The document describes the design of a turbulence reduction device for clarifying cane juice at Sugar Corporation of Uganda Limited. It provides background on sugarcane processing, including extraction of juice, heating, and clarification. The standard clarifier used is a Rapidor-444, which has long residence times of around 2 hours. This can lead to issues like increased sugar inversion and reduced quality. The study aims to design a turbulence reduction device that can introduce juice to the clarifier tank while diffusing turbulence, reducing residence times by up to 70% and improving separation efficiency. Computational fluid dynamics modeling is used to simulate the design.
The LLT Clarifier is a new short retention time trayless clarifier developed at Audubon Sugar Institute in Louisiana. Since 2009, many sugar mills in different parts of the world have implemented the technology with excellent results. The main differences of the LLT, compared to other clarifiers, are that it comes with an integrated flash trough and juice turbulence reduction devices (TRDs). The built-in flash trough eliminates the necessity of an external flash tank; provides more degassing area compared to the latter; occupies less space; requires less steel, and avoids the need of foundations and support structures. The juice distribution system of the LLT Clarifier comprises a number of feed pipes uniformly distributed over the cross-sectional area. The exit points of the pipes come installed with the TRDs that effectively reduce flow momentum and eddies. As a result, the LLT Clarifier is capable of providing shorter retention times, lowers sucrose losses and provide juice of high quality compared to other clarifiers available in the industry. The purpose of this presentation is to explain in more detail the technical aspects of the LLT Clarifier.
A semi-continuous centrifuge consists of a perforated basket mounted on a horizontal shaft that rotates continuously. Suspension is introduced through a feed pipe and passes through the perforated basket wall, with crystals remaining inside while filtrate exits. When the cake height reaches 2-3 inches, suspension input stops and the basket rotates to wash the cake with water. A hydraulic knife then cuts the cake from the basket to be collected. This type of centrifuge is used to separate crystals from mother liquor or clarify liquids by removing solids, though it has disadvantages of being complicated, potentially breaking crystals, and high power usage.
1.1 Gelombang - SPM - Fizik -Tingkatan 5Cikgu Fizik
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1. Waves transfer energy from one place to another without transferring matter. Examples of waves include water waves, sound waves, and light waves.
2. There are two main types of waves - transverse waves, where the vibration is perpendicular to the direction of travel, and longitudinal waves, where the vibration is parallel.
3. Key wave properties include amplitude (height of the wave), wavelength (distance between two points of the same phase), period (time for one full oscillation), and frequency (number of oscillations per second). The speed of a wave can be calculated from its wavelength and frequency.
The document discusses clarifiers, which are settling tanks used to remove solids from liquid through sedimentation. There are two main types of clarifiers: rectangular and circular. Clarifiers work by allowing heavier solids to settle to the bottom while lighter materials such as scum float to the surface. Primary clarifiers are used to remove solids before biological wastewater treatment, typically removing 90-95% of settleable solids. Secondary clarifiers separate treated wastewater from activated sludge after biological processes. Design considerations for clarifiers include hydraulic loading, solid loading, detention time, and surface overflow rate.
Extraction of Pectin from Unripe Banana PeelIRJET Journal
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This document describes a study that extracted pectin from unripe banana peels through an acid extraction process. Pectin was extracted from unripe banana peel powder using hydrochloric acid at 90Β±5Β°C for varying time periods. Extraction for 4 hours at 90Β°C and pH 2 yielded the highest amount of pectin at 13%. The extracted pectin was characterized based on parameters like moisture content, ash content, and degree of esterification. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis confirmed the chemical structure of the extracted pectin. The pectin extracted from banana peels has potential applications as a gelling agent in food products.
Advantages of Liquid Liquid Extraction Systemkumarsachin3801
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Common industrial application of Liquid Liquid Extraction include in areas like Bulk chemical industry, Petroleum industry, Fine chemical industry, Pharmaceutical industry, Biotech industry, Food industry, Hydrometallurgy
This document presents a process design for producing ethyl benzene (EB) through the liquid phase alkylation of benzene and ethylene. Three main EB production methods are discussed: a gas-phase process using zeolite catalysts, a liquid phase process using AlCl3 catalyst, and a liquid phase process using zeolite catalyst in a fixed bed. The document selects the EBOne process, which uses a zeolite catalyst in a fixed bed, as the basis for the process design due to its safer catalyst and moderate operating conditions. The design involves simulating the necessary unit operations to produce EB using HYSYS software. Key aspects of the process, including reaction kinetics, separation systems, energy requirements, costs,
The LLT Clarifier is a new short retention time trayless clarifier developed at Audubon Sugar Institute in Louisiana. Since 2009, many sugar mills in different parts of the world have implemented the technology with excellent results. The main differences of the LLT, compared to other clarifiers, are that it comes with an integrated flash trough and juice turbulence reduction devices (TRDs). The built-in flash trough eliminates the necessity of an external flash tank; provides more degassing area compared to the latter; occupies less space; requires less steel, and avoids the need of foundations and support structures. The juice distribution system of the LLT Clarifier comprises a number of feed pipes uniformly distributed over the cross-sectional area. The exit points of the pipes come installed with the TRDs that effectively reduce flow momentum and eddies. As a result, the LLT Clarifier is capable of providing shorter retention times, lowers sucrose losses and provide juice of high quality compared to other clarifiers available in the industry. The purpose of this presentation is to explain in more detail the technical aspects of the LLT Clarifier.
A semi-continuous centrifuge consists of a perforated basket mounted on a horizontal shaft that rotates continuously. Suspension is introduced through a feed pipe and passes through the perforated basket wall, with crystals remaining inside while filtrate exits. When the cake height reaches 2-3 inches, suspension input stops and the basket rotates to wash the cake with water. A hydraulic knife then cuts the cake from the basket to be collected. This type of centrifuge is used to separate crystals from mother liquor or clarify liquids by removing solids, though it has disadvantages of being complicated, potentially breaking crystals, and high power usage.
1.1 Gelombang - SPM - Fizik -Tingkatan 5Cikgu Fizik
Β
1. Waves transfer energy from one place to another without transferring matter. Examples of waves include water waves, sound waves, and light waves.
2. There are two main types of waves - transverse waves, where the vibration is perpendicular to the direction of travel, and longitudinal waves, where the vibration is parallel.
3. Key wave properties include amplitude (height of the wave), wavelength (distance between two points of the same phase), period (time for one full oscillation), and frequency (number of oscillations per second). The speed of a wave can be calculated from its wavelength and frequency.
The document discusses clarifiers, which are settling tanks used to remove solids from liquid through sedimentation. There are two main types of clarifiers: rectangular and circular. Clarifiers work by allowing heavier solids to settle to the bottom while lighter materials such as scum float to the surface. Primary clarifiers are used to remove solids before biological wastewater treatment, typically removing 90-95% of settleable solids. Secondary clarifiers separate treated wastewater from activated sludge after biological processes. Design considerations for clarifiers include hydraulic loading, solid loading, detention time, and surface overflow rate.
Extraction of Pectin from Unripe Banana PeelIRJET Journal
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This document describes a study that extracted pectin from unripe banana peels through an acid extraction process. Pectin was extracted from unripe banana peel powder using hydrochloric acid at 90Β±5Β°C for varying time periods. Extraction for 4 hours at 90Β°C and pH 2 yielded the highest amount of pectin at 13%. The extracted pectin was characterized based on parameters like moisture content, ash content, and degree of esterification. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis confirmed the chemical structure of the extracted pectin. The pectin extracted from banana peels has potential applications as a gelling agent in food products.
Advantages of Liquid Liquid Extraction Systemkumarsachin3801
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Common industrial application of Liquid Liquid Extraction include in areas like Bulk chemical industry, Petroleum industry, Fine chemical industry, Pharmaceutical industry, Biotech industry, Food industry, Hydrometallurgy
This document presents a process design for producing ethyl benzene (EB) through the liquid phase alkylation of benzene and ethylene. Three main EB production methods are discussed: a gas-phase process using zeolite catalysts, a liquid phase process using AlCl3 catalyst, and a liquid phase process using zeolite catalyst in a fixed bed. The document selects the EBOne process, which uses a zeolite catalyst in a fixed bed, as the basis for the process design due to its safer catalyst and moderate operating conditions. The design involves simulating the necessary unit operations to produce EB using HYSYS software. Key aspects of the process, including reaction kinetics, separation systems, energy requirements, costs,
This study aims to investigate the effects of modern management accounting techniques in reducing costs of tea factories in Nyamira County, Kenya. The study was guided by contingency theory which states that accounting practices must suit an organization's specific conditions. The objectives are to examine the effects of Just-in-Time, Activity Based Costing, and Kaizen Costing on cost reduction. The study employs a descriptive survey research design involving 18 respondents from 6 tea factories. Data will be collected through questionnaires and analyzed using SPSS. The findings will contribute to knowledge on applying management accounting techniques to reduce production costs in processing firms.
This document is a research report on the impact of advertising on sales performance at Mukwano Industry. It includes an introduction outlining the background and scope of the study. A literature review covers topics like forms of advertising, advertising media, sales performance, and the relationship between advertising and sales. The methodology discusses the research design, sampling, data collection and analysis. Findings show the forms of advertising used by Mukwano, the level of sales, and a strong positive relationship between advertising and sales based on correlation analysis. The conclusion is that advertising positively impacts sales performance at Mukwano Industry.
