The document discusses Valeria de Paiva's work on Dialectica categories. It introduces the Dialectica interpretation, which provides a model of intuitionistic logic in a quantifier-free theory of functionals. De Paiva developed categorical models of the Dialectica interpretation called Dialectica categories. Her first model was the Dialectica category DC, which has a symmetric monoidal closed structure making it a model of intuitionistic linear logic. DC has objects that can represent computational problems, with the data (U,X,α) representing a problem with inputs U and outputs X related by the relation α.
Talk at the Melbourne Logic Seminar
on Shawn Standefer invitation
Dialectica categories for the Lambek calculus
Valeria de Paiva
The Topos Institute, Berkeley, CA
Abstract:
Dialectica categorical models of the Lambek Calculus were first presented in the Amsterdam Colloquium a long time ago. Following Lambek's lead, we approached the Lambek Calculus from the perspective of Linear Logic and adapted the Dialectica categorical models for Linear Logic to Lambek's non-commutative calculus. The old work took for granted the syntax of the Lambek calculus and only discussed the exciting possibilities of new models for the modalities that Linear Logic introduced. Many years later we find that the work on dialectica models of the Lambek calculus is still interesting and that it might inform some of the most recent work on the relationship between Categorial Grammars and notions of Distributional Semantics.
Thus we revisited the old work, making sure that the syntax details that were sketchy on the first version got completed and verified, using automated tools such as Agda and Ott. Ultimately we are interested in the applicability of the original systems to their intended uses in the construction of semantics of Natural Language. But before we can discuss it, we need to make sure that the mathematical properties that make the Lambek calculus attractive are all properly modeled and this is the main aim of this paper.
We recall the Lambek calculus with its Curry-Howard isomorphic term assignment system. We extend it with a $\kappa$ modality, inspired by Yetter's work, which makes the calculus commutative. Then we add the of-course modality $!$, as Girard did, re-introducing weakening and contraction for all formulas and get back the full power of intuitionistic and classical logic. We also present algebraic semantics and categorical semantics, proved sound and complete for the whole system. Finally, we show the traditional properties of type systems, like subject reduction, the Church-Rosser theorem and normalization for the calculi of extended modalities, which we did not have before.
Benchmarking Linear Logic Proofs, Valeria de PaivaValeria de Paiva
Talk at the 1st Joint Meeting Brazil-France in Mathematics, https://impa.br/eventos-do-impa/eventos-2019/1st-joint-meeting-brazil-france-in-mathematics/
Talk at the Melbourne Logic Seminar
on Shawn Standefer invitation
Dialectica categories for the Lambek calculus
Valeria de Paiva
The Topos Institute, Berkeley, CA
Abstract:
Dialectica categorical models of the Lambek Calculus were first presented in the Amsterdam Colloquium a long time ago. Following Lambek's lead, we approached the Lambek Calculus from the perspective of Linear Logic and adapted the Dialectica categorical models for Linear Logic to Lambek's non-commutative calculus. The old work took for granted the syntax of the Lambek calculus and only discussed the exciting possibilities of new models for the modalities that Linear Logic introduced. Many years later we find that the work on dialectica models of the Lambek calculus is still interesting and that it might inform some of the most recent work on the relationship between Categorial Grammars and notions of Distributional Semantics.
Thus we revisited the old work, making sure that the syntax details that were sketchy on the first version got completed and verified, using automated tools such as Agda and Ott. Ultimately we are interested in the applicability of the original systems to their intended uses in the construction of semantics of Natural Language. But before we can discuss it, we need to make sure that the mathematical properties that make the Lambek calculus attractive are all properly modeled and this is the main aim of this paper.
We recall the Lambek calculus with its Curry-Howard isomorphic term assignment system. We extend it with a $\kappa$ modality, inspired by Yetter's work, which makes the calculus commutative. Then we add the of-course modality $!$, as Girard did, re-introducing weakening and contraction for all formulas and get back the full power of intuitionistic and classical logic. We also present algebraic semantics and categorical semantics, proved sound and complete for the whole system. Finally, we show the traditional properties of type systems, like subject reduction, the Church-Rosser theorem and normalization for the calculi of extended modalities, which we did not have before.
