The document outlines the development and methodology of a national land cover monitoring system for Nepal, utilizing machine learning techniques and a cloud-based platform for data processing. It presents historical land cover data from 2000 to 2019 across various categories and includes accuracy assessments indicating overall classification accuracies of approximately 84% to 89%. Additionally, it details land cover changes, omission and commission errors, and highlights key concerns related to data collection and validation.

1. Development of National
Land Cover Monitoring
System for Nepal

2. Land cover mapping efforts in Nepal
Source: FRTC (2019) et al.

3. National Land Cover Monitoring System Methodology
 Machine learning technique for land cover mapping;
 Powerful web-platform for cloud-based processing free historical archive data;
 No high configure computer infrastructure needed;
 Developed data consistency across the country
 Co-development and sustainably

4. LC reference data Landsat composites
Input
data
36k LC sample
uses
Mapping
algorithms
Land cover primitives
Tree Built-up Crop
Grass Snow Water Riverbed
Assembly
algorithms

5. Land Cover Nepal (2000-2019)

6. A close-up view of Nepal land cover
Sagarmatha National Park

7. A close-up view of Nepal land cover
Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve

8. A close-up view of Nepal land cover
Bharatpur

9. The land cover area in various categories of Nepal
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 45.00
Forest
Other wooded land
Grassland
Cropland
Builtup
Baresoil
Barerock
Waterbody
Riverbed
Glacier
Snow
LC2019 LC2018 LC2017 LC2016 LC2015 LC2014 LC2013 LC2011 LC2010 LC2009
LC2008 LC2007 LC2006 LC2005 LC2004 LC2003 LC2002 LC2001 LC2000

10. The land cover area in various categories of Nepal
Land cover LC2000 LC2005 LC2010 LC2015 LC2019
Forest 40.02 41.04 41.16 41.28 41.72
Other wooded land 3.58 3.18 3.31 3.55 3.63
Grassland 43.60 44.22 44.46 44.83 45.36
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
35.00
40.00
45.00
LC2000 LC2005 LC2010 LC2015 LC2019
Area
(%)
Forest Other wooded land
Land cover LC2000 LC2005 LC2010 LC2015 LC2019
Forest 40.02 41.04 41.16 41.28 41.72
OWL 3.58 3.18 3.31 3.55 3.63
Grassland 13.96 13.26 14.43 13.43 13.27
Cropland 26.41 25.77 25.62 25.28 24.31
Bare soil 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.03
Bare rock 7.34 6.54 8.52 4.65 5.63
Wetland 0.45 0.42 0.42 0.45 0.49
Glacier 3.05 3.05 3.05 3.04 3.04
Snow 3.86 5.37 2.21 7.09 6.23
Riverbed 1.16 1.18 1.06 0.95 1.11
Built-up 0.17 0.20 0.22 0.25 0.53
Total 100 100 100 100 100

11. Land cover change matrix between 2000 and 2019
Land cover
(sqkm)
Wetland
Glacier
Snow
Forest
Riverbed
Built-up
Cropland
Bare
soil
Bare
rock
Grassland
OWL
Total
Wetland
426 0 10 6 159 2 20 1 6 33 2 426
Glacier
0 4500 7 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0
Snow
1 1 4534 1 0 2 0 1 724 442 3 1
Forest
12 0 6 55978 2 11 1183 0 4 956 1093 12
Riverbed
171 0 0 3 1455 27 49 0 0 13 1 171
Built-up
0 0 1 0 0 253 0 0 0 1 0 0
Cropland
67 0 0 3710 20 438 34381 0 1 94 391 67
Bare soil
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
Bare rock
3 1 3450 1 1 8 0 10 6036 1353 5 3
Grassland
41 1 1201 1105 11 46 150 29 1542 16033 516 41
OWL
2 0 17 973 0 1 203 0 13 728 3371 2
Total
426 0 10 6 159 2 20 1 6 33 2 426

12. Where those changes are happening

13. Where those changes are happening

14. Where those changes are happening

15. Where those changes are happening

16. Where those changes are happening

17. Land cover omission and commission between LRMP and NLCMS

18. Point (87.5618, 26.6436)
Land cover omission and commission between LRMP and NLCMS

19. Point (83.8104, 27.50572)
Land cover omission and commission between LRMP and NLCMS

20. Land cover omission and commission between LRMP and NLCMS

21. Point (85.8174, 27.81202)
? Shrubland Cropland
Land cover omission and commission between LRMP and NLCMS

22. Land cover omission and commission between LRMP and NLCMS

23. For what reason variation in waterbodies

24. For what reason variation in waterbodies

25. For what reason variation in snow

26. Accuracy assessment report of Nepal Land cover
Source of points Number reference points
Permanent sample plot 1700
Field visit 321
Collect earth online (CEO) 2000
Total 4021

27. Accuracy assessment report of Nepal Land cover (2019)
Land cover
wetland
glacier
snow
forest
riverbed
built-up
crop
bare
soil
bare
rock
grassland
owl
Total
Users
accuracy
(%)
wetland 39 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 43 90.91
glacier 0 61 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 61 100.00
snow 0 0 133 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 0 145 91.72
forest 0 0 0 2306 0 1 0 0 0 12 2319 99.44
riverbed 1 0 0 0 30 0 0 0 0 3 1 35 85.71
built-up 0 0 0 1 0 30 0 0 0 0 0 31 96.77
crop 0 0 0 285 1 2 488 0 0 39 3 818 59.66
bare soil 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 4 0 0 16 75.00
bare rock 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 2 122 0 0 130 93.85
grassland 0 0 6 41 1 1 18 7 29 110 11 224 49.11
owl 0 0 0 118 0 0 1 0 0 1 79 199 39.70
Total 40 61 145 2751 36 33 508 21 167 153 106 4021
Producers
accuracy (%) 97.50 100.00 91.72 83.82 83.33 90.91 96.06 57.14 73.05 71.90 74.53
Overall Classification Accuracy = 84.80% (2019) and 84.01% (2018)
Overall Kappa Statistics = 0.7349

28. Accuracy assessment report of Nepal Land cover (IPPC)
Overall classification accuracy = 89.21%%
Overall Kappa Statistics = 0.7906
Land cover
forest
cropland
grassland
wetland
built-up
others
Total
Users
accuracy
(%)
forest 2533 2 1 0 0 0 2536 99.88
cropland 274 488 39 1 2 0 804 60.70
grassland 48 18 110 1 1 42 220 50.00
wetland 1 0 3 74 0 0 78 94.87
built-up 1 0 0 0 30 0 31 96.77
others 0 0 0 0 0 352 352 100.00
Total 2857 508 153 76 33 394 4021
P. accuracy (%) 88.66 96.06 71.90 97.37 90.91 89.34

29. Key concerns and limitation

30. Key concerns and limitation

31. Key concerns and limitation

32. Key concerns and limitation
Training and validation sample collection
OWL

33. Thank you