This document provides an introduction to a research project examining sustainable urban transport as a poverty reduction strategy in Kibera, Nairobi, Kenya. It discusses the background of rapid urbanization globally and in developing countries specifically, noting the important role of transportation in urban areas. The document then introduces the research topic of exploring sustainable urban transport as a means to reduce poverty in Kibera, the largest informal settlement in Nairobi. It presents the problem statement, research questions, objectives and significance of the study. The introduction provides context on issues of urbanization, transportation challenges, and the relationship between transportation and poverty reduction to set up the focus of the subsequent research.
The document provides information about Tea Research Institute (TRI) in Kenya. TRI conducts research to improve tea production, quality and products. It has five departments: Crop Improvement and Management, Sustainable Ecosystem Management and Conservation, Tea Processing and Value Addition, Economics, Field Advisory and Corporate Communication, and Support Services Management. The document outlines the functions of each department and TRI's goals of empowering the tea industry through innovative research.
THE EFFECT OF INNOVATION ON CUSTOMER SATISFACTION TO ENTERPRISES IN KENYA (Re...Brian Bor
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This document is a research project submitted by Brian Kiprotich Bor to the Department of Business at Marist International University College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Bachelor's degree. The research examines the effect of innovation on customer satisfaction at Safaricom Limited in Kenya. It includes an introduction outlining the background, problem statement, objectives, research questions, significance and scope of the study. It also includes chapters on the theoretical framework, research methodology, findings and analysis, and conclusions and recommendations.
Analysis for the determinate of foreign direct investments in UgandaSSEMUKASA LAWRENCE
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The study used regressive model to investigate the impact for the determinants of foreign direct investments (FDIs) on FDIs inflows in Uganda for the period between 1997 and 2016. As Ugandaβs economy was striving to achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) by 2015 and the vision 2040 through bridging the gap between domestic savings and investment, bringing the latest technology and management know-how from developed countries. FDIs can play an important role in achieving rapid economic growth in developing countries through industrialization to reduce the high levels of unemployment. The government had issued several investment and policy incentives as βsweetenersβ which included reductions in import and export duties; reductions in corporate tax rates -including tax holidays; creating a one -stop shop to reduce time needed to approve and register investments; reducing minimum capital requirement; expansion of markets through economic integrations; ensuring economic and political stability.
Hence this study strived to identify the factors that determine FDI inflows to Uganda. Based on a comparative analysis focusing on why there was an increase or a decrease in FDIs in Uganda, related with Gross Domestic product (GDP) growth rate, Tax rates, Inflation rates on consumer prices and annual average exchange rate. Using ordinary least squares models to explain whether the stylized of FDIs affect FDI inflows to Uganda based on a panel dataset for 20 years over the period (1997 to 2016). The study identified the following factors as significant for FDIs inflows to Uganda: Economic growth rates, Tax rates, and on contrary Inflation rate and Average exchange were found to not have been more important for FDIs inflows to Uganda within the study period.
This document is a thesis submitted by Mark Staunton in partial fulfillment of an MSc in Strategic Management at the Dublin Institute of Technology. The thesis examines factors affecting the success or failure of projects from theory to reality. It includes a literature review on topics such as project managers, methodologies, processes, procedures, approaches, factors, risks, and lessons learned. It also outlines the methodology used, including surveys and interviews. The results and analysis chapter examines findings from the surveys and interviews. Finally, the conclusions and recommendations chapter provides conclusions drawn and recommendations for future research.
The document summarizes an internship report about developing a mobile application called "Your Lawyer" at Aveneur Solutions. It includes an introduction to the company and project background, objectives to automate the current lawyer system and provide better services. The report is organized into 10 chapters covering the internship experience, project management, methodology used, and conclusions.
This document is a research report submitted by Koboi Emmanuel to Uganda Christian University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Bachelor's degree in Project Planning and Entrepreneurship. The report examines the impact of non-tariff barriers on small-scale agri-cross border trade within the East African Community. It provides background on small-scale agricultural cross-border trade and the types of non-tariff barriers affecting it. The report also analyzes how these non-tariff barriers influence small traders and presents findings on their effects. It concludes with recommendations to address the issues.
This document describes a student project for an online voting system. It includes a declaration by the student that the work is their own, an approval from their supervisor, and dedications and acknowledgements. It also provides an abstract, definitions of terms, an executive summary and literature review on online voting systems and security issues. The methodology, system design, specifications, implementation, modules, testing and conclusions are described over 6 chapters. The project aims to address problems with existing voting systems and justify the need for an online system.
This document discusses improving the flexibility and usability of semiconductor test equipment donated to Texas Tech University. The current setup has limitations for student projects, which aim to test a variety of devices. A new interface board was designed to allow testing more pin configurations with simplified setup. It incorporates relays to route signals from measurement modules to device pins. Additional daughter boards provide breakouts for different device packages. The goal is to enable a wider scope of student testing projects with easier access to the donated National Instruments Semiconductor Test System.
my_final_year_project_kiggudde_deo FINAL REPORT handing in copykiggudde deogratias
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This document summarizes a research report on the applicability of drone technology in Uganda's construction industry. It includes sections on the introduction, literature review, research methodology, findings and analysis, conclusion, and recommendations. The literature review defines drones and discusses drone companies, types of drones, classification of drones, and factors to consider when using drones. The research findings analyze activities drones can perform in construction and rules/regulations surrounding drone technology. The conclusion contributes to knowledge and recommends formulating proper rules/regulations, introducing training, creating awareness, and fostering more research on drone technology in Uganda's construction industry.
This document is a 57-page independent project report submitted by Anuj Rawat to AIIM about challenges facing India's logistics sector and measures to overcome them, with a focus on controlled atmosphere storage. The report includes chapters on roads, railways, waterways/ports, warehousing, cold chain logistics, and conclusions. It discusses issues like high logistics costs in India, modal share of transportation, challenges specific to each mode, and government policies/initiatives to promote controlled atmosphere storage and cold chain infrastructure development.
This document is a 57-page independent project report submitted by Anuj Rawat to AIIM about challenges facing India's logistics sector and measures to overcome them, with a focus on controlled atmosphere storage. The report includes chapters on roads, railways, waterways/ports, warehousing, cold chain logistics, and conclusions. It discusses issues like high logistics costs in India, modal share of transportation, challenges specific to each mode, and government policies/initiatives to promote controlled atmosphere storage and cold chain infrastructure development.
This document provides guidance on conducting energy assessments for commercial buildings in India. It was developed by the International Resources Group under the USAID ECO-III Project with input from the Bureau of Energy Efficiency and other experts. The document outlines a three-step process for energy assessments: pre-assessment, assessment, and post-assessment. It describes tools and procedures to use at each step, including screening tools, data collection, benchmarking, requesting proposals from energy auditors, and conducting preliminary, comprehensive, and detailed assessments. The goal is to help building owners understand their energy use and identify opportunities for cost-effective savings.
This document proposes developing a mobile application to integrate a maternal support system with mobile technology in Uganda. It aims to improve maternal health outcomes at Mengo Hospital by providing healthcare information to mothers via mobile phones. The application will be designed and tested by a team from Bliss Africa Foundation. Literature on existing maternal support systems in various countries is reviewed to inform the design of the new mobile system for Uganda.
Time series analysis of under five mortality in mulago hospital... by meOkuda Boniface
Β
This document is a dissertation submitted by Okuda Boniface to Makerere University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Bachelor of Statistics degree. It analyzes time series data on under-five mortality at Mulago Hospital in Kampala, Uganda from 1990 to 2010. The study aims to investigate trends, seasonality, and differences in mortality by factors like sex, cause, and period. Secondary data from hospital records will be used to conduct time series analysis, identify trends and patterns, and make forecasts for 2011 to 2015. The results could help inform efforts to reduce child mortality in Uganda.
Preliminary Study for Exergetic Analysis on Sugar Production in Tanzania the ...Patrick VanSchijndel
Β
Tanzania is striving to reach the levels of economic well being which the developed countries have achieved. However, the industrial development as was undertaken by the first world countries would be catastrophic for the environment. Therefore this study focussed on how to combine economic growth with sustainable development.
Due to the bad condition in which some of the equipment at TPC was, it proved not to be possible to map all the energetic difficulties at the factory. Though, it was possible to address the main bottlenecks of the process and suggestions for improvement were done. However, improving the course of the process is not sufficient to improve the sustainability of the factory. Non-technical aspects, like behaviour of operators and management can also do one's bit for a more reliable, time and cost efficient and less polluting factory. Of course this will inevitably ask for investments.
Despite the fact that some well-intentioned criticism is uttered in this report, TPC seems to have the power to survive, as it did for the past 65 years. If TPCβs new owner deals with the factoryβs bottlenecks and takes the issues dealt with in this report to hart, the future of TPC looks promising.
