3. Who is responsible for climate change?
developing
countries
developed
countries
versu
s
4. Before the 1980’s
increased energy consumption—
accompanied by increased carbon
dioxide emissions—was directly linked to
economic growth.
5. Questions
- who is responsible for climate change?
- should developing states obbey present
environmental norms or not?
- is it fair to move the polluting industries in developing
countries?
- can environmental norms be considered a new kind
of imperialism?
- should the present model of development be
improved?
- is there a more sustainable and feasible one?
7. The Chinese exception
China (not a party to the Kyoto Protocol),
managed to increase its GDP by 36 percent
between 1996-2000, while still reducing its
carbon dioxide emissions.
8. Dealing with Climate Change -
global scale-
1992 - Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), issued the
Framework Convention on Climate Change
1995 - Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change
1997 - the Kyoto Protocol (United Nations Conference on
Climate Change)
1999 - The Prototype Carbon Fund (PCF) established by the
World Bank
9. Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change issued
several reports on future environmental changes that
were due to occur.
- established by the United Nations Environment
Programme (UNEP) and the World Meteorological
Organization (WMO) in 1988
http://www.ipcc.ch/
11. Related issues GAIN INDEX
● a project of the University of Notre
Dame Global Adaptation Index
(ND-GAIN)
● summarizes a country's
vulnerability to climate change and
other global challenges in
combination with its readiness to
improve resilience
● aims to help businesses and the
public sector better prioritize
investments for a more efficient
response to the immediate global
challenges ahead.
http://index.gain.org/
12. Related issues Climate Map
by Population Action International
The Map Layers:
- High population growth & high decline in
agricultural production
- High population growth & low resilience
to climate change
- Population & climate change hotspot
http://www.populationaction.org/climatemap/index.php
17. The genuine domestic saving rate takes into
account natural resource depletion and pollution
damages, among with human capital growth.
The exploitation of natural resources can be
compensated by investments in human capital
and sectors that use renewable resources.
Indicators of sustainable develpement
18.
19. The paradox
Even though a country may achieve high
sustainability according to certain criteria, on a
global scale the impact could be negative.
For example: the delocalisation of polluting
industries in developing countries will improve
sustainability of developed countries, but the
planet as a whole will be affected.
20. Material Throughput and
Environmental Space
Material Throughput:
the volume of material
resources flowing
through the human
production and
consumption cycle.
(the total stress
that humans put on their
natural environment)
Environmental Space:
a country develops
according to sustainability
criteria if the natural
resources used are only
those that can be found on
its own territory
21. Equity in extractives
by Africa Progress Panel
Analysis problems such as:
- tax evasion
- illicit transfers of wealth
- unfair pricing practices
Sets up an agenda for achieving greater transparency
and accountability in the extractives industries in order
to improve well-being.
http://www.africaprogresspanel.org/publications/policy-papers/africa-
progress-report-2013/
Related issues
22. Social capital
- multidimensional
- social cohesion depends on it
- refers to the relationship between certain
actors such as: organisations and
associations, and the social norms
- requires coordination and cooperation at all
levels
25. Corruption
the phenomenon of corruption can
pose a great threat to societies,
undermining economic growth and
sustainability
Corruption Perception Indexes -
Transparency International
http://www.transparency.
org/research/cpi/overview
26.
27. The Open Budget Index
The Open Budget Index measures the overall
commitment of countries to transparency and
allows for comparisons among countries.
International Budget Partnership
http://internationalbudget.org/what-we-do/open-budget-survey/
Related issues
28. The Resource Governance Index
The Resource Governance Index
(RGI) measures the quality of
governance in the oil, gas and
mining sectors of 58 countries.
Revenue Watch Institute
http://www.revenuewatch.org/rgi
Related issues
29. Note
● Related issues are not part of Beyond Economic
Growth.
● Apart from the information presented in the chapters
from Beyond Economic Growth, I have decided to add
some links to other issues; one may find them useful
for further research.
30. Links to other related issues:
● http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-26144981
● http://www.international-alert.org/news/mining-africa
● http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N7ZSQl6hucw
● http://www.newsecuritybeat.org/2013/05/surprises-ahead-population-
environment-dynamics-tipping-points/#.UwDqdGJ_tpC
● http://www.newsecuritybeat.org/2011/07/the-specter-of-climate-wars/#.
Uj8IYqJE_Sk
● http://www.newsecuritybeat.org/2013/03/demographic-environmental-
dynamics-shape-global-trends-2030-scenarios/#.Uj3BGKJE_Sn
