Destressing in LWR Track.pptx
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Destressing is the process of securing stress-free conditions in long welded rails (LWR) at a specified rail temperature. It is needed during initial laying of LWR, maintenance like gap adjustments at rail joints, and after special track work. There are two methods - without using a rail tensor, which is the conventional practice but can only be used within certain temperature ranges, and with a tensor, which requires more skilled supervision and block time but can be used at lower temperatures. The procedure without a tensor involves loosening fastenings, cutting the rail, and refastening from the center outwards while placing rollers between sleepers to allow free movement.
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PNGE 310Class 21Overbalanced Drilling• Mos.docx
PNGE 310
Class 2
1
Overbalanced Drilling
• Most common type of Oil & Gas drilling
• Drilling with Fluid filled hole
• Hydrostatic pressure > formation pressure
• 𝑃ℎ = 0.052 ∗ 𝑀𝑊 ∗ 𝑇𝑉𝐷 ,
• 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑃ℎ 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 ℎ𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑠𝑖,
• 𝑀𝑊 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑝𝑔 (
𝑙𝑏
𝑔𝑎𝑙
),𝑎𝑛𝑑
• 𝑇𝑉𝐷 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑡
• Freshwater: 8.33 ppg
• Brine: ~8.5- 9.0 ppg
• Muds: ~8.5- 20 ppg
• Water Based Mud
• Diesel Based Mud
• Synthetic Oil Based Mud
2
Overbalanced Drilling:
Rig Components
3
1. Crown Block
2. Cat Line (Hoist)
3. Drill Line
4. Monkey Board
5. Traveling Block (Hook)
6. Top Drive
7. Derrick (Mast)
8. Drill Pipe, Elevators, Bails
9. Doghouse, Drillers Cabin (DS, ODS)
10. BOP (Stack)
11. Rig Water
12. Cable Tray (Festoon)
13. Generators (Gens)
14. Rig Fuel
15. Electric House (VFD)
16. Mud Pumps
17. Bulk Mud Storage
18. Mud Pits
19. Earth Pit (Solids Control)
20. Separator (Gas Buster)
21. Shakers
22. Choke Manifold
23. V-Door
24. Pipe Racks
25. Accumulator
Crown Block
• An assembly of sheaves or pulleys mounted on beams at the
top of the derrick. The drilling line is run over the sheaves
down to the hoisting drum.
4
Traveling Block
• An arrangement of pulleys or sheaves through which drilling
cable is reeved, which moves up or down in the derrick or
mast.
5
Top Drive
• The top drive rotates the drill string without the use of a kelly
and rotary table. The top drive is operated from a control
console on the rig floor or from joysticks in the drillers house.
6
Bails
• Large steel tubular used to connect the elevators to the top
drive. Used when picking up pipe, tripping drill pipe, or
running casing.
7
Elevators
• A set of clamps that grips a stand, or column, of casing, tubing,
drill pipe, or sucker rods, so the stand can be raised or lowered
into the hole.
8
Drawworks
• The hoisting mechanism on a drilling rig. It is essentially a
large winch that spools off or takes in the drilling line which
raises or lowers the traveling blocks
9
Catwalk
• Equipment where pipe is laid to be lifted to the rig floor by the
catline or by an air hoist. Can be automated by hydraulics.
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nzn2m_wqzlM
10
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nzn2m_wqzlM
Drill String Design
• Drill String Components:
• Bit
• Drill Collars
• Tapered/ Non-Tapered
• Drill Pipe
• Tapered/ Non-Tapered
11
Buoyancy
• Buoyancy Factor is the factor that is used to compensate loss
of weight due to immersion in drilling fluid, 0-1.0
• 65.44ppg is the weight of steel
12
𝐵𝐹 = 1 −
𝜌𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑
𝜌𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒
𝑜𝑟
65.44 − 𝑀𝑊[𝑝𝑝𝑔]
65.44
Drill String Design Checklist
1. Air Weight Calculations
2. Tapered/Non-Tapered DC Calculations
3. Stiffness Ratio
4. Bending Strength Ratio
5. DC Make-Up Torque
6. Drill Pipe Information & Design
7. Margin of Pull (MOP) also called Ov
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Destressing in LWR Track.pptx
- 2. Definition • Destressing is the operation undertaken with or without rail tensor to secure stress free conditions in the LWR/CWR at the desired/specified rail temperature. • Destressing Temperature (td) is the average rail temperature during the period of fastening the rails to the sleepers after destressing LWR without the use of rail tensor. • Range of td :- o Temperature zone I,II,III i) All sections tm to tm + 5C o Temperature zone IV i) 52kg & heavier tm+5C to tm+10C ii) Others tm to tm+5 C
- 3. Need for destressing? 1) On initial laying of LWR 2) During maintenance of LWR i) Gaps at SEJ a) Gap between the reference mark and tongue rail tip/stock rail corner at various rail temperatures shall not differ by more than +/- 10 mm from the theoretical range as shown in Annexure-V b) Gap exceeds maximum designed gap of SEJ c) Tongue/Stock rail crosses mean position
- 4. Need for destressing? ii) After special track maintenance operations namely TFR, D/S, Lifting of track, major reliagnment of curves, TSR etc. iii) After restoration of track following an unusual occurance namely rail fracture, buckling, accidents, breaches etc iv) If number of repairs where temporary repairs have been done exeed 3 per km
- 5. Need for destressing? 3) If rail temp is likely to fall outside td+10 & td- 20 C during special maintenance activities like D/S, TSR, lifting etc then 1 round of temporary destressing is essential
- 6. Practice • Once in 3 years, all LWRs shall preferably with destressed.
- 7. LWR destressing operation • Under supervision of JE/SSE Pway during traffic block of adequate duration at appropriate rail temperature • SR of 30 kmph before traffic block shall be availed to loosen rail fastenings on alternate sleepers • Impediments to free movement of rail shall be removed such as rail anchor, guard rail, check rail etc • During destressing operation, rail is required to be lifted and placed on rollers at every 15th sleeper to permit free movement of rail
- 8. LWR destressing operation • During destressing following activities shall also be done:- a) Fitting renewal namely damaged rubber pad, ERC, liners. b) Shifting of liner biting zone shall be done, wherever required c) Greasing on leg of pandrol clip ,inside of inserts, below liners & liner sealing d) LC overhauling
- 9. Destressing methods • Without tensor o Conventional practice o Do not require skilled supervision o Can be used only tp is within range • With tensor o Used when prevailing temperature tp is below to o Require skilled supervision, more number of supervisors o More block time is required
- 10. Procedure (without tensor) • Approximately 1 km patch of LWR is destressed in single block of 2/2.5 hrs which involves 2-3 welds. Minimum 30-40 nos labour, 2 supervisors required during block • Pre block activities:- o SR of 30 kmph is imposed o ERCs are removed every alternate sleeper o LC check rail is removed if any LC is coming in destressed portion
- 11. Procedure (without tensor) • Cut is made in central portion and rails made out of alignment to permit free expansion/contraction. • Fittings are unfastened from centre cut towards LWR on either side with placing of rollers on every 15th sleeper & tapping with wooden hammer to facilitate free movement of rail • Fastening is then started from either side of LWR portion towards central cut. • If less than 2.5 hours block is permitted then welds are not done during this block & caution persists till next block is granted.
- 12. Procedure (with tensor) • Para 5.7.3 of LWR manual
- 13. THANKS