EXPLORING MODULAR CONSTRUCTION WITH THE USE OF SHIPPING CONTAINERS FOR HOUSI...OLANREWAJU AKINOLA
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The idea of using shipping containers as a building component and in architecture is by no means new in Lagos Metropolis. Most shipping container architecture conversions have however been for temporary accommodation needs, for example, storage, make-shift shops, emergency shelters and site offices. Nonetheless , this concept of using shipping containers as modular building components in architecture and green prefab home building designs is still foreign to building practitioners and residents of Lagos state.
Modular construction technology enables construction times and cost to be reduced by up to half that of traditional building techniques while remaining significantly more environmentally friendly. The use of shipping containers as modular building component in architectural design provides a recycled use for waste shipping containers and assists in reducing the embodied energy of buildings, which is lower in comparison to other building materials. Therefore as a by-product, the shipping container can be seen as a sustainable building component,
This study provides an insight on the feasibility of using ISO shipping containers to enhance the provision of housing in Lagos Metropolis, with a focus on the Apapa district. It also sets out to provide a view of the viability of this medium, together with the problems that may occur in implementing their use.
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
Β
Slides from talk presenting:
AleΕ‘ Zamuda: Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapter and Networking.
Presentation at IcETRAN 2024 session:
"Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS
Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation"
IEEE Slovenia GRSS
IEEE Serbia and Montenegro MTT-S
IEEE Slovenia CIS
11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
3-6 June 2024, NiΕ‘, Serbia
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This study aims to investigate the effects of modern management accounting techniques in reducing costs of tea factories in Nyamira County, Kenya. The study was guided by contingency theory which states that accounting practices must suit an organization's specific conditions. The objectives are to examine the effects of Just-in-Time, Activity Based Costing, and Kaizen Costing on cost reduction. The study employs a descriptive survey research design involving 18 respondents from 6 tea factories. Data will be collected through questionnaires and analyzed using SPSS. The findings will contribute to knowledge on applying management accounting techniques to reduce production costs in processing firms.
This document is a research report on the impact of advertising on sales performance at Mukwano Industry. It includes an introduction outlining the background and scope of the study. A literature review covers topics like forms of advertising, advertising media, sales performance, and the relationship between advertising and sales. The methodology discusses the research design, sampling, data collection and analysis. Findings show the forms of advertising used by Mukwano, the level of sales, and a strong positive relationship between advertising and sales based on correlation analysis. The conclusion is that advertising positively impacts sales performance at Mukwano Industry.
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The document provides information about Tea Research Institute (TRI) in Kenya. TRI conducts research to improve tea production, quality and products. It has five departments: Crop Improvement and Management, Sustainable Ecosystem Management and Conservation, Tea Processing and Value Addition, Economics, Field Advisory and Corporate Communication, and Support Services Management. The document outlines the functions of each department and TRI's goals of empowering the tea industry through innovative research.
THE EFFECT OF INNOVATION ON CUSTOMER SATISFACTION TO ENTERPRISES IN KENYA (Re...Brian Bor
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This document is a research project submitted by Brian Kiprotich Bor to the Department of Business at Marist International University College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Bachelor's degree. The research examines the effect of innovation on customer satisfaction at Safaricom Limited in Kenya. It includes an introduction outlining the background, problem statement, objectives, research questions, significance and scope of the study. It also includes chapters on the theoretical framework, research methodology, findings and analysis, and conclusions and recommendations.
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The study used regressive model to investigate the impact for the determinants of foreign direct investments (FDIs) on FDIs inflows in Uganda for the period between 1997 and 2016. As Ugandaβs economy was striving to achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) by 2015 and the vision 2040 through bridging the gap between domestic savings and investment, bringing the latest technology and management know-how from developed countries. FDIs can play an important role in achieving rapid economic growth in developing countries through industrialization to reduce the high levels of unemployment. The government had issued several investment and policy incentives as βsweetenersβ which included reductions in import and export duties; reductions in corporate tax rates -including tax holidays; creating a one -stop shop to reduce time needed to approve and register investments; reducing minimum capital requirement; expansion of markets through economic integrations; ensuring economic and political stability.
Hence this study strived to identify the factors that determine FDI inflows to Uganda. Based on a comparative analysis focusing on why there was an increase or a decrease in FDIs in Uganda, related with Gross Domestic product (GDP) growth rate, Tax rates, Inflation rates on consumer prices and annual average exchange rate. Using ordinary least squares models to explain whether the stylized of FDIs affect FDI inflows to Uganda based on a panel dataset for 20 years over the period (1997 to 2016). The study identified the following factors as significant for FDIs inflows to Uganda: Economic growth rates, Tax rates, and on contrary Inflation rate and Average exchange were found to not have been more important for FDIs inflows to Uganda within the study period.
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This document is a 57-page independent project report submitted by Anuj Rawat to AIIM about challenges facing India's logistics sector and measures to overcome them, with a focus on controlled atmosphere storage. The report includes chapters on roads, railways, waterways/ports, warehousing, cold chain logistics, and conclusions. It discusses issues like high logistics costs in India, modal share of transportation, challenges specific to each mode, and government policies/initiatives to promote controlled atmosphere storage and cold chain infrastructure development.
This document is a 57-page independent project report submitted by Anuj Rawat to AIIM about challenges facing India's logistics sector and measures to overcome them, with a focus on controlled atmosphere storage. The report includes chapters on roads, railways, waterways/ports, warehousing, cold chain logistics, and conclusions. It discusses issues like high logistics costs in India, modal share of transportation, challenges specific to each mode, and government policies/initiatives to promote controlled atmosphere storage and cold chain infrastructure development.
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This document is a dissertation submitted by Okuda Boniface to Makerere University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Bachelor of Statistics degree. It analyzes time series data on under-five mortality at Mulago Hospital in Kampala, Uganda from 1990 to 2010. The study aims to investigate trends, seasonality, and differences in mortality by factors like sex, cause, and period. Secondary data from hospital records will be used to conduct time series analysis, identify trends and patterns, and make forecasts for 2011 to 2015. The results could help inform efforts to reduce child mortality in Uganda.
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Tanzania is striving to reach the levels of economic well being which the developed countries have achieved. However, the industrial development as was undertaken by the first world countries would be catastrophic for the environment. Therefore this study focussed on how to combine economic growth with sustainable development.
Due to the bad condition in which some of the equipment at TPC was, it proved not to be possible to map all the energetic difficulties at the factory. Though, it was possible to address the main bottlenecks of the process and suggestions for improvement were done. However, improving the course of the process is not sufficient to improve the sustainability of the factory. Non-technical aspects, like behaviour of operators and management can also do one's bit for a more reliable, time and cost efficient and less polluting factory. Of course this will inevitably ask for investments.
Despite the fact that some well-intentioned criticism is uttered in this report, TPC seems to have the power to survive, as it did for the past 65 years. If TPCβs new owner deals with the factoryβs bottlenecks and takes the issues dealt with in this report to hart, the future of TPC looks promising.
EXPLORING MODULAR CONSTRUCTION WITH THE USE OF SHIPPING CONTAINERS FOR HOUSI...OLANREWAJU AKINOLA
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The idea of using shipping containers as a building component and in architecture is by no means new in Lagos Metropolis. Most shipping container architecture conversions have however been for temporary accommodation needs, for example, storage, make-shift shops, emergency shelters and site offices. Nonetheless , this concept of using shipping containers as modular building components in architecture and green prefab home building designs is still foreign to building practitioners and residents of Lagos state.
Modular construction technology enables construction times and cost to be reduced by up to half that of traditional building techniques while remaining significantly more environmentally friendly. The use of shipping containers as modular building component in architectural design provides a recycled use for waste shipping containers and assists in reducing the embodied energy of buildings, which is lower in comparison to other building materials. Therefore as a by-product, the shipping container can be seen as a sustainable building component,
This study provides an insight on the feasibility of using ISO shipping containers to enhance the provision of housing in Lagos Metropolis, with a focus on the Apapa district. It also sets out to provide a view of the viability of this medium, together with the problems that may occur in implementing their use.
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Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
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The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
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The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
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DESIGN OF A TURBULENCE REDUCTION DEVICE FOR CANE JUICE CLARIFICATION
1. KYAMBOGO UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF SCIENCE
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
DESIGN OF A TURBULENCE REDUCTION
DEVICE FOR CANE JUICE CLARIFICATION
BY
GIMEI BENEDICT
14/U/132/CHD/GV
A RESEARCH PROJECT REPORT
SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR
THE AWARD OF BARCHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CHEMICAL
ENGINEERING DEGREE OF KYAMBOGO UNIVERSITY
August 2018
2. i
DECLARATION
I, Gimei Benedict, humbly declare, that the work which is being presented in this project report is
an authentic record of my own work carried out during my research period from January 2018 to
August 2018.
I also declare that, the matter presented in this project report has not been submitted by me for the
award of any other degree elsewhere. It is only prepared for my academic requirement and not for
any other purpose.
SIGANTURE:
β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦
DATE:
β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦
GIMEI BENEDICT
14/U/132/CHD/GV
3. ii
APPROVAL
This project work has been done under the supervision of the following:
SIGNATURE:
β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦
DATE:
β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦
DR. WILLIAM MICHAEL WANASOLO
4. iii
DEDICATION
I dedicate this report to my beloved parents, Mr. Mafabi Patrick Gimei and Mrs. Nannozi Lucy,
for their encouragement, unconditional love and support that has made me the person I am today.
