Digital Accessibility: Human Centered Design

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Human Centered Design
Accessibility

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Web
Content
Accessibility
Guidelines
WCAG

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WCAG 2.0
Perceivable Operable Understandable Robust
“
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Information and user
interface components must
be presentable to users in
ways they can perceive.
“
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Information and the
operation of user interface
must be understandable.
“
“
Content must be robust enough
that it can be interpreted reliably
by a wide variety of user agents,
including assistive technologies.
“ “
User interface components and
navigations must be operable.
This principle ensures that content is
available to view in multiple forms, and is
easy to see or hear regardless of disability.
This principle ensures that a user could
easily navigate a website without running
into limited functionality or time limits.
This principle ensures all webpages are
readable, predictable and have the
capability to correct user mistakes.
This principle is all about ensuring the
compatibility between your website and all
current and future technologies someone
may use to assist them.
• Placing an alt text tag on an image
• Alternative options for CAPTCHA
• Providing captions for all media content
• The user can navigate through the site
using only their keyboard
• The user has the ability to pause
scrolling information
• Your web pages are titles with a topic
or purpose
• Your website navigation remains
consistent throughout the site
• You provide instructions for all user input
fields
• A user is able to confirm their financial
transaction before submitting an order
• Your HTML documents include start
and end tags and do not contain
duplicate attributes
• A user can programmatically
determine the name and role of a
user interface form

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WCAG Overview
1999
2008
2012
Summer 2018

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The Newness
Low Vision Mobile Cognitive Impairment

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WCAG 2.1
Low Vision Mobile Cognitive Impairment
Age-Related Cognitive Decline
Aphasia
ADHD
Autism
Intellectual Disability (IQ)
Dyscalculia (numbers, symbols, functions)
Dyslexia (visual, auditory, language, patterns)
Non-Verbal (mute, near-inaudible, hearing impaired)

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83 MILLION
Age-Related Cognitive Decline
Aphasia
ADHD
Autism
Intellectual Disability (IQ)
Dyscalculia (numbers, symbols, functions)
Dyslexia (visual, auditory, language, patterns)
Non-Verbal (mute, near-inaudible, hearing impaired)
WCAG 2.1
~

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~83MM people are being added to the world’s population every year
Global Population Demographics

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Global fertility is projected to fall from just over 2.5 births per woman in
2010-2015 to around 2.4 in 2025-2030 and 2.0 in 2095-2100

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Globally, life expectancy for both sexes combined is projected to rise from 71 years
in 2010-2015 to 77 years in 2045-2050 and eventually to 83 years in 2095-2100

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Globally, life expectancy for both sexes combined is projected to rise from 71 years
in 2010-2015 to 77 years in 2045-2050 and eventually to 83 years in 2095-2100
By 2050 the number of +60 year olds will be more than double that of 2017

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“By 2050, there will be a projected 115 million
people with dementia worldwide.”

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“Up to 20% of the US population shows
symptoms of dyslexia.”

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“Each year, approximately 795,000
people suffer a stroke.”

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“Stroke is the leading cause of serious,
long-term disability in the United States.”

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WCAG and The Law
WCAG The Law

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WCAG and The Law
WCAG ADA
The Law

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WCAG and The Law
WCAG Title lll
ADA
The Law

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WCAG and The Law
2002 Access Now, Inc. v. Southwest Airlines Co.
2006 National Federation of the Blind v. Target Corp.
2010 Ouellette v. Viacom; Young v. Facebook
because the sites didn’t replicate physical places of business
the airline’s website was not a “place of public accommodation”
2013
2014
Consent decree involving H&R Block
Settlement agreement between Justice v. Peapod

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WCAG and The Law
“On January 18, 2017, the Section 508 standards have been refreshed to
account for new technology and align with WCAG guidelines.”

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WCAG and The Law
In 2017, a Florida court rejected a website ADA suit against SeaWorld and
Busch Gardens citing the 2006 Target decision.

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WCAG and The Law
In 2017, a Florida court condemned Winn Dixie in a website ADA suit
citing the 2006 Target decision.
In 2017, a Florida court rejected a website ADA suit against SeaWorld
and Busch Gardens citing the 2006 Target decision.