Benchmarking Linear Logic Proofs, Valeria de PaivaValeria de Paiva
Talk at the 1st Joint Meeting Brazil-France in Mathematics, https://impa.br/eventos-do-impa/eventos-2019/1st-joint-meeting-brazil-france-in-mathematics/
Dialectica Categories Surprising Application: mapping cardinal invariantsValeria de Paiva
Talk at 2nd Set Theory and General Topology Week in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, March 2012
Abstract: Goethe famously said that "Mathematicians are like Frenchmen:
whatever you say to them they translate into their own language and forthwith it is something entirely different." True. Even more true of category theorists. Following this great tradition of appropriating other people's work, I want to tell you how I learned about "cardinalities of the continuum" from Blass and Morgan and da Silva
and how I want to rock their boat, just a little, in the direction of my kind of mathematics.
Water billing management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project entitled “Water Billing Management System” aims is to generate Water bill with all the charges and penalty. Manual system that is employed is extremely laborious and quite inadequate. It only makes the process more difficult and hard.
The aim of our project is to develop a system that is meant to partially computerize the work performed in the Water Board like generating monthly Water bill, record of consuming unit of water, store record of the customer and previous unpaid record.
We used HTML/PHP as front end and MYSQL as back end for developing our project. HTML is primarily a visual design environment. We can create a android application by designing the form and that make up the user interface. Adding android application code to the form and the objects such as buttons and text boxes on them and adding any required support code in additional modular.
MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software. It is a stable ,reliable and the powerful solution with the advanced features and advantages which are as follows: Data Security.MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
TOP 10 B TECH COLLEGES IN JAIPUR 2024.pptxnikitacareer3
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Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
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HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting technique based on Binary Heap data structure. It is similar to the selection sort where we first find the minimum element and place the minimum element at the beginning. Repeat the same process for the remaining elements.
Online aptitude test management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The purpose of on-line aptitude test system is to take online test in an efficient manner and no time wasting for checking the paper. The main objective of on-line aptitude test system is to efficiently evaluate the candidate thoroughly through a fully automated system that not only saves lot of time but also gives fast results. For students they give papers according to their convenience and time and there is no need of using extra thing like paper, pen etc. This can be used in educational institutions as well as in corporate world. Can be used anywhere any time as it is a web based application (user Location doesn’t matter). No restriction that examiner has to be present when the candidate takes the test.
Every time when lecturers/professors need to conduct examinations they have to sit down think about the questions and then create a whole new set of questions for each and every exam. In some cases the professor may want to give an open book online exam that is the student can take the exam any time anywhere, but the student might have to answer the questions in a limited time period. The professor may want to change the sequence of questions for every student. The problem that a student has is whenever a date for the exam is declared the student has to take it and there is no way he can take it at some other time. This project will create an interface for the examiner to create and store questions in a repository. It will also create an interface for the student to take examinations at his convenience and the questions and/or exams may be timed. Thereby creating an application which can be used by examiners and examinee’s simultaneously.
Examination System is very useful for Teachers/Professors. As in the teaching profession, you are responsible for writing question papers. In the conventional method, you write the question paper on paper, keep question papers separate from answers and all this information you have to keep in a locker to avoid unauthorized access. Using the Examination System you can create a question paper and everything will be written to a single exam file in encrypted format. You can set the General and Administrator password to avoid unauthorized access to your question paper. Every time you start the examination, the program shuffles all the questions and selects them randomly from the database, which reduces the chances of memorizing the questions.
Online aptitude test management system project report.pdf
Dialectica Categories: the mathematical version
1. 1/37
Introduction
Dialectica DC
Cofree Modality
Dialectica GC
Composite Comonad
Conclusions
Dialectica Categories
the mathematical version
Valeria de Paiva
Topos Institute
5 de dezembro de 2020
Valeria de Paiva Topos Institute Dialectica Categories
5. 5/37
Introduction
Dialectica DC
Cofree Modality
Dialectica GC
Composite Comonad
Conclusions
Introduction
I’m a logician, a proof-theorist and a category theorist.
Today I want to tell you about dialectica categories
dialectica category DC
its cofree monoidal comonad
dialectica category GC
its composite monoidal comonad
Valeria de Paiva Topos Institute Dialectica Categories
6. 5/37
Introduction
Dialectica DC
Cofree Modality
Dialectica GC
Composite Comonad
Conclusions
Introduction
I’m a logician, a proof-theorist and a category theorist.