Thank you for believing in me and may the Almighty God reward you abundantly.
Also to my brothers, Mafabi Patrick and Gimei Peter, and my only beloved sister Nabisaawa
Christine whose love and company was very important to keep moving me forward. I wish you
the best in your future endeavors.
5. iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
A great number of people have helped me during my research project. First of all, I thank The
Almighty God, Who has enabled me produce this piece of work.
I would like to place on record my deep sense of gratitude to Dr. Wanasolo Micheal William, for
his generous guidance, insightful comments, help and constructive suggestions to improve the
quality of this report work.
I also express my sincere gratitude to Mr. Bantu Magoola Peter, Process Chemist, Works
Department (Process Section), SCOUL, for his stimulating guidance, continuous encouragement,
his support and effort to compile this report.
I am also indebted to all my colleagues, for their insightful comments and invaluable suggestions
to improve the quality of this report work. Their efforts also provided me with a valuable
environment, without which this project work would not have been possible.
Finally, yet more importantly, I would like to express my deep appreciation to my parents, Mr.
Mafabi Patrick and Mrs. Nannozi Lucy, my sister and brothers for their perpetual support, advice
and encouragement that has enabled me reach this level as far as my degree is concerned. May
The Almighty God reward them accordingly.
6. v
TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECLARATION............................................................................................................................. i
APPROVAL ...................................................................................................................................ii
DEDICATION...............................................................................................................................iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS........................................................................................................... iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS................................................................................................................ v
LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................................... vi
LIST OF TABLES........................................................................................................................ vii
SYMBOLS OF ACRONYMS......................................................................................................vii
ABSTRACT.................................................................................................................................viii
CHAPTER ONE ........................................................................................................................... 1
INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 BACKGROUND ...................................................................................................................... 1
1.1.1 SUGARCANE PROCESSING.............................................................................................. 1
1.1.2 EXTRACTION OF THE JUICE ........................................................................................... 1
1.1.3 HEATING.............................................................................................................................. 2
1.1.4 CLARIFICATION................................................................................................................. 3
1.1.5 THE RAPIDORR-444 CLARIFIER: .................................................................................... 4
1.1.6 DEFINITION OF TERMS: ................................................................................................... 5
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT....................................................................................................... 6
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY.............................................................................................. 7
1.4 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK............................................................................................ 7
1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS AND DESIGN CONCEPTS........................................................ 8
1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY......................................................................................................... 8
1.7 JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY ........................................................................................ 9
1.8 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY.......................................................................................... 9
CHAPTER TWO ........................................................................................................................ 10
LITERATURE REVIEW .......................................................................................................... 10
CHAPTER THREE.................................................................................................................... 14
MATERIALS AND METHODS ............................................................................................... 14
3.1 THE CAD MODEL GEOMETERY DESIGN PROCEDURE:............................................. 14
3.2 SETTING UP THE MODEL USING AUTODESK COMPUTATIONAL FLUID
DYNAMICS (CFD) 2018- COMPUTER SOFTWARE.............................................................. 18
3.2.1 ASSIGNING THE MATERIALS ....................................................................................... 19
7. vi
3.2.2 SETTING THE BOUNDARY CONDITIONS................................................................... 20
3.2.3 DEFINING THE MESH...................................................................................................... 23
CHAPTER FOUR....................................................................................................................... 24
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ................................................................................................. 24
4.1 RESULTS ............................................................................................................................... 24
4.2 DISCUSSION......................................................................................................................... 29
CHAPTER FIVE ........................................................................................................................ 32
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION........................................................................ 32
5.1 CONCLUSION....................................................................................................................... 32
5.2 RECOMMENDATIONS........................................................................................................ 32
REFERENCES............................................................................................................................ 33
APPENDIX A.............................................................................................................................. 34
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Clarification Process ...................................................................................................... 2
Figure 2: Rapidor-444 Clarifier ..................................................................................................... 5
Figure 3: Prototype embodiment of a TRD ................................................................................. 11
Figure 4: CFD Simulation of the Operation pf a TRD ................................................................ 12
Figure 5: 3D CAD Geometry using Auto Desk SimStudio tools 2016 ....................................... 14
Figure 6: Internal Rectangular Conduit with Four Equally sized adjacent holes........................ 15
Figure 7: TRD fluid flow pattern................................................................................................. 16
Figure 8: CFD Assessment Tool of the 3D CAD model............................................................. 17
Figure 9: Assigned Materials for the Model................................................................................ 19
Figure 10: Boundary Conditions for External Surfaces of the Model......................................... 21
Figure 11: Boundary Conditions for Internal Surfaces of the Model.......................................... 22
Figure 12: Displayed Auto-sized mesh........................................................................................ 23
Figure 13: Solve dialog................................................................................................................ 24
Figure 14: Displayed Shaded Mesh of the 3D Model ................................................................. 26
Figure 15: 3Dimensional View of Flow at Planes ....................................................................... 27
Figure 16: Sample Excel Result Sheet of Iterations carried out from 1 β 34 .............................. 31
8. vii
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Specifications of the CAD Geometry Design................................................................ 16
Table 2: Parameter values for the model: .................................................................................... 20
Table 3: Physics Settings ............................................................................................................. 25
Table 4: Solver Settings............................................................................................................... 25
Table 5: Convergence Settings .................................................................................................... 25
Table 6: Mesh enhancement Settings........................................................................................... 25
Table 7: Mesh Enhancement Settings.......................................................................................... 25
Table 8: Meshed Model Settings ................................................................................................. 26
Table 9: Simulation Results at Inlet and Outlet........................................................................... 28
Table 10: Plane Results................................................................................................................ 28
SYMBOLS OF ACRONYMS
π π Reynolds Number
π Density of Cane Juice
π Velocity of cane Juice
π Diameter of cane juice feed pipe of the model device
π· Diameter of the Outer Circular Conduit of the model device
π Volumetric Flow rate of Cane juice
π΄ Area of the Plane along the model device
πππ Parts per million
3D 3Dimension
CFD Computational Fluid Dynamics
TRD Turbulence Reduction Device
9. viii
ABSTRACT
Clear Juice, which accounts for almost 90% to 95% of the mixed juice is settled in a clarifier with
long residence times at Sugar Corporation of Uganda Limited (SCOUL), which can lead to:
increased sugar inversion and reduction in both sugar quality and color. The sugar losses are a part
of the process in any sugar manufacturing industry. Most industries do not have the technology
and method to reduce the sugar losses.
Theoretical research and computer modelling was carried out towards designing a turbulence
reduction device for cane juice clarification. In this study, research was carried out towards the
development of a model device for substantially reducing the momentum and velocity of a first
liquid that is flowing into a second liquid specifically for sugar production. The device allows one
to substantially reduce or even eliminate large scale turbulent eddies that could be produced by
liquid flowing into or within a vessel. The device constitutes a simple design, improves separation
efficiencies and requires only short residence times. A turbulence reduction device was designed
to introduce high volume into the tank while diffusing turbulence which shortened residence times
by as much as 70%. Reduced turbulence and fast settling times lead to increased sugar production
as well as improved color and purity.
10. 1
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND
The cane sugar industry is an important economic force in Uganda. Sugar Corporation of Uganda
Limited is a sugar factory with a distillery plant, located at Lugazi and is one of the pioneers of the
sugar industry in Uganda. The main product of the company is commercial light-brown and brown
sugar. However, this industry has a major challenge each year: the harvest season is very short.
Therefore, the sugar industry must be very efficient in order to remain competitive. One of the
areas where the factory process can be improved is in the juice stream that needs to be settled for
clarification, which is settled in a clarifier for about 2 hours. This stream accounts almost 90-95%
of the volume of juice processed and the long duration for clarification brings several
disadvantages like: increased sugar inversion and reduction in sugar quality, microbial activity,
and color generation. If this stream is subjected to a clarification operation that can shorten the
residence time for clarification, the process can increase the plant capacity. This research reports
the development of a model of a Turbulence Reduction Device (TRD) that effects short residence
times and can easily be retrofitted onto the Rapidor-444 Clarifier that is currently being used at
Sugar Corporation of Uganda Limited.
1.1.1 SUGARCANE PROCESSING
The process for producing sugar (sucrose) is a complex process that requires several unit
operations: cane milling, heating, flashing, treatment, clarification, evaporation, boiling and
centrifuging. The first steps of the process (extraction, heating and Subsidation or clarification) are
shown in Figure 1 and explained below.
1.1.2 EXTRACTION OF THE JUICE
Juice extraction by crushing the cane is the first step in sugar processing. The cane is first prepared
for crushing by a set of revolving knives that cut the stalks into chips and/or heavy duty hammer
mills (fiberizer) that shred the cane. After this operation, the prepared cane is conveyed to the
mills. To improve the juice extraction, water or thin juice sprays are directed to the cane as it
11. 2
emerges from each mill unit to leach out the sugar, this operation is known as imbibition. In the
best milling practice more than 95% of the sugar in the cane goes into the juice. This percentage
is called sucrose extraction. After the milling process, the fiber component (bagasse) from the last
mill contains the un-extracted sugar, the woody fiber, and 45 to 55% water. This material usually
sent to the boilers to be used as fuel. The juice obtained from the milling process is finally obtained
as mixed juice. It is this juice that has to be treated and sent for clarification.