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Content does not restrict its view and operation to a single display orientation,
such as portrait or landscape, unless a speciﬁc display orientation is *essential.
Level AA: 2.6.2 Orientation
Wildcard Guideline

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*if removed, would fundamentally change the information or functionality of the content, and information and functionality cannot be achieved in another way that would conform
Content does not restrict its view and operation to a single display orientation,
such as portrait or landscape, unless a speciﬁc display orientation is *essential.
Level AA: 2.6.2 Orientation
Wildcard Guideline

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2.1 Guidelines
Level A
Level AA
Level AAA
2.4.11 Character Key Shortcuts  
Ensure custom shortcuts include, or can be made to include, a modifier key. 
Key intended beneficiaries: users primarily operating via speech or keyboard

2.4.12 Label in Name  
Let the visual label for controls be a trigger for speech activation. 
Key intended beneficiaries: users operating via speech

2.5.1 Pointer Gestures  
Let users operate touchscreens with a single finger. 
Key intended beneficiaries: users with some physical disabilities

2.5.2 Pointer Cancellation  
Reduce accidental activation of controls by making their operation consistent. 
Key intended beneficiaries: users with some cognitive, physical or visual disabilities

2.6.1 Motion Actuation 
Don’t rely solely on device motion to control page content. 
Key intended beneficiaries: users unable to physically manipulate devices

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Level A
Level AA
Level AAA
1.3.4 Identify Common Purpose  
Make the meaning of common inputs available via technology. 
Key intended beneficiaries: users with some cognitive disabilities

1.4.10 Reflow  
Ensure content can be enlarged without requiring horizontal scrolling. 
Key intended beneficiaries: low-vision users

1.4.11 Non-Text Contrast  
Ensure important visual information such as graphics and icons meets the same minimum
contrast that is required for larger text. 
Key intended beneficiaries: low-vision users

1.4.12 Text Spacing  
Let users adjust text spacing to make it easier to read. 
Key intended beneficiaries: users with some cognitive or low vision disabilities

1.4.13 Content on Hover or Focus  
If content can appear or disappear without a user intentionally activating it, design the
interaction in such a way that all users can operate it and perceive the content. 
Key intended beneficiaries: low-vision and blind users

2.6.2 Orientation  
Don’t lock content to either portrait or landscape presentation. 
Key intended beneficiaries: users unable to modify the orientation of devices

3.2.6 Status Changes  
Let assistive technologies notify users about changes to the content that don’t take focus. 
Key intended beneficiaries: blind and low vision users
2.1 Guidelines

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Level A
Level AA
Level AAA
1.3.5 Identify Purpose 
Make the meaning of all controls (not just inputs) and other key information available via
technology. 

2.2.6 Timeouts  
Tell users how long they can be inactive before they may lose information. 

2.2.7 Animation from Interactions  
Allow users to turn off unnecessary motion effects. 
Key intended beneficiaries: users with vestibular dysfunction

2.5.3 Target Size  
Make controls bigger so they can be operated more easily, especially on touch screens. 
Key intended beneficiaries: users with some physical disabilities
2.5.4 Concurrent Input Mechanisms  
Don’t prevent users from choosing different ways of inputting content. 
Key intended beneficiaries: users requiring specific means of operation or using assistive
technology
2.1 Guidelines

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What
Now?
Is my work accessible?

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What
Now?
Web: Google Lighthouse
Android: Google Accessibility Scanner
iOS: Xcode Accessibility Inspector

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What
Now?
Walk the talk

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What
Now?
Walk the talk
Use a screen reader
Try Hawkeye

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What
Now?
Walk the talk
Use a screen reader
Try Hawkeye
Reﬂect and relate

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UN’s Global Population Demographics
https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/publications/files/wpp2017_keyfindings.pdf

UN’s Global Accessibility Legislation, Policies, et al
http://g3ict.org/publication/web-accessibility-policy-making-an-international-
perspective-revised-edition-2012

Accessibility Lawsuits circa 2017-2018
https://www.boia.org/blog/2018s-flood-of-accessibility-lawsuits
PWD Populations and Statistics:
https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/adhd/data.html

https://www.cdc.gov/stroke/facts.htm

https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/autism/data.html

https://iq-research.info/en/average-iq-by-country/us-united-states

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213158218300731

https://assets.prb.org/pdf17/TRA%20Alzheimers%20and%20Dementia.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK453284/

https://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/statistics/quick-statistics-voice-speech-language

https://www.disabled-world.com/disability/statistics/
Addendum
The Law (US): ADA vs WCAG Overview
https://www.newmediacampaigns.com/blog/website-accessibility-and-the-law-ada-wcag20
WCAG 2.0 Mobile Checklist
http://pauljadam.com/demos/mobilechecklist.html
Comprehensive WCAG 2.1
https://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG21/

Alt-Text Intro
https://fae.disability.illinois.edu/rulesets/IMAGE_1/

ARIA Techniques
https://fae.disability.illinois.edu/rulesets/ruleset/ARIA_STRICT/

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