Today I want to tell you about dialectica categories
dialectica category DC
its cofree monoidal comonad
dialectica category GC
its composite monoidal comonad
Valeria de Paiva Topos Institute Dialectica Categories
7. 5/37
Introduction
Dialectica DC
Cofree Modality
Dialectica GC
Composite Comonad
Conclusions
Introduction
I’m a logician, a proof-theorist and a category theorist.
Today I want to tell you about dialectica categories
dialectica category DC
its cofree monoidal comonad
dialectica category GC
its composite monoidal comonad
Valeria de Paiva Topos Institute Dialectica Categories
8. 5/37
Introduction
Dialectica DC
Cofree Modality
Dialectica GC
Composite Comonad
Conclusions
Introduction
I’m a logician, a proof-theorist and a category theorist.
Today I want to tell you about dialectica categories
dialectica category DC
its cofree monoidal comonad
dialectica category GC
its composite monoidal comonad
Valeria de Paiva Topos Institute Dialectica Categories
9. 6/37
Introduction
Dialectica DC
Cofree Modality
Dialectica GC
Composite Comonad
Conclusions
Dialectica Interpretation
G¨odel (1958) Dialectica interpretation introduces System T, a
finite type extension of primitive recursive arithmetic
Dialectica: a transformation of formulae and proofs aiming to
prove the consistency of higher-order arithmetic
A formula A of HA is mapped to a quantifier-free formula
AD(x; y) of System T, where x, y are tuples of fresh variables
my thesis (1988) a categorical (internal) version of the
interpretation
Thesis: Four chapters/Four main theorems
Dialectica category DC
DC cofree monoidal comonad
Categorical model GC
GC composite (monoidal) comonad
Valeria de Paiva Topos Institute Dialectica Categories
10. 7/37
Introduction
Dialectica DC
Cofree Modality
Dialectica GC
Composite Comonad
Conclusions
Dialectica (from Wikipedia)
The quantifier-free formula AD(x; y) is defined inductively on
the logical structure of A as follows:
(P)D ≡ P (P atomic)
(A ∧ B)D(x, v; y, w) ≡ AD(x; y) ∧ BD(v; w)
(A ∨ B)D(x, v, z; y, w) ≡ (z = 0 → AD(x; y)) ∧ (z = 0 → BD(v;
(A → B)D(f , g; x, w) ≡ AD(x; fxw) → BD(gx; w)
(∃zA)D(x, z; y) ≡ AD(x; y)
(∀zA)D(f ; y, z) ≡ AD(fz; y)
Theorem (Dialectica Soundness, G¨odel 1958)
Whenever a formula A is provable in Heyting arithmetic then there
exists a sequence of closed terms t such that AD(t; y) is provable
in system T. The sequence of terms t and the proof of AD(t; y)
are constructed from the given proof of A in Heyting arithmetic.
Valeria de Paiva Topos Institute Dialectica Categories
11. 8/37
Introduction
Dialectica DC
Cofree Modality
Dialectica GC
Composite Comonad
Conclusions
Dialectica Categories
G¨odel’s Dialectica Interpretation (1958): an interpretation of
intuitionistic arithmetic HA in a quantifier-free theory of
functionals of finite type T.
Idea: translate every formula A of HA to AD = ∃u∀x.AD, where
AD is quantifier-free.
Use: If HA proves A then system T proves AD(t, y) where y is
string of variables for functionals of finite type, t a suitable
sequence of terms not containing y
Goal: to be as constructive as possible while being able to interpret
all of classical arithmetic
Philosophical discussion of how much it achieves in another talk!
Valeria de Paiva Topos Institute Dialectica Categories
12. 9/37
Introduction
Dialectica DC
Cofree Modality
Dialectica GC
Composite Comonad
Conclusions
Digression: Categorical Proof Theory
Types are formulae/objects in appropriate category,
Terms/programs are proofs/morphisms in the category,
Logical constructors are appropriate categorical constructions.
Most important: Reduction is proof normalization (Tait)
Outcome: Transfer results/tools from logic to CT to CSci
Valeria de Paiva Topos Institute Dialectica Categories
14. 11/37
Introduction
Dialectica DC
Cofree Modality
Dialectica GC
Composite Comonad
Conclusions
Linear Logic
A proof theoretic logic described by Jean-Yves Girard in 1986.
Basic idea: assumptions cannot be discarded or duplicated. They
must be used exactly once – just like dollar bills
Other approaches to accounting for logical resources before.