Juice Heating Defecation /Treatment Subsidation
50Β°C Flash Tank Magna
Mixed πͺπ(πΆπ―) π Floc
Juice 70Β°C
103Β°C
π― π π·πΆ π
Figure 1: Clarification Process
1.1.3 HEATING
Cane juice contains non-sugar soluble particles (e.g. proteins and polysaccharides), Coagulation
of these proteins will only emerge as a result of heat. Better quality of juice is obtained if these
coagulated particles combine together to form macro-floc particles for better clarification. Juice
also contains suspended and colloidal particles. The effect of heat causes a density gradient
between the juice and suspended insoluble particles, favoring proper clarification. Heating Juice
Clarifier
100Β°C
Treated Juice Tank
Vapor Line
Juice Heater
Raw Juice Heater
Reaction
Vessel
Treated
Juice Heater
12. 3
prior to liming (treatment) also acts as a way of inhibiting the growth of micro bio activity. Low
temperatures and high pH favour the growth of the bacteria Leuconostoc Mesenteroides which
transforms sucrose into a spongy gum that can block pipes.
The juice is generally heated in two or more stages, making use of low pressure steam in the first
stage to improve the steam economy. The juice is usually heated in stages, with the lowest pressure
steam used for the first stage and progressively increasing it after each stage. In most cases, two
stages of heating are applied. These operations are referred to as primary (PJH) and secondary
(SJH) heating stages as shown in Figure 1.
1.1.4 CLARIFICATION
The clarification operation shown in Figure 1, is designed to remove both soluble and insoluble
impurities. The clarification of the juice is achieved in a settler, commonly named clarifier where
two products are obtained: a clarified juice and a mud which are obtained as an overflow and
underflow, respectively. The clarified or clear juice is sent to the evaporators to be converted to
syrup and finally sugar. On the other hand, the mud is pumped to the filtration station to recover
the sucrose entrained in the mud. To achieve a good clarification it is important to add milk of lime
to the mixed juice until it reaches a pH of 7-7.5; this operation neutralizes the natural acidity of
the juice and promotes the formation of insoluble salts, mainly calcium phosphate. Then, the limed
juice is heated to slightly above its boiling point to coagulate the albumin, waxes and gums and
more important flashing it. The flashing operation consists in forwarding the superheated juice to
a vessel open to the atmosphere where most of the dissolved air is eliminated. This operation is
important to eliminate entrained air from the juice to avoid undesirable effects like flocs flotation.
After the flashed juice is sent to the clarifier, a flocculant, which is a chain of polyacrylamide
partially hydrolyzed added at the clarifierβs feed, forms flocs that settle in the clarifier. These flocs
are basically compounded by insoluble calcium phosphate that formed from reaction of the milk
of lime and the inorganic phosphate present in the juice. If the phosphate concentrations are below
200 ppm, the clarification will be poor. If this occurs, phosphoric acid can be dosed to the juice in
order to increase the phosphate concentration. The phosphoric acid is usually added prior to
heating in order to guarantee enough time to form a floc of good quality. Finally, the juice is
13. 4
separated by Sedimentation /Subsidation where two phases are obtained: clear juice and mud. The
clear juice is sent to the evaporators and the mud is filtered in order to recover sucrose.
Clarification is the settling or removal of suspended solids from a liquid, for example in municipal
water treatment or the treatment of sugarcane juice. Existing clarifier designs have the general
disadvantage that large, turbulent eddies are created as the liquid flows into the tanks. The
turbulence results in inefficient use of the settling area, reduced quality of the liquid overflow, and
generally imposes longer residence times than would otherwise be needed. A long residence time
is inherently less efficient and more expensive especially where perishable or degradable products
are involved. For example, in the clarifying sugarcane juice, a long residence time can result in
partial product deterioration. Clarification of sugarcane is an important part of the milling process.
A standard clarifier design involves a cylindrical tank with a sloped base with or without a raking
mechanism for thickened sludge removal (Swarovsky, 1990). Although a number of clarifier
designs have been tested over the years, few have found extensive application in the sugar industry.
In most conventional multi-tray clarifiers, such as Rapidorr-444, liquid has to travel horizontally
outwards and vertically upward following the pathway from central feed well to overflow launders
(Rein, 2007). In the Graver clarifiers, liquid travels from the periphery of the tank toward the
central juice outlets, while precipitated solids slide off the trays into a mud boot. The horizontal
travel reduces efficiency and throughput of the clarifier. It also creates large-scale circular motion
inside the clarifier, decreasing both capacity and separation efficiency. A separation that takes only
a few minutes on a small scale can take from 30 minutes to several hours due to the effects of
turbulence on settling time. For years, researchers have focused their efforts on reduction of
clarifier residence time, optimization of clarification regimes, and changing internal construction
to improve hydrodynamic conditions.
1.1.5 THE RAPIDORR-444 CLARIFIER:
It is a vessel into which the treated juice to be clarified is fed uniformly and continuously, and
which is large enough to reduce the velocity of flow and of circulation of the treated juice to such
a low value that it does not prevent settling from taking place. Its main purpose is to clarify the
treated juice by removing impurities in the form of mud. It consists of four (4) superimposed
14. 5
compartments, each fed separately by a rotating central shaft by means of openings situated in the
upper part of the compartment as shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2: Rapidor-444 Clarifier
1.1.6 DEFINITION OF TERMS:
Clarifier: A clarifier is a vessel into which the treated juice to be settled is fed uniformly and
continuously, and which is large enough to reduce the velocity of flow and of circulation of the
treated juice to such a low value that it does not prevent settling from taking place.
CFD: Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is a simulation technique that mathematically
simulates fluid flow and heat transfer.
Overflow
Box
Bridge Support Foam Chamber
Tray
Mud
Withdraw
Line
Mud boot
Scrapper
Liquidating
Pump
Central shaft
Baffle
plate
Feed
Compartment
15. 6
Autodesk CFD: Autodesk CFD is a software that turns a 3D CAD workstation into a fully
interactive flow bench, thermal test rig, and wind tunnel.
Turbulence: The unsteady or violent movement of a fluid within a vessel.
Inversion: The process that takes place when sucrose is exposed to high temperatures and low
pHβs, and breaks down into equal parts of glucose and fructose referred to as invert sugar.
Retrofitting: Refers to the addition of new technology or features to older systems. To retrofit a
clarifier means to put new parts or new equipment in it after it has been in use for some time,
especially to make it work better.
Mesh: A representation of a geometric object as a set of finite elements. A 3D mesh is the
structural build of a 3D model consisting of polygons which use reference points in X, Y and axes
to define shapes with height, width and depth.
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT
Standard Clarifier Designs produce mixing which agitates the liquid more than necessary leading
to long settling and residence times. If there is too much turbulence in the tank, it takes long for
the mud to settle. More settling time means more inversion of sugar which means sugar losses and
more color. The existing clarifier (Rapidorr-444) that is currently being used at SCOUL has
general disadvantages that large turbulent eddies are created as cane juice flows into the tank. The
turbulence results in inefficient use of the settling area, reduced quality of the juice overflow, and
generally imposes longer residence time (2 hours) than would otherwise be required. Utilization
of a Turbulence Reduction Device (TRD) technology can actually help increase efficiency and
reduce clarifier losses. A Turbulence Reduction Device is also designed to introduce high volume
into the tank while diffusing turbulence which can shorten residence times by as much as 75% (30
to 40 minutes). Reduced turbulence and faster settling times leads to increased sugar production
as well as improved color and purity.
16. 7
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
General Objective:
To design a Turbulence Reduction Device (RTD) model suitable for reduction of turbulence within
a Rapidorr-444 Clarifier at SCOUL.
Specific Objectives:
1) To determine the current operating conditions of viscosity, temperature and pressure of the
existing clarifier design.
2) To design and simulate the model using Autodesk Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) β
Computer Software.
1.4 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
The direction of flow makes substantial changes several times after the fluid exits an inlet pipe or
hose. Suitably sized and positioned plates induce changes of flow direction. By the time the fluid
leaves the interior of the device, the fluid velocity and momentum are both very low and
turbulence is nearly or entirely eliminated. In some cases, the flow velocity is reduced by a factor
of -50. In one embodiment, the device comprises two parallel plates held a set distance from one
another- for example, connected to one another by spacers. A first liquid enters through a pipe or
hose through an opening in the first plate (usually the upper plate) and impinges on the second
plate (the deflection plate, usually the lower plate).
The first and second plates have approximately the same area, and that area is substantially larger
than the cross-section of the inlet in the first plate through which the first liquid flows. The second
(deflection) plate diverts the direction of the first liquid flow by approximately 90 degrees. The
second (deflection plate) also changes the flow from being more or less linear-all the first liquid
moving in approximately the same direction to a radial flow outward, more or less perpendicular
to the original direction of flow, and more or less parallel in all directions to the second plate. The
effect of the second plate (deflection plate) dissipates most of the energy of the flow within the
space between the two parallel plates. Turbulent eddies are substantially reduced or even
eliminated. Velocity and momentum of the fluid flow are greatly reduced by a factor of 40, 50, or
17. 8
even higher. The device allows fluid to be introduced into a second liquid in vessel in a non-
turbulent manner (Figure 3 and 4) at substantially higher rates than would otherwise be possible.
