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Diabetes and Psychiatric
Disorders: Can they Co-exist?
Evelyn Parrish, PhD, APRN-BC
Associate Professor
College of Nursing
University of Kentucky
Objectives
Upon completion of this activity, participants will be able to:
• Discuss the impact of mental health comorbidities on
diabetes management.
Disclosures
• PsychU- Speakers Bureau
• Shire Pharmaceutical – Speakers Bureau
Prevalence
Physical and Psychiatric
Physical and psychiatric illnesses are closely interwoven.
60% of patients needing mental health care are being
treated by medical practitioners
50-80% of the patients treated in medical clinics have a
diagnosable psychiatric illness, and 10-20% of medical
patients suffer primarily from an emotional disorder
50% of patients in psychiatric clinic populations have
undiagnosed medical conditions
10% of self-referred psychiatric patients have symptoms
that are due solely to a medical illness
Prevalence of Diabetes
• Diabetes is a serious global health issue, currently affecting 425 million people
world wide
• By 2045 it is expected to affect 690 million people world wide
https://www.idf.org/aboutdiabetes/live-your-life-in-style.html
Stress
• Stress=increased blood glucose
• Stimulate HPA Axis
Medical-psychiatric interface
Medications
Medical
illness
Psychiatric
illness
Treatment Challenges
• Psychiatric disorders in patients with diabetes has a low detection rate
• Approximately 50% of those with a psychiatric disorder is not recognized nor
treated in patients diabetes
Psychological Issues
• Diabetic regimen and dietary considerations
• Blood sugar monitoring
• Insulin injection
• Fear of hyperglycemia
• Fear of hypoglycemia
• Fear of injection
• Decrease in quality of life
Common Co-Morbid Diabetes and Psychiatric
Disorder
• Diabetes Mellitus type I: Major Depression and Obsessive Compulsive
Disorder
• Diabetes Mellitus type II: Major Depression and Somatization Disorder
Chronic Illness and Depression
• Heart attack - 40-65%
• Cancer – 25%
• Diabetes – 15-20%
• COPD – 40%
• Chronic pain – 30-54%
Prevalence of Depression
• Mental and Behavioral Disorders are leading cause of disability
globally
• Leading cause of disability in the U.S. age 18-25
• Affects approximately 16 millionAmerican adults
• Prevalent in women than in men
https://www.nami.org/NAMI/media/NAMI-Media/Infographics/GeneralMHFacts.pdf
https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/index.shtml
Prevalence of
Diabetes and Depression
• Doubles risk of having depression, approximately 1 in
every 5 patients are affected
• The rate of Depression for the general population is 3-5%
the rate with Diabetes is between 15-20%
• Depression is under-recognized and undertreated in
patients with Diabetes
• When they co-exist, they may worsen the other
Symptoms of Depression
• Anhedonia
• Hopelessness
• Helplessness
• Indecisiveness
• Weight gain/loss
• Fatigue
• Sadness
• Suicidal ideation
Symptoms of Depression in
Patients with Diabetes
• Impaired quality of life
• Increased cost of care
• Poor treatment adherence
• Poor glycemic control
• Increased ED visits due diabetic ketoacidosis
• Disruptions in life (family, social, work)
Depressed Patients
• Less likely to adhere to treatment
• Diabetes complications
Depression
Goal ofTreatment
• Complete remission of symptoms in all areas of
functioning including social, occupational, and family
Anxiety Disorders
• Patients with diabetes are 20% more likely to have an anxiety disorder
• Patients with diabetes have increased rates of obsessive compulsive disorder,
post-traumatic stress disorder, and agoraphobia
• Difficulty differentiating symptoms of diabetes from anxiety disorders
Symptoms of Anxiety in Patients with Diabetes
• Fear
• Sweating
• Tremor
• Tachycardia
• Confusion
Other Co-morbidities
• Eating Disorders
• Alcohol Use
• Schizophrenia
• Bipolar Affective Disorder
• Delirium
• Smoking Cessation
• Sleep Disorders
Treatment
• Assess severity- PHQ9, BDI, State-Trait Anxiety Scale,
etc.
• Education regarding illness, severity, and treatment
• Antidepressants, anxiolytics, etc.
• Psychotherapy
Ramifications of Failure to Achieve
Remission
• Higher rate of relapse
• Higher utilization of medical services
• Lowered quality of life
• Workplace issues
Treatment Resistant Depression
• 60-70% have favorable response
• 5-10% fail to respond
-Failure to respond leads to questions of
appropriate diagnosis and treatment
-Undiagnosed medical illness is a major factor in failure to
respond
Treatment Resistance
Potential reasons for “treatment resistance”
• Under-treated depression
• Incorrect diagnosis of psychiatric disorder
• Undiagnosed co-occurring psychiatric disorder
• Undetected substance abuse disorder
• Undiagnosed sleep disorder
• Undiagnosed co-occurring medical condition
Summary
• Diagnosis of a chronic medical condition serves as sufficient
suspicion for an in-depth screening for psychiatric co-
morbidities
• Diagnosis of a psychiatric disorder serves as sufficient
suspicion for an in-depth screening for associated physical
conditions
• Goal is for symptom remission, improved quality of life, and
improved management of chronic physical illness and level of
functioning
Take Away Message
• Co-mordity of diabetes and psychiatric disorders is common and can have
different presentations
• Psychological approaches can improve therapeutic adherence in diabetes care
• Patient engagement and empowerment are essential components of their
care
Diabetes and Psychiatric Disorders - Can they co-exist_Evelyn Parrish.PPTX