Great win of Linear Logic: Account for resources when you want
to, otherwise fall back on traditional logic, A → B iff !A −◦ B
Valeria de Paiva Topos Institute Dialectica Categories
15. 12/37
Introduction
Dialectica DC
Cofree Modality
Dialectica GC
Composite Comonad
Conclusions
Dialectica Categories
Hyland suggested that to provide a categorical model of the
Dialectica Interpretation, one should look at the functionals
corresponding to the interpretation of logical implication.
I looked and instead of finding a cartesian closed category, found a
monoidal closed one
Thus the categories in my thesis proved to be models of Linear
Logic
Linear Logic introduced by Girard (1987) as a proof-theoretic tool:
the symmetries of classical logic plus the constructive content of
proofs of intuitionistic logic.
Valeria de Paiva Topos Institute Dialectica Categories
16. 13/37
Introduction
Dialectica DC
Cofree Modality
Dialectica GC
Composite Comonad
Conclusions
Resources in Linear Logic
In Linear Logic formulas denote resources. Resources are premises,
assumptions and conclusions, as they are used in logical proofs.
For example:
$1 −◦ latte
If I have a dollar, I can get a Latte
$1 −◦ cappuccino
If I have a dollar, I can get a Cappuccino
$1
I have a dollar
Using my dollar premise and one of the premisses above, say
‘$1 −◦ latte’ gives me a latte but the dollar is gone
Usual logic doesn’t pay attention to uses of premisses, A implies B
and A gives me B but I still have A
Valeria de Paiva Topos Institute Dialectica Categories
17. 14/37
Introduction
Dialectica DC
Cofree Modality
Dialectica GC
Composite Comonad
Conclusions
Linear Implication and (Multiplicative) Conjunction
Traditional implication: A, A → B B
A, A → B A ∧ B Re-use A
Linear implication: A, A −◦ B B
A, A −◦ B A ⊗ B Cannot re-use A
Traditional conjunction: A ∧ B A Discard B
Linear conjunction: A ⊗ B A Cannot discard B
Of course: !A !A⊗!A Re-use
!A ⊗ B I ⊗ B ∼= B Discard
Valeria de Paiva Topos Institute Dialectica Categories
18. 15/37
Introduction
Dialectica DC
Cofree Modality
Dialectica GC
Composite Comonad
Conclusions
The challenges of modeling Linear Logic
Traditional categorical modeling of intuitionistic logic:
formula A object A of appropriate category
A ∧ B A × B (real product)
A → B BA (set of functions from A to B)
These are real products, so we have projections
(A × B → A, B)
and diagonals (A → A × A) which correspond to deletion and
duplication of resources
Not linear!!!
Need to use tensor products and internal homs in CT
Hard: how to define the “make-everything-usual”operator ”!”.
Valeria de Paiva Topos Institute Dialectica Categories
19. 16/37
Introduction
Dialectica DC
Cofree Modality
Dialectica GC
Composite Comonad
Conclusions
Category DC
Start with a cat C that is cartesian closed with some other nice
properties (I’m thinking Sets). Then build a new category DC.
Objects are relations in C, i.e triples (U, X, α),
α : U × X → 2, so either uαx or not. (NB using subobjects)
Maps are pairs of maps in C. A map from (U, X, α) to
(V , Y , β) is a pair of maps in C, (f : U → V , F : U ×Y → X)
such that an ‘semi-adjunction condition’ is satisfied. For
u ∈ U, y ∈ Y , uαF(u, y) implies fuβy. (Note direction!)
Theorem: (de Paiva 1987) [Linear structure]
The category DC has a symmetric monoidal closed structure (and
products, weak coproducts), that makes it a model of (exponential-
free) intuitionistic linear logic.
Valeria de Paiva Topos Institute Dialectica Categories
20. 17/37
Introduction
Dialectica DC
Cofree Modality
Dialectica GC
Composite Comonad
Conclusions
Dialectica Categories
Proposition
The data above does provide a category DC
Identities are identity on the first component and projection in the
second component id(U,X,α) = (idU : U → U, π2 : U × Y → Y ).
Given (f , F) : (U, X, α) → (V , Y , β) and
(g, G) : (V , Y , β) → (W , Z, γ), composition is simple composition
f ; g : U → W in the first coordinate. But on the second coordinate
U × Z
∆×Z
- U × U × Z
U×f ×Z
- U × V × Z
U×G
- U × Y
F
- X
Associativity and unity laws come from the base category C
We need to check the semi-adjunction conditions to get the
proposition.