(The first and second liquids may be the same or different). In the prototype embodiment, the
distance between the parallel first and second plates was 8 inches (20 cm). L, the length of the
two plates, was 12 inches (30 cm). D the distance between opposing baffles, was 5 inches (13
cm). Liquid entered through a pipe that passes through a circular opening in the center of the first
plate. Deflection baffles were affixed to the second plate. The height of the deflection baffles, h,
was 1.5 inches (4cm). The deflection baffles were places in a less square configuration, with
spaces between adjacent baffles. The inlet pipe diameter, d, was 3 inches (8cm) and flow rates
tested varied from 0 to about 110 gallons per minute. (25m3
/hr.)
1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS AND DESIGN CONCEPTS
The following questions were set as research questions.
1) What are the operating conditions for this design and what materials are used in this design?
2) What should the CAD model look like and how should the model be optimized for Simulation?
The following basic considerations laid the groundwork for the design of the Turbulence
Reduction Device (TRD):
1) Large scale turbulent eddies created by juice introduction need to be reduced. The endpoint of
the distribution piping was fitted with a turbulence reduction device to cancel the momentum
of the liquid jet, hence reducing the scale of turbulent eddies. This effect can be observed in
Figure 4.
2) Juice overflow is collected through a series of uniformly distributed outlets at the top portion
of the clarifier. This feature maintains uniform vertical juice velocity profiles to make full use
of the cross-sectional area of the clarifier. This also minimizes any non-verticalflows within a
clarifier.
1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The model design of the device was developed using Autodesk Sim Studio Tools 2016 R3
Computer Software and the Simulation was performed using Autodesk Computational Fluid
18. 9
Dynamics (CFD) 2018. The research study was carried out within a time frame of four months as
invaluable experience has already been achieved during internship training period of the academic
year of 2016/2017. The main project areas included: creating the CAD geometry and a flow part
for the device using Autodesk Sim Studio Tools 2016 R3 β Computer Software and setting up the
model using Autodesk Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) 2018. The simulation was then run
and results were visualized.
1.7 JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY
The importance of the cane sugar clarification process has been acknowledged by cane sugar
technologists for many years. Clarification arguably influences all stages of production of raw and
refined sugar. Both computer modeling and experimental visualization have demonstrated that
most existing clarifier designs are inefficient, and are subject to large scale turbulence. These
inefficiencies lead to increased production costs, lower quality output or both. Computer-aided
simulations of the clarifiers using various CFD packages also demonstrated that the presence of
turbulent eddies were responsible for efficiency reduction. With increased demand for higher
quality sugar and continuous efforts to reduce inversion losses, the improvement in clarifier
operation was timely.
1.8 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
1) The invention employs a simple design, improves separation efficiencies, and requires only
short residence times.
2) The invention is economical to employ and it may readily be retrofitted onto the existing
clarifier.
3) Several of the devices may be placed simultaneously at different locations within a single
clarifier, thus increase efficiency further, preferably connected to a common header or input.
4) By the time the fluid leaves the interior of the device, the fluid velocity and momentum are
both very low, and turbulence is nearly or entirely eliminated.
5) The device is simple to manufacture, to operate and to clean.
6) The equipment footprint may be small.
19. 10
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
A key step in processing sugar is removing solid particles from the sugarcane juice because the
juice naturally contains dirt particles and plant residues. The clarifiers that sugarcane mills have
used for decades are expensive to operate and are inefficient. Vadim Kochergin (2009) reported
that when liquid is introduced into a clarifier, it creates a turbulent jet, and this jet prevents the
liquid from settling. Vadim Kochergin (2009) also noted that in conventional clarifiers, the liquid
typically travels horizontally outward. This horizontal movement slows throughput and creates
circular motion inside the clarifier. Vadim Kochergin (2009) stated further that the inefficiencies
of the clarifier are caused by the presence of large-scale eddies caused by horizontal flows. Vadim
Kochergin (2009) saw the need for reduction or elimination of these flows to optimize the
clarification process. A turbulence reduction device was developed to solve some of the problems
of a conventional clarifier.
Vadim Kochergin (2009) went ahead and created a working model. Vadim Kochergin (2009)
created a device consisting of two parallel plates with liquid introduction into the space between
the plates. The two plates were connected by four bars that formed a box, with four vanes to
distribute liquid sideways. Vadim Kochergin (2009) reported that the new device allowed for
reduction of the scale of turbulence within a clarification vessel by minimizing the momentum of
the liquid jets at the entry into the clarifier. Vadim Kochergin (2009) conducted a Prototype testing
using dye dispersion. Although the flow pattern improved considerably and the jetting was
reduced, certain turbulence was still observed.
Vadim Kochergin (2009), disclosed a drawing sheet that illustrated schematically the prototype
embodiment of the invention which was successfully built and tested as shown in Figure 3. The
embodiment comprised two parallel, horizontal plates 1 and 2, with a feed pipe 3 extending
vertically and perpendicularly through an opening in upper plate 1.
20. 11
Figure 3: Prototype embodiment of a TRD
Vadim Kochergin (2009) reported that the degree of turbulence was reduced substantially as lower
plate 2 changed the flow direction and dissipated the energy of an impinging liquid jet. Baffles 4
further deflected the fluid flow further dissipating energy. Spacers 5 held plates 1 and 2 in a fixed
position relative to one another. Vadim Kochergin (2009) also reported that spacers 5 also
dissipated additional energy from the fluid flow, although these effects were generally minimal
because most of the energy had been dissipated before the liquid flow encountered the spacers.
Vadim Kochergin (2009) further reported that the inlet pipe should have an opening corresponding
with the opening in the upper plate of the device. In the prototype embodiment, the distance
between the parallel first and second plates was 8 inches (20 cm). L, the length of the two plates,
was 12 inches (30 cm). D the distance between opposing baffles, was 5 inches (13 cm). Liquid
entered through a pipe that passed through a circular opening in the center of the first plate.
Deflection baffles were affixed to the second plate. The height of the deflection baffles, h, was 1.5
inches (4cm). The deflection baffles were placed in a less square configuration, with spaces
21. 12
Figure 4: CFD Simulation of the Operation of a TRD
between adjacent baffles. The inlet pipe diameter, d, was 3 inches (8cm). Vadim Kochergin (2009)
further tested flow rates which varied from 0 to about 110 gallons per minute. (25m3
/hr.)
The presence of large scale turbulence had been confirmed by multiple Computational Fluid
Dynamics (CFD) studies by South African (Peacock et al., 2000; Chetty and Davis, 2001) and
Australian (Steindl, 2001; Steindl et al., 2005) researchers. Through utilization of advanced
modelling and visualization techniques such as Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), the
inefficiencies of existent clarifiers had become even more obvious.
For visualization of flow patterns in the prototype conducted by Vadim Kochergin (2009), a CFD
modelling of such device was performed by specialists from Amalgamated Research Inc. (Twin
Falls, ID, USA, 2010) as shown in Figure 4. Contrary to the expectations, liquid was not reversed
by a deflection plate, and the area between the plates was not utilized completely by the flow.
Instead, the flow was βhuggingβ the bottom plate, and the velocity of liquid leaving the plate was
even higher than that in the core of the flow. However, a certain amount of turbulence reduction
was achieved.
22. 13
After several design iterations, the internal construction was modified to achieve almost
complete turbulence reduction. In the final version, the jet flow was reversed several times
after leaving the volume encased between the parallel plates. No additional CFD modelling was
carried out to optimize the elements of internal construction.
The results appeared satisfactory, and the project effort was then redirected towards industrial
implementation. A provisional patent application was filed for a turbulence reduction device
(TRD) (Kochergin and Gaudet, 2009).
Prior work by the inventors had also been presented as Chetty S and Davis SB (2001). Chetty S
and Davis SB (2001) disclosed a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modelling progress of a
Rapidor-444 Clarifier. Chetty S and Davis SB (2001) reported the use of a single-point feed system
to produce a constant velocity in the feed launder, and a uniform distribution of feed around the
circumference of the feed well. Chetty S and Davis SB (2001) also claimed that the apparatus for
reducing the turbulence was associated with flow of a first liquid, from a pipe or hose and into a
second liquid within a vessel; wherein said apparatus was adapted to be submerged within the
second liquid; the first and second liquids were either the same or different and comprised of:
a) First and second rigid plates, wherein said first and second plates were about the same size and
shape, except that the first plate incorporated a central hole through which a pipe or hose may
pass, so that the pipe or hose was positioned to discharge the first liquid into the space between
said first and second plates.
b) One or more spacers, wherein each said spacer was attached to both the first plate and to the
second plate, wherein said spacers held the first and second plates in a fixed position relative
to one another and parallel to one another.
c) At least four baffles were rigidly affixed to the second plate; wherein said baffles were
positioned symmetrically relative to the axis that passed through the center of the hole in the
first plate and that is also perpendicular to both said plates; and wherein spaces are present
between adjacent baffles to allow some liquid to pass between adjacent baffles;
C. Gaudet, M. Robert and S. Bergeron (2000), also discovered a novel device for substantially
reducing the momentum, velocity or both of a first liquid flowing into a second liquid.
