Information about Diabetes - The science and cause behind it, its complications and it remedial measures. This presentation was created with the purpose of providing awareness among people about Diabetes

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Serving people regain health through
Knowledge empowerment
Diabetes
Awarenes
s

2. Let us first understand the
mechanism of how the
Human Body manages and
utilizes Glucose for energy
production.
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3. Pancreas Basics
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4. Islets of Langerhans
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Alpha Cells Make
Glucagon

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BloodSugarManagement
byBody-Process

6. • Diabetes is a chronic metabolic
cum vascular disorder in which
the body’s capacity to utilise
glucose is disturbed, marked by
high blood glucose levels.
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Types of Diabetes
Type 1-
No Insulin
Type 2-
Less Insulin +
Insulin Resistance
Gestational
Low Insulin
production

8. Type 1 Diabetes- What is it?
• It is a chronic condition in which the
pancreas produces too little or no insulin, a
hormone needed to allow sugar (glucose) to
enter cells to produce energy.
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9. Cause of Type 1 Diabetes
• It occurs when the body's
own immune system
destroys the β cells (maker
of insulin) of the pancreas.
• This results in deficiency of
the hormone Insulin.
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• In this case your body does not use
insulin properly. This is called insulin
resistance.
• At first, your pancreas makes extra
insulin to make up for it. But, over time
it isn't able to keep up and can't make
enough insulin to keep your blood
glucose at normal levels.
Pancreas
Type 2 Diabetes- What is it?

11. Risk factors of Type 2
Diabetes
• Age > 45 years
• Genetics
• Obesity
• Poor food habits
• Sedentary lifestyle
• High Blood Pressure
• Lack of sleep (Insomnia)
• History of Gestational Diabetes
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12. Type 1 Vs Type 2 Diabetes
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13. Ratio of Diabetes Cases
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WARNI
NG!

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16. What happens when
optimum levels of
glucose in blood is not
maintained?
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Glucose level in Blood
Low levels
Optimum
levels
High levels
Hypoglycemia HyperglycemiaNormal

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19. Hypoglycemia
Risk Factors
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Increased
insulin
Sensitivity
Weight
loss
Increased
exercise
Improved
glycemic
control
Increased
Glucose
Utilization
Exercise
Decreased
Exogenous
Glucose
delivery
Missed
meals
Overnight
fast
Decreased
Insulin
clearance
Renal
Failure
Insulin
Doses
Excessive
Ill timed
Wrong
Type
Decreased
Endogenous
Glucose
Production
Alcohol
ingestion

20. Consequences of Hypoglycemia
• If you ignore the symptoms of Hypoglycemia too long,
you may lose consciousness. That's because your brain
needs glucose to function properly.
• Recognize the signs and symptoms of Hypoglycemia
early because untreated it can lead to:
Seizure
Loss of consciousness
Death, primarily in those with diabetes
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Complications of Hyperglycemia

23. Diabetic Retinopathy
A Detailed Study
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24. A Normal retina
Diabetic Retinopathy
• Diabetic retinopathy, the most common diabetic
eye disease, occurs when blood vessels in the
retina change.
• Sometimes these vessels swell and leak fluid
(NPDR) or even close off completely.
• In other cases, abnormal new blood vessels grow
on the surface of the retina (PDR)
• As it progresses, diabetic retinopathy usually
causes VISION LOSS that in many cases cannot
be reversed.
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A retina showing signs
of Diabetic retinopathy

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Normal
Vision
Vision by a
person with
Diabetic
Retinopathy

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27. Non Proliferative Diabetic
Retinopathy (NPDR)
• NPDR is the earliest stage of diabetic retinopathy.
• With this condition, damaged blood vessels in the
retina begin to leak extra fluid and small amounts of
blood into the eye.
• Sometimes, deposits of cholesterol or other fats
from the blood may leak into the retina.
• Many people with diabetes have mild NPDR, which
usually does not affect their vision.
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28. • It mainly occurs when many of the blood vessels in the
retina close, preventing enough blood flow.
• In an attempt to supply blood to the area where the
original vessels closed, the retina responds by growing
new blood vessels. This is called neovascularization.
• However, these new blood vessels are abnormal and do
not supply the retina with proper blood flow.
• The new vessels are also often accompanied by scar
tissue that may cause the retina to wrinkle or detach.
• PDR may cause more severe vision loss
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Proliferative Diabetic
Retinopathy (PDR)