Valeria de Paiva Topos Institute Dialectica Categories
21. 18/37
Introduction
Dialectica DC
Cofree Modality
Dialectica GC
Composite Comonad
Conclusions
Can we give some intuition for these objects?
Blass makes the case for thinking of problems in computational
complexity. Intuitively an object of DC
A = (U, X, α)
can be seen as representing a problem.
The elements of U are instances of the problem, while the
elements of X are possible answers to the problem instances.
The relation α says whether the answer is correct for that instance
of the problem or not.
Valeria de Paiva Topos Institute Dialectica Categories
22. 19/37
Introduction
Dialectica DC
Cofree Modality
Dialectica GC
Composite Comonad
Conclusions
Examples of objects in DC
1. The object (N, N, =) where n is related to m iff n = m.
2. The object (NN, N, α) where f is α-related to n iff f (n) = n.
3. The object (R, R, ≤) where r1 and r2 are related iff r1 ≤ r2
4. The objects (2, 2, =) and (2, 2, =) with usual equality inequality.
Valeria de Paiva Topos Institute Dialectica Categories
23. 20/37
Introduction
Dialectica DC
Cofree Modality
Dialectica GC
Composite Comonad
Conclusions
Tensor product in DC
Given objects (U, X, α) and (V , Y , β) it is natural to think of
(U × V , X × Y , α × β) as a tensor product.
This construction does give us a bifunctor
⊗: DC × DC → DC
with a unit I = (1, 1, id1).
Note that this is not a product.
There are no projections (U × V , X × Y , α × β) → (U, X, α).
Nor do we have a diagonal functor ∆: DC → DC × DC,
taking (U, X, α) → (U × U, X × X, α × α)
Valeria de Paiva Topos Institute Dialectica Categories
24. 21/37
Introduction
Dialectica DC
Cofree Modality
Dialectica GC
Composite Comonad
Conclusions
Internal-hom in DC
To “internalize”the notion of map between problems, we need to
consider the collection of all maps from U to V , V U, the collection
of all maps from U × Y to X, XU×Y and we need to make sure
that a pair f : U → V and F : U × Y → X in that set, satisfies the
dialectica condition:
∀u ∈ U, y ∈ Y , uαF(u, y) → fuβy
This give us an object in DC (V U × XU×Y , U × Y , βα)
The relation βα : V U × XU×Y × (U × Y ) → 2 evaluates a pair
(f , F) of maps on the pair of elements (u, y) and checks the
dialectica implication between the relations.
Valeria de Paiva Topos Institute Dialectica Categories
25. 22/37
Introduction
Dialectica DC
Cofree Modality
Dialectica GC
Composite Comonad
Conclusions
Internal-hom in DC
Given objects (U, X, α) and (V , Y , β) we can internalize the
notion of morphism of DC as the object
(V U × XU×Y , U × Y , βα)
This construction does give us a bifunctor
∗ ∗: DC × DC → DC
This bifunctor is contravariant in the first coordinate and
covariant in the second, as expected
The kernel of our first main theorem is the adjunction
A ⊗ B → C if and only if A → [B −◦ C]
where A = (U, X, α), B = (V , Y , β) and C = (W , Z, γ)
Valeria de Paiva Topos Institute Dialectica Categories
26. 23/37
Introduction
Dialectica DC
Cofree Modality
Dialectica GC
Composite Comonad
Conclusions
Products and Coproducts in DC
Given objects (U, X, α) and (V , Y , β) it is natural to think of
(U × V , X + Y , α ◦ β) as a categorical product in DC.
Since this is a relation on the set U × V × (X + Y ), either
this relation has a (x, 0) or a (y, 1) element and hence the ◦
symbol only ‘picks’ the correct relation α or β. The unit is the
object t = (1, 0, ◦).
A dual construction is immediate. However this does not work
as a coproduct. We don’t even have canonical injections. We
do have a notion of weak-coproduct!
Theorem: (de Paiva 1987) [Linear structure]
The category DC has a symmetric monoidal closed structure (and
products, weak coproducts), that makes it a model of (exponential-
free) intuitionistic linear logic.