23. 14
Figure 5: 3D CAD Geometry using Auto
Desk SimStudio tools 2016
CHAPTER THREE
MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 THE CAD MODEL GEOMETERY DESIGN PROCEDURE:
The 3D CAD geometry and flow part flow parts for the device was created using Autodesk
SimStudio Tools 2016 R3. The basis for each part of the CAD geometry design procedure for the
turbulence reduction device (TRD) was based on the provisional patent application filed for a
turbulence reduction device and references cited by Vadim Kochergin and Gaudet, (2009).
The distance between the parallel, horizontal plates 1 and 2 was 50mm and the length of the two
plates was 60mm. The width of the two plates was 45mm. The two plates were held by spacers to
form the shape of a box. Liquid entered through a feed pipe that passed through a circular opening
in the center of the first plate. Liquid that was deflected by the second plate was directed into a
larger rectangular conduit whose area was twice the area formed by the plates 1 and 2 shown in
Figure 5. The inlet pipe diameter, d, was 30 mm.
Cane Juice Feed Pipe
Horizontal plates 1 and 2
24. 15
Figure 6: Internal Rectangular Conduit
with Four Equally sized adjacent holes
Liquid was deflected into the larger rectangular conduit affixed with 4 adjacent holes so that
overflow is collected through a series of uniformly distributed outlets at the top portion. This
feature maintained uniform vertical liquid velocity profiles to make full use of the cross-sectional
area of the larger rectangular conduit which further reduced the momentum and velocity of the
liquid. This also minimized any non-vertical flows within the model device shown in Figure 6.
Outer Cylindrical conduit
Equally sized adjacent holes
Liquid finally passed through an outer circular conduit whose diameter was 5 times, the diameter
of the inlet feed pipe at the bottom of the circular conduit with a velocity even lower than the
velocity in the core of the flow. The outer cylindrical conduit was also to allow for uniform
distribution of liquid into the clarifier vessel.
The 3D CAD model geometry was designed to follow a similar flow pattern cited by Vadim
Kochergin (2009), conducted in the prototype embodiment as shown in Figure 7.
25. 16
Figure 7: TRD fluid flow pattern
Table 1: Specifications of the CAD Geometry Design
diameter of Cane juice feed pipe: 30 mm
Area of Cane Juice Feed Pipe: 7799mm2
Loop length of Feed Pipe 200 mm
Length of Inner Plates 1 and 2 60mm
Width of Inner Plates 1 and 2 45mm
Plates thickness (all) 5mm
Area of Inner rectangular conduit: 6500mm2
Diameter of the Outer Cylindrical conduit 150mm
Loop length of the Outer Cylindrical conduit 1000mm
26. 17
A Computational Fluid Dynamics Assessment Tool of the created 3D CAD model before
simulation is shown in Figure 8.
Figure 8: CFD Assessment Tool of the 3D CAD model
27. 18
3.2 SETTING UP THE MODEL USING AUTODESK COMPUTATIONAL FLUID
DYNAMICS (CFD) 2018- COMPUTER SOFTWARE
The 3D model was transferred from Autodesk SimStudio Tools 2016 R3 and then launched using
Autodesk CFD 2018. The Setup tasks all followed a similar workflow. The setup tasks from either
the Setup tab or from the Design Study bar were used:
The following steps were taken to select and define settings with the Ribbon:
1. Left clicking on the model entity (surface or part).
2. Clicking Edit on the context panel.
3. Specifying settings in the quick edit dialog.
The following steps were taken to select and define close to the model:
1. Left clicking on the model entity (surface or part).
2. Clicking the Edit button on the context toolbar.
3. Specifying settings in the quick edit dialog.
The following steps were taken to select and modify the model from the Design Study bar:
1. Right clicking on the model entity or existing setting in the Design Study bar.
2. Clicking the Edit button.
3. Specifying settings in the quick edit dialog.
Setting up the model involved also specifying what was known about the device or system. This
included the following:
1) Assigning the materials for all the surfaces and volume of the device.
2) Setting the boundary conditions (inlets and outlet conditions for all the flow parts).
3) Defining the Mesh.
28. 19
Figure 9: Assigned Materials for the Model
3.2.1 ASSIGNING THE MATERIALS
Assigning Fluid and solid materials was done using the Materials dialogue from the setup tab of
CFD Software. The internal and external parts and all surfaces of the device were assigned a solid
type of Stainless steel ABS 316. The volume of the system was assigned a fluid type of Cane Juice.
The color legend and tools tab were used to check for each material assignment and also verify
each assigned part as shown in Figure 9.
29. 20
3.2.2 SETTING THE BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
Boundary conditions such as volumetric flow rate, pressure, and temperature were assigned to
openings and other specific locations, which defined the inputs of the simulation model. Assigning
the boundary conditions allowed to specify internal heat loading, such as heat dissipation. Some
conditions, like velocity and volumetric flow rate, defined how a fluid entered or left the model.
Other conditions, like film coefficient and heat flux, defined the interchange of energy between
the model and its surroundings. Most boundary conditions were either defined as either steady-
state or transient. Steady-state boundary conditions were used and persisted throughout the
simulation. Flow of fluid and heat energy entered and left the model at specified locations. External
surfaces that had no boundary conditions were considered adiabatic walls.
The following parameters were used to assign the boundary conditions for the 3D model.
Table 2: Parameter values for the model:
Parameter Value:
Density of Cane Juice: 1200 Kg/cm2
Operating Temperature: 105Β°C
Volumetric flow rate: 170m3
/hr.
Viscosity: 0.0403 Pa.s
1. The velocity of flow was calculated from the formula:
Volumetric flow rate = Cross sectional area x Fluid Velocity.
2. Reynolds number was calculated using the formula:
πππππ π ππππππ Γ πππππ π½πππππππ Γ π°πππππππ ππππ π πππππππ
π½πππππππ
π π =
π Γ π Γ π
π
30. 21
Figure 10: Boundary Conditions for External Surfaces of the Model
The Boundary Condition task was enabled from the Design Study bar: Left clicking on the model
entity (surface or part) and clicking the Edit button on the context toolbar was performed. The
settings in the Boundary Conditions quick edit dialog were specified. The type of condition and
units were set including the time variation (Steady State or Transient). Condition-specific settings
such as Normal for Velocity and Gage for Pressure were applied. The flow direction for velocity,
volume or mass flow rate were changed. The values were specified and then applied.
31. 22
Figure 11: Boundary Conditions for Internal Surfaces of the Model
Volume Flow Rate It was Applied to planar inlets and was very useful as the density of juice is constant.
Pressure The Pressure boundary condition was typically used as an outlet condition. The
recommended (and most convenient) outlet condition was static, gage pressure with a
value of 0. No other conditions were needed at an outlet.
Velocity The Velocity was typically used as an inlet boundary condition. It was specified as
normal to the selected surface. It was also applied to outlet as the direction was
defined as out of the model.
32. 23
Figure 12: Displayed Auto-sized mesh
3.2.3 DEFINING THE MESH
The mesh was applied using the Mesh sizing dialogue from the setup tab of Autodesk CFD
Software. Because we are only studying the fluid flow within the vessel, all parts of the model
were suppressed and the ones needed were later resumed. Auto size tab was used to define the
mesh distribution. The mesh size branch was then used to create the mesh.
33. 24
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 RESULTS
The Solve task was used to specify the type of analysis to run. The solve tab was clicked to open
the Solve dialog. Conditions and solution parameters were then defined on the Physics Tab shown
in Figure 13.
Figure 13: Solve dialog
The default settings defined an incompressible, turbulent flow analysis, with no heat transfer. The
analysis was then started by clicking the Solve button. The Control Tab was then used to define
how the analysis should run.
The Solution Mode was set to Steady state and the Save Intervals for Results were also set. The
Solver Computer was then selected. (The local computer was the default) and the number of
Iterations to Run was entered. The analysis was then started by clicking the Solve button. 100
iterations were generally sufficient for approaching convergence.
34. 25
Table 3: Physics Settings
Flow On
Compressibility Incompressible
Heat Transfer On
Auto Forced Convection On
Gravity Components 0.0, 0.0, 0.0
Radiation Off
Scalar No scalar
Turbulence On
Table 4: Solver Settings
Solution mode Steady State
Solver computer My Computer
Intelligent solution control On
Advection scheme ADV 5
Turbulence model k-epsilon
Table 5: Convergence Settings
Iterations run 100
Solve time 1528 seconds
Solver version 18.0.20170328
Table 6: Mesh enhancement Settings
Mesh enhancement 1
Enhancement blending 0
Number of layers 3
Layer factor 0.45
Layer gradation 1.05
Table 7: Mesh Enhancement Settings
Mesh enhancement 1
Enhancement blending 0
Number of layers 3
Layer factor 0.45
Layer gradation 1.05
35. 26
Figure 14: Displayed Shaded Mesh of the 3D Model
A display of the Model after Simulation with the mesh shaded is shown in Figure 14.
