemicals • Technological system failure • Natural hazards in industries like fire
- 23. Socio-Political Forces • Conflicts between refugees and local committees • Civil conflicts • Mass displacement of people • Displaced persons
- 24. Important Principles of Disaster Management
- 25. Important Principles of Disaster Management • Minimise the casualties • Prevent further casualties • Rescue the victims • First aid • Medical care • Reconstruction • Responsibility of all functions of governance • Involve all stakeholders
- 27. Characteristics • Predictability • Controllability • Length of forewarning • Duration of impact • Scope and intensity of impact
- 29. Phases of Disaster • Pre impact • Evaluation of risks • Adopt standards and regulations • Organise communication and response mechanism • Ensure resource readiness and mobilisation • Develop public education programs • Impact • Search, rescue and first aid • Field care • Triage • Tagging • Identification of dead Triage: Golden Hour P1 Red band Serious cases P2 Yellow band Moderately severe cases P3 Blue band Require admission to ward P4 Green band Stable cases, first aid needed P5 Black band Dead
- 30. Phases of Disaster: Post impact phase • Disaster response • Evacuation • Search and rescue • Securing food and water • Maintenance of law and order • Implementing the disaster management plan • Setting up medical camps and mobilizing resourses • Provide adequate shelter and sanitary facilities • Preventing epidemics spread and disease control • Vaccination • Rehabilitation • Water and food supply • Basic sanitation and personal hygiene • Vector control
- 31. Phases of Disaster: Post impact phase • Disaster mitigation • Protection of vulnerable population • Ensuring safety of health facilities and public health services including water supply and sewerage system • Complements disaster preparedness and disaster response activities
- 33. Phases of Disaster Management • Disaster preparedness • Disaster impact • Disaster response • Rehabilitation • Disaster mitigation
- 34. Disaster Preparedness • In form of money, manpower and material • Multisector activity, major Stakeholders NDMA and SDMA • Evaluation of risk • Adopt standards and regulations • Location of disaster prone areas • Organising communication, information and warning system • Ensuring co-ordination and response mechanism • Educating people • Simulation exercises • Good relations within states • Stocking food, drug and essential commodities • Media publicity
- 35. Disaster Impact • Deaths • Disability • Increase in communicable disease • Psychological problems • Food shortage • Socioeconomic losses • Shortage of drugs and medical supplies • Environmental disruption
- 36. Disaster Response • Mass evacuation • Search and rescue • Emergency and medical services • Prevention of epidemic diseases • Vaccination • Nutrition • Psychological support • Securing food and water • Maintenance of law and order
- 37. Rehabilitation / Recovery/Reconstruction • Providing temporary shelters • Economic rehabilitation • Pscho-social rehabilitation • Scientific damage assessment • Community recovery • Infrastructure recovery • Economic recovery • Environment recovery • Restoration of water supply • Food safety • Sanitation and hygiene
- 38. Disaster Mitigation • Compliments disaster preparedness and disaster response activities • Hazard identification and mapping • Vulnerability analysis • Protection of vulnerable population and structure • Risk analysis • Prevention • Safety of public health services • Water supply • Sewerage system
- 40. Agencies Involved • District administration • Military • PMF and Police • Ministries • NGOs • International agencies • Media
- 41. Role of Armed Forces • Evacuation • Maintenance of essential services • Distributing essential supplies in remote and marooned areas • Transport and relief materials • Medical aid • Management of relief camps
- 42. Nodal Agencies
- 43. Nodal Agencies • Floods: Ministry of Water Resources • Cyclones: Indian Metrological Department • Earthquakes: Indian Metrological Department • Epidemic: Ministry of Heath and Family Welfare • Avian Flu: Ministry of Heath and Ministry of Environment • Crops/Livestock: Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry • Chemical disaster: Ministry of Environment and Forests • Industrial disaster: Ministry of Labour • Rail accidents: Ministry of Railways • Air accidents: Ministry of Civil Aviation • Fire: MHA • Nuclear accidents: Department of Atomic Energy • Mine disasters: Department of Mines
- 45. International Agencies • Main agencies of UN • Food and Agriculture Organization • United Nations Centre for Human Settlements • United Nations Development Programme • United Nation Educational Scientific and Cultural Organisation • World Healt Organisation • Major International agencies • Asian Development Bank • Asian Disaster Preparedness Centre • The World Bank • Red Cross Society
- 46. New Initiatives and Future Directions
- 47. New Initiatives • Setting up of NDMA in 2005 with its Chairman being the PM at national level • At state level SDMA headed by CM • At district level headed by Collectors/ZP chairman • Raising of NDRF Battalions • Drawing up disaster management policy and disaster response plan
- 48. Future Directions • Encourage and consolidate knowledge networks • Mobilise and train volunteers: NCC, NSS, Scouts, Guides, Home guards • Increase capacity building for faster response • Learn from best practices world over for preparedness, mitigation and response • Mobilise self help groups, youth orginisations, women groups, Panchayati Raj Institutions • Simulation exercises and mock drills • Involvement of communities • Public private partnership • Disaster Reduction Day celebration
- 49. Thank you