Pathophysiology

1. DIABETIC
RETINOPATHY
DONE BY ARANI DUSHYANTH
GROUP:303

2. DIABETES MELLITUS
• Diabetes Mellitus is a group of diseases characterized by high
blood glucose levels. Diabetes results from defects in the
body’s ability to produce and/or use insulin.
• Type 1 diabetes is usually diagnosed in children and young
adults, and was previously known as juvenile diabetes. In type 1
diabetes, the body does not produce insulin. 5% of people with
diabetes have this form of the disease.
• In Type 2 diabetes, either the body does not produce enough
insulin or the cells ignore the insulin. This is the most common
form of diabetes.

3. DIABETIC RETINOPATHY (DR)
• Diabetic Retinopathy (DR)
Definition:
• Progressive dysfunction of the retinal blood vessels caused by
chronic hyperglycemia.
• DR can be a complication of diabetes type 1 or diabetes type 2.
• Initially, DR is asymptomatic, if not treated though it can cause
low vision and blindness.

4. RETINA
The retina is a multilayered, light sensitive neural tissue
lining the inner eye ball. Light is focused onto the retina
and then transmitted to the brain through the optic nerve.
The macula is a highly sensitive area in the center of the
retina, responsible for central vision. The macula is
needed for reading, recognizing faces and executing
other activities that require fine, sharp vision.

8. DIABETIC RETINOPATHY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
The total number of people with diabetes is projected to
rise from 285 million in 2010 to 439 million in 2030.
Diabetic retinopathy is responsible for 1.8 million of the
37 million cases of blindness throughout the world .
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the leading cause of blindness
in people of working age in industrialized countries.

9. SYMPTOMS
•It is asymptomatic In early stages
•As the disease progresses symptoms may
include
•Blurred vision
•Floaters
•Fluctuating vision

10. •Dark areas in the vision
•Poor night vision
•Impaired color vision
•Partial or total loss of vision

11. RISK FACTORS
1.Duration of diabetes
2.Poor Blood Sugar control
3.Hypertension
4.Hyperlipidemia
5.Barriers to care

12. •Duration of diabetes is a major risk factor
associated with the development of diabetic
retinopathy
•The severity of hyperglycemia is the key
alterable risk factor associated with the
development of diabetic retinopathy

13. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Diabetic Retinopathy is a microvasculopathy that
causes:
1.Retinal capillary occlusion
2.Retinal capillary leakage

14. MICROVASCULAR OCCLUSION
•It is caused by
1.Thickening of capillary basement membranes
2.Abnormal proliferation of capillary endothelium
3.Increased platelet adhesion
4.Increased blood viscosity
5.Defective fibrinolysis

15. MICROVASCULAR LEAKAGE
•Microvascular leakage is caused by:
•Impairment of endothelial tight junctions
•Loss of pericytes
•Weakening of capillary walls
•Elevated levels of vascular endothelial growth
factor (VEGF)

16. PREVENTION
90 percent of diabetic eye disease can be
prevented simply by proper regular
examinations, treatment and by controlling
blood sugar.

17. •PRIMARY Y PREVENTION
• Strict glycemic control
• Blood pressure control
•SECONDARY PREVENTION
•Annual eye exam
•TERITARY PREVENTION
•Retinal laser photocoagulation
•vitrectomy

20. CONCLUSION
Diabetic Retinopathy is preventable through
strict glycemic control and annual dilated eye
exams by an ophthalmologist.