Density of high-density polyethylene pipe

1. TO STUDY DENSITY, MFI, CBC OF HDPE PIPES
AT DIFFERENT CONDITIONS AND DIFFERENT
PARAMETERES
Under the guided by: Dr. Swarnalatha
Sahoo
Present by: Spreya nayak
Ashish kumar Samal

2. CONTENT
Abstract
Introduction
Literature review
Objective of the work
Material
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3. ABSTRACT
High-density polyethylene (HDPE) pipes are widely used in various applications, including potable water
distribution, gas transmission, and wastewater collection.
 The performance of HDPE pipes is significantly influenced by their density, melt flow index (MFI), and
carbon black content. This study investigates the effects of these parameters on the properties of HDPE
pipes under different conditions and using various test methods.
 The study begins by examining the relationship between density and MFI. It is found that density
increases with decreasing MFI, indicating a more compact and less flexible material. Next, the influence
of carbon black content on various properties is explored.
 Next, the influence of carbon black content on various properties is explored. Carbon black is added to
HDPE pipes to enhance their UV resistance and electrical conductivity.
 However, excessive carbon black can lead to decreased impact resistance and increased brittleness The
study further evaluates the impact of different conditioning environments on the properties of HDPE
pipes.
 It is observed that exposure to elevated temperatures and harsh chemicals can significantly alter the
performance of these pipes.
 The study also investigates the effects of various loading conditions, such as internal pressure and
external stress, on the behavior of HDPE pipes.
 The findings of this study provide valuable insights into the behavior of HDPE pipes under different
conditions and with varying parameters. The information gained is crucial for optimizing the design and
performance of HDPE pipes in various applications.
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4. on
High-density polyethylene (HDPE) is a thermoplastic polymer known for its excellent properties, including high
strength, chemical resistance, and environmental stress-cracking resistance. The objective of this study is to
investigate the relationship between density, MFI, and carbon black content of HDPE pipes under different
processing conditions and parameters.
 The study will also aim to determine the optimal processing conditions for producing HDPE pipes with
desired mechanical properties and performance characteristics.
1.1.Background of HDPE pipes:
 High-density polyethylene (HDPE) pipe is a type of flexible plastic pipe used for the transfer of fluids and
gases. It is a widely used material due to its numerous advantages over traditional materials like metal and
concrete.
 HDPE pipe is constructed from the thermoplastic HDPE (high-density polyethylene), a petroleum-based
resin with a high density and strong molecular bonds. This combination of properties makes HDPE pipe
highly durable, resistant to corrosion and chemicals, and capable of handling high pressures.
1.2.History of HDPE pipes:
In the late 1950s, solid-wall HDPE pipe began replacing metal pipe in oil and gas gathering systems. By the
early 1960s, gas utilities started adopting HDPE pipe to replace aging iron pipes due to its superior
performance and cost-effectiveness. Today, HDPE pipe accounts for over 95% of all new gas distribution
systems.
1.3.Why HDPE is different from other Polyethylene:
 High-density polyethylene (HDPE) is a type of polyethylene that is characterized by its high density and
strong molecular bonds. This makes HDPE a very strong durable material that is resistant to chemicals
,corrosion, and impact.

5. TABLE
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6. LITERATURE REVIEW
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Literature Review There have been numerous studies on HDPE properties, manufacturing, and
applications. Some of the most relevant studies include:
3.1.Properties of HDPE pipes:
3.1.1.Thermal Properties-(Reference-Ömer Bilgin, Harry E Stewart, Thomas D O’Rourke)
a) Melting Point: The melting point of PE is around 130-135°C (266-275°F). This means that PE pipes can
withstand high temperatures without softening and deforming.
b) Heat Distortion Temperature (HDT): The HDT is the temperature at which a PE pipe will sag under a
specified load. The HDT of PE pipes is around 95-105°C (203-221°F). This means that PE pipes can be
used in hot water and gas applications without deforming.
c) Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (CTE): The CTE is a measure of how much a material will expand or
contract when its temperature changes. The CTE of PE is around 0.0002 cm/cm/°C (0.0001 in/in/°F).
This means that PE pipes will not expand or contract significantly with changes in temperature.
3.1.2.Mechanical Properties: (N. Merah*, F. Saghir, Z. Khan and A. Bazoune)
a) Tensile Strength: The tensile strength of PE is around 30-35 MPa (4300-5000 psi). This means that PE
pipes can withstand high tensile loads without breaking.
b) b)Impact Resistance: PE is very impact resistant, meaning that it can withstand sudden and sharp
impacts without breaking. This makes PE pipes suitable for use in underground and other applications
where they may be subjected to impact damage.
c) Creep Resistance: Creep is the tendency of a material to deform slowly under a constant load. PE has
good creep resistance, meaning that it will not deform significantly over time under a constant load.
d) Flexibility: PE is a flexible material, meaning that it can be bent and shaped without breaking. This
makes PE pipes easy to install and repair.