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Early stages of Diabetic Retinopathy
will not produce any sight loss.
Highlights Diabetic Retinopathy can be assessed only
by retinal examination.
Retinal test is different from glasses
testing.
People suffering from Diabetes should go
for retinal examination once a year.

30. Diabetic Neuropathy
A Detailed Study
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31. Diabetic Neuropathy
• Neuropathy means damage to the
nerves.
• Diabetic neuropathy, caused by high
blood glucose levels, is a condition
that damages the nervous system
and causes intense and persistent
pain.
• Diabetic neuropathy is the most
common complication of diabetes.
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Nerves
Blood
vessels
Normal
Diseased
Blood vessels
Nerves Shrivel when
Blood vessels
disappear

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Healthy
Tissue
Capillary
damage
due to
Diabetes
Loss of
sensation in
extremity
due to nerve
damage
Injury due
to loss of
sensation
Increased
risk of
infection,
ulcers and
gangrene

33. Diabetic Foot (Due to
Peripheral Neuropathy)
Peripheral Neuropathy usually
affects the lower limbs and feet.
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Reduced
Blood flow
Damaged Nerves

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Intermittent
pain and
numbness
Intensity and
frequency of
pain and
numbness
increase
Constant pain,
usually on
medication,
trouble
sleeping
Moments
of relief,
less pain
and more
numbness
No pain,
All numbness

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Wash your feet in warm
water every day.
Dry your feet well,
especially between the toes
Keep the skin soft, with a
moisturizing lotion but do not
apply it between the toes
Inspect your feet every day, for
cuts, bruises, blisters or swelling.
Tell your doctor right away if you
find something wrong.
Ask your diabetes care
team how you should
care for your toenails.
Wear clean, soft socks
that fit you.
Keep your feet warm and
dry. Always wear shoes that
fit well.
Never walk barefoot,
indoors or outdoors.
Examine your shoes every day
for cracks, pebbles, nails, or
anything that could hurt your
feet.
People with diabetes have to take special care of their feet.
You should have a comprehensive foot exam every year.
This page shows some more things you can do to keep your
feet healthy
Take good care of your feet – and use them. A brisk walk every day is good for you.

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Diabetic Nephropathy
A Detailed Study

37. Kidneys
• Kidneys are an extremely
sophisticated, waste disposal
system, which sorts non-recyclable
waste from recyclable waste, 24
hours a day, 7 days a week, while
also cleaning your blood.
• Much of this waste is produced by
the body as it processes the food
you eat.
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39. How Kidney gets damaged?
• Small blood vessels in the kidney filter out the waste
products from the body.
• High blood pressure, High Cholesterol and High blood
sugar can damage these vessels thereby they will not be
able to do their functions effectively.
• Over time, the kidney isn't able to do its job as well. Later
it may stop working completely. This is called kidney
failure.
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41. Stages of Diabetic Kidney Damage
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Early Kidney damage has no symptoms and can be treated
with diet and medicines and is reversible.
Signs
STAGE

42. Stages of Diabetic Kidney Damage
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In this stage of Kidney damage, the damage is often
irreversible in most cases.
Signs
STAGE

43. Stages of Diabetic Kidney Damage
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END STAGE RENAL
DISEASE
4STAGE
RENAL FAILURE
3STAGE Edematic
foot

44. Diabetic Heart Disease
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45. What is Diabetic Heart disease?
• The term "Diabetic Heart Disease" (DHD) refers to
heart disease that develops in people who have
diabetes.
• Compared with people who don't have diabetes, people
who have diabetes:
Are at higher risk for heart disease
May develop heart disease at a younger age
May have more severe heart disease
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Diabetic
Heart Disease
Coronary
Heart Disease
Heart Failure
Diabetic Cardiomyopathy