Valeria de Paiva Topos Institute Dialectica Categories
27. 24/37
Introduction
Dialectica DC
Cofree Modality
Dialectica GC
Composite Comonad
Conclusions
Cofree Modality
We need an operation on objects/propositions such that:
!A →!A⊗!A (duplication)
!A → I (erasing)
!A → A (dereliction)
!A →!!A (digging)
Also ! should be a functor, i.e (f , F) : A → B then !(f , F) :!A →!B
Theorem: Want linear and usual logic together
There is a monoidal comonad ! in DC which models exponenti-
als/modalities and recovers Intuitionistic (and Classical) Logic.
Take !(U, X, α) = (U, X∗, α∗), where (−)∗ is the free
commutative monoid in C.
Valeria de Paiva Topos Institute Dialectica Categories
28. 25/37
Introduction
Dialectica DC
Cofree Modality
Dialectica GC
Composite Comonad
Conclusions
Cofree Modality
To show this works we need to show several propositions:
! is a monoidal comonad. There is a natural transformation
m(−, −) :!A×!B →!(A ⊗ B) and MI : I →!I satifying many
comm diagrams
! induces a commutative comonoid structure on !A
!A also has naturally a coalgebra structure induced by the
comonad !
The comonoid and coalgebra structures interact in a nice way.
There are plenty of other ways to phrase these conditions. The
more usual way seems to be
Theorem: Linear and non-Linear logic together
There is a monoidal adjunction between DC and its cofree coKleisli
category for the monoidal comonad ! above.
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Introduction
Dialectica DC
Cofree Modality
Dialectica GC
Composite Comonad
Conclusions
Cofree Modality
Old way “There is a monoidal comonad ! on a linear category DC
satisfying lots of conditions”and
Theorem: Linear and non-Linear logic together
The coKleisli category associated with the comonad ! on DC is
cartesian closed.
To show cartesian closedness we need to show:
HomKl!(A&B, C) ∼= HomKl!(A, [B, C]Kl!)
The proof is then a series of equivalences that were proved before:
HomKl!(A&B, C) ∼= HomDC (!(A&B), C) ∼= HomDC (!A⊗!B, C) ∼=
HomDC (!A, [!B, C]DC ) ∼= Homkl!(A, [!B, C]DC ) ∼=
Homkl!(A, [B, C]kl!)
(Seely,1989 and section 2.5 of thesis)
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Introduction
Dialectica DC
Cofree Modality
Dialectica GC
Composite Comonad
Conclusions
Dialectica Category GC
Girard’s sugestion in Boulder 1987: objects of GC are triples, a
generic object is A = (U, X, α), where U and X are sets and
α ⊆ U × X is a relation. (Continue to think of C as Sets!).
A morphism from A to B = (V , Y , β) is a pair of functions
f : U → V and F : Y → X such that uαFy → fuβy. (Simplified
maps!)
Theorem (de Paiva 1989): Linear Structure
The category GC has a symmetric monoidal closed structure, and
products and co-products that make it a model of FILL/CLL without
modalities.
Girard says this category should be related to Henkin Quantifiers.
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Introduction
Dialectica DC
Cofree Modality
Dialectica GC
Composite Comonad
Conclusions
Internal-hom in GC
As before we “internalize”the notion of map between objects,
considering the collection of all maps from U to V , V U, the
collection of all maps from Y to X, XY and we make sure that a
pair f : U → V and F : Y → X in that set, satisfies the dialectica
condition: ∀u ∈ U, y ∈ Y , uαFy → fuβy
This give us an object (V U × XY , U × Y , βα)
The relation βα : V U × XY × (U × Y ) → 2 evaluates the pair
(f , F) on the pair (u, y) and checks that the dialectica implication
between relations holds.
Proposition
The data above does provide an internal-hom in the category GC
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Introduction
Dialectica DC
Cofree Modality
Dialectica GC
Composite Comonad
Conclusions
Tensor product in GC
While the internal-hom in GC is simpler than the one in DC
(after all the morphisms are simpler), the opposite is the case
for the tensor product.
Given objects (U, X, α) and (V , Y , β), their GC tensor
product is (U × V , XV × Y U, α ⊗ β) where the relation
α ⊗ β : U × V × XV × Y U → 2 evaluates the pair (u, v) with
the pair (h1, h2) and checks that the dialectica tensor between
the relations holds.