Table 8: Meshed Model Settings
Number of Nodes 165819
Number of Elements 564010
36. 27
Figure 15: 3Dimensional View of Flow at Planes
A display of the 3Dimensional View of Flow within the model along planes after Simulation is
shown in Figure 15.
37. 28
Table 9: Simulation Results at Inlet and Outlet
Inlet at the Cane Juice Feed Pipe: inlet bulk pressure 0.0 dyne/cm^2
inlet bulk temperature 105.0 C
inlet mach number 0.0
mass flow in 61204.9 g/s
minimum x,y,z of opening 0.0
node near minimum x,y,z of
opening
39110.0
Reynolds number 1450
surface id 75.0
volume flow in 7650.61 cm^3/s
Outlet at the Outer Cylindrical
Conduit:
inlet bulk pressure 0.0 dyne/cm^2
Outlet bulk temperature 100.0 C
mass flow out 106973.0 g/s
minimum x,y,z of opening 0.0
node near minimum x,y,z of
opening
33326.0
Reynolds number 1251
surface id 54.0
volume flow in 13371.6 cm^3/s
Table 10: Plane Results
Result Quantity Turbulence Reduction Device:
Fluid Flow
Area 611510791.3669064 mm2
Mass Flow -27073.1835938
Volume Flow -27122.0605469
Vx-Velocity -98844.0 cm/s
Vy-Velocity -4666.51 cm/s
Vz-Velocity 54367.8 cm/s
Density 0.998202
Pressure 1.81084e+17
Pressure Force 4.9688004201e+16
Temperature 100.0 C
Viscosity 0.0403 Pa.s
The configured area along the planes of the model in Table 10 and parameters in Table 2 were
used to calculate the Reynolds number (Re) at the Outlet of the Circular Conduit
38. 29
π π =
πΓπΓπ
π
β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦ Equation 1
π = π Γ π΄ β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦.. Equation 2
Area from Table 10 = 611510791.3669 mm2
= 611.5107913669 m2
Volumetric flow rate from Table 2 (q) = 170m3
/hr.
Using Equation 2: 170
π3
βπ
= π Γ 611.5107913669 π2
π = 0.2780
π
βπ
Using Equation 1: π π =
1200Γ0.2780Γ0.15
0.04
π π = 1251
4.2 DISCUSSION
Velocity vectors at the openings were displayed and the appearance was changed to wire frame
after which global velocity vectors were enabled. Planes were used to create a three dimensional
view of the flow shown in Figure 13 which graphically presented results on cross-sections.
For visualization of the flow patterns shown in Figure 13, the orange regions along the planes of
the inlet pipe to the bottom plate showed a high velocity magnitude (1450 Reynolds number)
through the device compared to the yellow and green regions at the planes of the outer rectangular
conduit that showed a reduced velocity magnitude through the device. The blue regions along the
planes of the outer circular conduit show a completely reduced velocity magnitude (1251 Reynolds
number) out of the device. A certain amount of turbulence reduction was achieved.
39. 30
Because the pressure was 0 at the outlet, the pressure at the inlet was the overall pressure drop. No
pressure was expected to build up within the device. The temperature within the vessel remained
constant with only a slight drop of 2-3 within the vessel.
The calculated value of Reynolds Number (Re) at the outer cylindrical Conduit described the flow
of fluid as laminar, moving with moderate speed and with fluid layers moving parallel to each
other as shown by the blue regions at the planes in Figure 13.
The Reynolds number was reduced from 1450 at the inlet of the cane juice feed pipe to 1251 at
the outer cylindrical conduit which indicated that the turbulence was significantly reduced and the
distribution of the flow was uniform.
The Autodesk CFD analysis was made up of multiple iterations and the convergence of each
degree of freedom was plotted on the convergence monitor. Numerous iterations were required to
attain full convergence shown in Figure 16. The number varied based on the application and
physics. Convergence was determined automatically which assessed the progress of the solution
and stopped the analysis when it satisfied certain numerical criteria. Autodesk CFD constantly
examined small and large frequency changes throughout the solution field and evaluated the local
and global fluctuations of each degree of freedom. After several design iterations, No additional
CFD modelling was carried out as the simulated results appeared satisfactory.
41. 32
CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 CONCLUSION
In this study, a model of device for substantially reducing the momentum and velocity of a first
liquid that is flowing into a second liquid specifically for sugar application was successfully
developed. The device allowed one to substantially reduce or even eliminate large scale turbulent
eddies that could be produced by liquid flowing into or within a vessel. The device constitutes of
a simple design, improves separation efficiencies and requires only short residence times. A
complete CFD simulation on a 3D model of a TRD was conducted. Views that are interesting and
useful were created. The TRD technology opened the possibility of achieving very short residence
times (40 minutes or less), which was attractive for cane juice clarification application.
5.2 RECOMMENDATIONS
I recommend this designed model to the Sugar Corporation Of Uganda Limited to use the design,
fabricate the device and make it readily retrofitted onto the existing clarifier. The device is simple
to manufacture, operate and its performance can be tested if implemented.
CFD modelling of the turbulence reduction devices (TRD) should also be continued to optimize
the proportions as a function of juice flowrate and the geometric dimensions of TRDs. Physical
testing of prototypes and evaluation of CFD modelling adequacy would be of interest in future.
CFD modelling of the entire clarifier should also be performed to optimize the number and position
of TRDs in the clarifier.
42. 33
REFERENCES
1. Chetty S and Davis SB (2001). CFD modelling of a Rapidorr 444 Clarifier: Recent
progress. Proc S Afr Sug Technol Ass 75: 298-301.
2. Echeverri LF (2005). Analysis of flow in clarifiers. PhD Thesis, Audubon Sugar Institute,
Louisiana State University, USA.
3. Kochergin V and Gaudet C (2009). Turbulence reduction device. (Patent pending)
4. Peacock SD, Davis SB, Govender KA, Moodley K and Brouckaert CJ (2000).
Computational fluid dynamics modelling of a Rapidorr 444 clarifier. Proc S Afr Sug
Technol Ass 74: 348-353.
5. Rein P (2007). Cane Sugar Engineering. Verlag Dr Albert Bartens, Berlin, Germany. 496
pp.
6. Steindl RJ (2001). Development of new generation SRI clarifier design. Proc Aust Sug
Cane Technol 20: 477-483.
7. Steindl, R, Fernandes M and de la Riva G (2005). New generation SRI juice clarifiers:
Brazilian experience. Int Sug J 107(1273): 47-52.
8. Svarovsky L (1990). Solid-liquid Separation. Third edition, Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd.
van der Pol PW, Schiweck H and Schwartz T (1998). Sugar Technology. Verlag Dr Albert
Bartens, Berlin, Germany.
9. ASCL, βThe Louisiana Sugar Industry,β American Sugar Cane League, 2011.
http://www.amscl.org/public_html/SugarIndustry.pdf.
10. P. Rein, Cane sugar engineering, 1st ed. Berlin: Bartens, 2007.
11. E. Hugot, Handbook of Cane Sugar Engineering, 3rd ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1986,
p.771.
12. J. C. P. Chen, Cane Sugar Handbook, 11th Ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1985.
13. W. Doherty and L. A. Edye, βAn Overview on the Chemistry of Clarification of Cane
Sugar Juice,β Proc. Aust. Soc. Sugar Cane Technol., vol. 21, pp. 381β388, 1999.
14. E. J. Buchanan, W. S. Graham, L. M. S. A. Jullienne, and M. Matic, βThe Mutual
Clarification Project Progress Report No. 1,β Proc. S. Afr. Sugar Technol. Assoc., no. June,
pp. 190β198, 1969.
15. V. Kochergin and C. Gaudet, βLLT Clarifier Optimization and Performance,β American
Society of Sugar Cane Technologist, vol. 31, p. 75, 2011.
43. 34
APPENDIX A
WORK PLAN
MONTH ACTIVITY PROCEDURES
JANUARY The Basics: Getting
started using Autodesk
CFD 2018
1) What is Autodesk CFD?
2) Recommended Solution Strategy
3) Important Resources
4) CAD Modeling
5) CAD Connection and Basic Model Interactions
6) The Autodesk CFD Interface
FEBRUARY Setup: Describing the
Problem and Solving
1) Geometry Branch and Tools
2) Assigning Materials and Devices
3) Assign Materials to the 3D model
4) Assigning Boundary Conditions
5) Defining the Mesh
6) Solving
MARCH Results: Gathering
Data and Making
Conclusions
1) Assessing Convergence
2) Controlling Global Results and Measuring Part
Temperatures.
3) Using Planes to Understand the Results and
Explore Results with Planes and XY Plots
4) Explore Results at Specific Points and Explore
the Results with Iso Surfaces
5) Using the Decision Center to Make
Conclusions
6) Use the Decision Center to Assess Results
APRIL Analysis and
Discussion of Results
Drawing Conclusions and Discussing the Results.
MAY Presentation and
Report Writing
Getting in touch with my Project supervisor for
guidance and suggestions before presentation.