47. Coronary Heart Disease
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48. • In CHD, a waxy substance called
PLAQUE , builds up inside the
coronary arteries.
• These arteries supply your heart
muscle with oxygen-rich blood.
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Normal Blood Flow
Plaque build up
(Atherosclerosis)
Fat & Cholesterol
Cellular waste
products
Calcium
Excess unabsorbed
insulin
PLAQUE

49. Diabetes Risk Plaque formation
Plaque formation
(Fat + Cholesterol + Insulin + Calcium + Waste)
Cholesterol Build up in Blood
To heal inflammation
Inflammation of Blood vessels
Omega 6 fatty acids + High Insulin = Inflammatory response
High Blood Sugar & High insulin
Due to Insulin resistance
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1
• Narrowed coronary artery
due to plaque formation
2
• Blood Clot formation
3
• Partial or complete blockage
of coronary artery
CHD leads to
Chest
Pain
(Angina)
Irregular heart
beats
(Arrhythmias)
Heart
Attack

51. Symptoms of Heart Attack
Prolonged chest
discomfort
Difficulty in
breathing
Sweating
Weakness &
Palpitation
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HOWEVER IF YOU HAVE DIABETES,
YOU MAY NOT FEEL ANY PAIN AT ALL
DURING A HEART ATTACK.

52. Diabetic Cardiomyopathy
• This disease damages the structure and function of the
heart.
• The heart cannot effectively pump blood.
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Weakened & Thinned
Walls

53. • Over time it can lead to Heart Failure & Arrhythmias, even
in people who don't have CHD but have diabetes.
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Diabetic Cardiomyopathy-
ContinuedSymptoms
 Exercise intolerance
 Depression
 Lethargy

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YOU can control
Diabetes with a
Healthy Lifestyle,
Nutrition & Support

56. EXERCISE
&
DIABETES
Why Exercise?
• Reduces weight
• Improves blood Sugar
control
• Reduces the dose of
Diabetic medications
• Improves the quality of
Life
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57. Tips for increasing Exercise
in Daily Life
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Choose a longer
route while
walking
Walk to the
store instead of
using a vehicle
Use staircase
instead of Lift
or Elevator
Park your car
farther away
If you are in a sedentary job, try to stretch out for few minutes every
hour and take a short walk within the office whenever possible

58. When to Stop Exercising?
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Pain
Cramps
Dizziness
Severe Headache
Fever or Infection
Chest Pain or Discomfort
Muscle ligament or tendon strain

59. Managing Diabetes
through DIET
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D I A B E T E S S U P E R F O O D S
To Control & Optimize Blood Glucose

61. Ginger
Fenugreek
Turmeric Cinnamon
Cumin
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D I A B E T E S S U P E R S P I C E S
To Control & Optimize Blood Glucose

62. AVOID OR REDUCE REPLACE WITH OR INCREASE
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• White Rice
• Refined Sugar or Artificial
Sweeteners
• Animal Protein (Milk &
Meat)
• Processed and Fried food.
• Sunflower Oil
• Brown Rice, Oats, Whole Wheat,
Ragi.
• Dark raisins
• Vegetable Protein (Dhall,
Pulses, Legumes, Mushroom)
• High Fibre (Fruits &
Vegetables)
• Gingelly Oil & Olive Oil
D I A B E T E S F O O D S U G G E S T I O N
To Control & Optimize Blood Glucose

63. KEY MESSAGES
 NO FASTING OR FEASTING
 AVOID DIRECT SUGAR
 RESTRICT CALORIES OF THE OBESE
 EAT MORE VEGETABLES
 TAKE FOOD IN SMALLER QUANTITIES
 TAKE SUGARLESS LEMON JUICE
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DON’T
IGNORE
DIABETES
Diabetes is often called as the
“Silent Killer” because of its
Easy-to-miss Symptoms.