Proposition
The data above does provide an tensor product in the category GC
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Introduction
Dialectica DC
Cofree Modality
Dialectica GC
Composite Comonad
Conclusions
The Right Structure
Because it’s fun, let us calculate the “reverse engineering”
necessary for a model of Linear Logic
A ⊗ B → C if and only if A → [B −◦ C]
U × V (α ⊗ β)XV
× Y U
U α X
⇓ ⇓
W
f
?
γ Z
6
(g1, g2)
W V
× Y Z
f , −
?
(β −◦ γ)V × Z
6
g1
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Introduction
Dialectica DC
Cofree Modality
Dialectica GC
Composite Comonad
Conclusions
Dialectica Category GC
Besides simplified maps the whole construction is more
symmetric. Problems we had before with a weak-coproduct
disappear. However, because of the intuitionistic implication
relating relations, morphisms are still directional.
In particular the linear negation A⊥ still does not satisfy A⊥⊥ ∼= A
This led to Full Intuitionistic Linear Logic (FILL), Hyland and de
Paiva, 1993 – another talk!
Theorem (de Paiva 1989): Linear Structure
The category GC has a symmetric monoidal closed structure, and
products and coproducts that make it a model of FILL/CLL without
modalities.
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Introduction
Dialectica DC
Cofree Modality
Dialectica GC
Composite Comonad
Conclusions
The bang operator in GC
As before we want a monoidal comonad that allows us to get back
to traditional logic.
The previous comonad !A does not work. We need commutative
comonoids wrt the new tensor product. This is complicated.
We have one comonad in GC that deals with the comonoid
structure. And one comonad that deals with the coalgebra
structure.
The good news is that we can compose them, unlike generic
comonads.
They’re related by distributive laws and plenty of calculations gets
us there
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Introduction
Dialectica DC
Cofree Modality
Dialectica GC
Composite Comonad
Conclusions
The bang operator !
Take bang(U, X, α) = (U, (X∗)U, (α∗)U), where (−)∗ is the free
commutative monoid in C and (−)U : C → C is a monad in C
that induces a comonad in GC.
Proposition
There is a comonad bang in GC, a composite of two comonads,
which models the modality ! in Linear Logic (also ”?”).
Theorem: Linear and non-Linear logic together
There is a monoidal adjunction between GC and its coKleisli cate-
gory for the composite monoidal comonad bang above.
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Introduction
Dialectica DC
Cofree Modality
Dialectica GC
Composite Comonad
Conclusions
Conclusions
Introduced you to the under-appreciated original dialectica models
for Linear Logic: DC and GC.
DC was the first mathematical cofree model of LL.
These models were first to make all the distinctions that the logic
wanted to make. GC satisfies the rule MIX.
Hinted at its importance for interdisciplinarity:
Category Theory, Proofs and Programs
Much more work needed for applications and for the original
motivation. In particular more work needed on “superpower
games”.
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Introduction
Dialectica DC
Cofree Modality
Dialectica GC
Composite Comonad
Conclusions
Take Home
Working in interdisciplinary areas is hard, but rewarding.
The frontier between logic, computing, linguistics and
categories is a fun place to be.
Mathematics teaches you a way of thinking, more than
specific theorems.
Barriers: over-specialization, lack of open access and
unwillingness to ‘waste time’ on formalizations
Enablers: international scientific communities, open access,
open source logic software, growing interaction between fields
Fall in love with your ideas and enjoy talking to many about
them..
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Introduction
Dialectica DC
Cofree Modality
Dialectica GC
Composite Comonad
Conclusions
Some References
N.Benton, A mixed linear and non-linear logic: Proofs, terms and models.
Computer Science Logic, CSL, (1994).
A.Blass, Questions and Answers: A Category Arising in Linear Logic,
Complexity Theory, and Set Theory, Advances in Linear Logic, London
Math. Soc. Lecture Notes 222 (1995).
de Paiva, The Dialectica Categories, Technical Report, Computer Lab,
University of Cambridge, number 213, (1991).
de Paiva, A dialectica-like model of linear logic, Category Theory and
Computer Science, Springer, (1989) 341–356.
de Paiva, The Dialectica Categories, In Proc of Categories in Computer
Science and Logic, Boulder, CO, 1987. Contemporary Mathematics, vol
92, American Mathematical Society, 1989 (eds. J. Gray and A. Scedrov)
Valeria de Paiva Topos Institute Dialectica Categories