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Diabetes and Psychiatric Disorders - Can they co-exist_Evelyn Parrish.PPTX

  • 1. Diabetes and Psychiatric Disorders: Can they Co-exist? Evelyn Parrish, PhD, APRN-BC Associate Professor College of Nursing University of Kentucky
  • 2. Objectives Upon completion of this activity, participants will be able to: • Discuss the impact of mental health comorbidities on diabetes management.
  • 3. Disclosures • PsychU- Speakers Bureau • Shire Pharmaceutical – Speakers Bureau
  • 4. Prevalence Physical and Psychiatric Physical and psychiatric illnesses are closely interwoven. 60% of patients needing mental health care are being treated by medical practitioners 50-80% of the patients treated in medical clinics have a diagnosable psychiatric illness, and 10-20% of medical patients suffer primarily from an emotional disorder 50% of patients in psychiatric clinic populations have undiagnosed medical conditions 10% of self-referred psychiatric patients have symptoms that are due solely to a medical illness
  • 5. Prevalence of Diabetes • Diabetes is a serious global health issue, currently affecting 425 million people world wide • By 2045 it is expected to affect 690 million people world wide https://www.idf.org/aboutdiabetes/live-your-life-in-style.html
  • 6. Stress • Stress=increased blood glucose • Stimulate HPA Axis
  • 8. Treatment Challenges • Psychiatric disorders in patients with diabetes has a low detection rate • Approximately 50% of those with a psychiatric disorder is not recognized nor treated in patients diabetes
  • 9. Psychological Issues • Diabetic regimen and dietary considerations • Blood sugar monitoring • Insulin injection • Fear of hyperglycemia • Fear of hypoglycemia • Fear of injection • Decrease in quality of life
  • 10. Common Co-Morbid Diabetes and Psychiatric Disorder • Diabetes Mellitus type I: Major Depression and Obsessive Compulsive Disorder • Diabetes Mellitus type II: Major Depression and Somatization Disorder
  • 11. Chronic Illness and Depression • Heart attack - 40-65% • Cancer – 25% • Diabetes – 15-20% • COPD – 40% • Chronic pain – 30-54%
  • 12. Prevalence of Depression • Mental and Behavioral Disorders are leading cause of disability globally • Leading cause of disability in the U.S. age 18-25 • Affects approximately 16 millionAmerican adults • Prevalent in women than in men https://www.nami.org/NAMI/media/NAMI-Media/Infographics/GeneralMHFacts.pdf https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/index.shtml
  • 13. Prevalence of Diabetes and Depression • Doubles risk of having depression, approximately 1 in every 5 patients are affected • The rate of Depression for the general population is 3-5% the rate with Diabetes is between 15-20% • Depression is under-recognized and undertreated in patients with Diabetes • When they co-exist, they may worsen the other
  • 14. Symptoms of Depression • Anhedonia • Hopelessness • Helplessness • Indecisiveness • Weight gain/loss • Fatigue • Sadness • Suicidal ideation
  • 15. Symptoms of Depression in Patients with Diabetes • Impaired quality of life • Increased cost of care • Poor treatment adherence • Poor glycemic control • Increased ED visits due diabetic ketoacidosis • Disruptions in life (family, social, work)
  • 16. Depressed Patients • Less likely to adhere to treatment • Diabetes complications
  • 17. Depression Goal ofTreatment • Complete remission of symptoms in all areas of functioning including social, occupational, and family
  • 18. Anxiety Disorders • Patients with diabetes are 20% more likely to have an anxiety disorder • Patients with diabetes have increased rates of obsessive compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, and agoraphobia • Difficulty differentiating symptoms of diabetes from anxiety disorders
  • 19. Symptoms of Anxiety in Patients with Diabetes • Fear • Sweating • Tremor • Tachycardia • Confusion
  • 20. Other Co-morbidities • Eating Disorders • Alcohol Use • Schizophrenia • Bipolar Affective Disorder • Delirium • Smoking Cessation • Sleep Disorders
  • 21. Treatment • Assess severity- PHQ9, BDI, State-Trait Anxiety Scale, etc. • Education regarding illness, severity, and treatment • Antidepressants, anxiolytics, etc. • Psychotherapy
  • 22. Ramifications of Failure to Achieve Remission • Higher rate of relapse • Higher utilization of medical services • Lowered quality of life • Workplace issues
  • 23. Treatment Resistant Depression • 60-70% have favorable response • 5-10% fail to respond -Failure to respond leads to questions of appropriate diagnosis and treatment -Undiagnosed medical illness is a major factor in failure to respond
  • 24. Treatment Resistance Potential reasons for “treatment resistance” • Under-treated depression • Incorrect diagnosis of psychiatric disorder • Undiagnosed co-occurring psychiatric disorder • Undetected substance abuse disorder • Undiagnosed sleep disorder • Undiagnosed co-occurring medical condition
  • 25. Summary • Diagnosis of a chronic medical condition serves as sufficient suspicion for an in-depth screening for psychiatric co- morbidities • Diagnosis of a psychiatric disorder serves as sufficient suspicion for an in-depth screening for associated physical conditions • Goal is for symptom remission, improved quality of life, and improved management of chronic physical illness and level of functioning
  • 26. Take Away Message • Co-mordity of diabetes and psychiatric disorders is common and can have different presentations • Psychological approaches can improve therapeutic adherence in diabetes care • Patient engagement and empowerment are essential components of their care

Editor's Notes

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