“Cognition is a field of thought processes by which an individual processes information through skills of perception, thinking, memory, learning and attention” Zinc, the 2nd most abundant trace micronutrient Almost 40 to 50% vulnerable group are zinc deficient Zinc deficiency effect cognition development by Modulating zinc homeostasis Neurogenesis Strategies like diet diversification, fortification and supplementation are helpful in alleviating deficiency

1. 1

2. 2
Makkia Saleem
2011-ag-4214
M.Sc. (Hons.)
(HND) 2nd Semester
NIFSAT 2

3. Role in human health
Deficiency: Global & local scenario
Cognition development
Role of hippocampus, amygdalae
Mechanisms
Zinc homeostasis
Neurogenesis
Prevention
Conclusion
3

4.  Trace micronutrient
 2nd most abundant
 Don’t store in body
(Motta et al., 2011) 4

5. Immune
Function
Protein
Synthesis
Gene
Expression
Cell
Division
Metabolism
(Prasad, 2013)
Cognition
Development
5
ROLE

6. Age Male Female Pregnancy Lactation
0–6 months 2 mg 2 mg
7–12 months 3 mg 3 mg
1–3 years 3 mg 3 mg
4–8 years 5 mg 5 mg
9–13 years 8 mg 8 mg
14–18 years 11 mg 9 mg 12 mg 13 mg
19+ years 11 mg 8 mg 11 mg 12 mg
(NIH, 2016) 6

7. Importance of zinc in human is illustrated by the effects
of zinc deficiency
(Prasad, 2013) 7

8. Impaired cognition
Depression
Acne/ thin hair
Diarrhea
Anorexia
Low immunity
Poor growth
Mal Digestion
Infertility
(Prasad, 2013) 8

9. Global
 17.3% is at risk of inadequate zinc intake
Pakistan: Zinc deficient
 41.3% of non-pregnant women
47.6% of pregnant women
39.2% of children
(GOP, 2011; Wessells et al., 2012) 9

10. Non-pregnant women Children under 5 years of age
Deficient
Deficient
Deficient
Deficient
Non-Deficient
Non-Deficient
NNS 2001
NNS 2011
(GOP, 2011) 10

11.  Inadequate intake
 Increased requirements
 Malabsorption
 Increased losses
(Roohani et al., 2013) 11

12. “Cognition is a field of thought processes by which an
individual processes information through skills of
perception, thinking, memory, learning and attention”
(Parletta, 2013) 12

13. (Parletta, 2013) 13
Frontal lobe
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Olfactory bulb
Amygdalae
Hippocampus

14. Hippocampus
Consolidation of
information
Learning of conceptual
information
Spatial memory
Verbal memory
Amygdalae
Formation and
storage of
memories
Learning event
Fear conditioning
(Piechal et al., 2012 14

15. Perception
Memory
Thought
Attention
Learning Ability
Language
Fear Consolidation
(Sindreua et al., 2010) 15

16. Cognition
Development
Neurogenesis
Neuronal Migration
Synaptogenesis
Zinc Homeostasis
Neuro-modulation
(Zainuddin et al., 2012)
Neuro-transmission
16

17.  Necessary for normal neuronal activity
 The brain barrier system including
1. Blood-brain barriers
2. Blood-cerebrospinal fluid barriers
(Motta et al., 2011) 17

18. Dietary Zinc
Deficiency
Good Dietary
Zinc
Zinc
Homeostasis
Hippocampal
Functions
Amygdalae
Functions
Neurogenesis
(Szewczyk, 2013) 18

19. Dietary Zinc Deprivation
Plasma, Peripheral Tissues, Hippocampus,
Amygdalae
Neuronal Excitability, Neurotransmission
Neurons of Hippocampus, Amygdalae
Learning, Memory
(Motta et al., 2011) 19

20. “Formation of new neurons from pre-existing neurons”
 It occurs in two areas of the adult brain:
• Dentate gyrus of the hippocampus
• Lateral ventricles of brain
(Zainuddin et al., 2012; Parletta et al., 2013) 20

21. Role of zinc
 By regulating p53-dependent molecular mechanisms
that control neuronal precursor cell proliferation and
survival
(Zainuddin et al., 2012; Parletta et al., 2013) 21

22. Dietary zinc deficiency
Inhibit adult hippocampal neurogenesis
Activate apoptosis proteins
Induce depression
22(Zainuddin et al., 2012; Parletta et al., 2013)

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24.  Dietary diversification
 Supplementation
 Fortification
 Bio-fortification
(Roohani, 2013) 24

25. Oyster
Chicken
Beef
Milk Cashews
Beans
Pea
Sunflower
seeds
Chickpeas
(USDA-NAL, 2016) 25

26.  Zinc, the 2nd most abundant trace micronutrient
 Almost 40 to 50% vulnerable group are zinc
deficient
 Zinc deficiency effect cognition development by
Modulating zinc homeostasis
Neurogenesis
 Strategies like diet diversification, fortification and
supplementation are helpful in alleviating
deficiency
26

27. “Diversified your food choice”
27

28.  GOP (Government of Pakistan). 2011. National Nutrition Survey
Pakistan. Nutrition Wing, Cabinet Division, Government of
Pakistan.
 Motta, D.D. and R. Dingledine. 2011. Unraveling the role of zinc
in memory. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 108:3103-3104.
 NIH (National Institute of Health). 2016. Zinc. Available at:
https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Zinc-HealthProfessional/.
Accessed on: March 15th, 2016.
 Parletta, N., C.M. Milte and B.J. Meyer. 2013. Nutritional
modulation of cognitive function and mental health. J. Nutr. Bio.
24:725-743.
28

29.  Piechal, A., K.B. Klin, J. Pyrzanowska and E.W. Tyszkiewicz.
2012. Maternal zinc supplementation improves spatial memory
in rat pups. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 147:299-308.
 Prasad, A.S. 2013. Discovery of human zinc deficiency: its
impact on human health and disease. Adv. Nutr. 4:176-190.
 Roohani, N., R. Hurrell, R. Kelishadi and R. Schulin. 2013. Zinc
and its importance for human health: An integrative review. J.
Res. Med. Sci. 18:144-157.
 Sindreua, C., R.D. Palmiter and D.R. Storma. 2010. Zinc
transporter ZnT-3 regulates presynaptic Erk1/2 signaling and
hippocampus-dependent memory. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., USA.
108:3366-3370.
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30.  Sindreua, C. and D.R. Strom. 2011. Modulation of neuronal
signal transduction and memory formation by synaptic zinc.
Front. Behav. Neurosci. 5:33-89.
 Szewczyk, B. 2013. Zinc homeostasis and neurodegenerative
disorders. Front. Aging Neurosci. 5:33-43.
 USDA-NAL (United State Department of Agriculture-National
Agriculture Library). 2016. Dietary reference intakes for vitamin
A, vitamin K, arsenic, boron, chromium, copper, iodine, iron,
manganese, molybdenum, nickel, silicon, vanadium, and zinc.
Available at: https://fnic.nal.usda.gov/dietary-guidance/dri-
nutrient-reports/vitamin-vitamin-k-arsenic-boron-chromium-
copper-iodine-iron. Accessed on: March 15th, 2016.
30

31.  Wessells, K.R., G.M. Singh and K.H. Brown. 2012. Estimating
the global prevalence of inadequate zinc intake from national
food balance sheets: effects of methodological assumptions. PLoS
ONE. 7:1-13.
 Zainuddin, M.S.A. and S. Thuret. 2012. Nutrition, adult
hippocampal neurogenesis and mental health. Br. Med. Bull.
103:89-114.
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