7. LITRETURE REVIEW
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3.2 Application of HDPE pipes:
3.2.1 F00D PACKAGING INDUSTRIES
(REF:https://doi.org/10.1177/2041247920952641)HDPE commonly
used in food packaging for juice & milk bottles, chocolate syrup
containers & in grocery bags. HDPE is a good choice for food
packaging because it has a number of advantages. DURABILITYHDPE
is a strong impact-resistance material, making it ideal for packaging.
LIGHTWEIGHT-HDPE is a lightweight material, which helps to reduce
transportation cost. RECYCLABLE-HDPE is a recyclable material,
which helps to reduce waste & environmental impact.
3.2.2.EARTH PRESSURE MEASUREMENTS ON BURIED HDPE
PIPE:[REF : https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.8.p.048]Earth pressure
measurements on buried HDPE pipe are important for ensuring the
safety & durability of the pipe. The earth pressure can cause the pipe to
deform & rupture. The waterways of measuring earth pressure by
PIEZOMETER.
3.2.3.APPLICATION OF HDPE AT SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT
:REF:http://doi.org/10.1016/5-0266-1144 (97)10009-7
HDPE IS USE IN SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANTS BECAUSE ITS
RESISTANT TO CORROSION & CHEMICAL & ITS ALSO LIGHT
WEIGHT.THE APPLICATION OF HDPE AT SEWAGE TREATMENT
PLANT ARE Sewage pipes, Aeration tanks, Digester tanks

8. LITRETURE REVIEW
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3.2.4.HDPE PLASTICS NET PENS USED IN MARINE
AQUACULTURE:REFERENCE :
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneg.2007.04.007The HDPE plastic net
pens are used to raise a variety of fish & shellfish species.Finite
element modelling is a powerful tool for predicting the structural
behaviour of complex systems. its particularly well-suited for
modelling net pen flotation structure, which are made of high density
polyethylene (HDPE) & Have complex Geometrics.
3.2.5.HDPE PIPE IN HIGHWAY
APPLICATION:REF:http://publication.iowcl.gov/icl/eprint/19677HDPE
pipes uses in highway application because its strong , durable,
corrosion resistance, easy available & cost effective.APPLICATIONS
OF HDPE PIPES ON HIGHWAYS-Stormwater culverts.-Highway
sound barriers-Pedestrain under pass-Drainage pipe
3.2.5.HDPE PIPE IN HIGHWAY
APPLICATION:REF:http://publication.iowcl.gov/icl/eprint/19677HDPE
pipes uses in highway application because its strong , durable,
corrosion resistance, easy available & cost effective.APPLICATIONS
OF HDPE PIPES ON HIGHWAYS-Stormwater culverts.-Highway
sound barriers-Pedestrain under pass-Drainage pipe 3.3.6HDPE
PIPE FOR POWER GENERATION:HDPE cooling water pipe for
power generationNuclear power plantsCoal-fired power plantsGas
fired power plants REFERENCE : https://doi.org110.1115/POWER

9. OBJECTIVE OF THE WORK
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The objective of the study of density, MFI, and carbon black content of
HDPE pipes at different conditions and parameters is to investigate the
relationship between these properties and the performance of HDPE
pipes under various conditions.4.1HDPE pipes density under different
conditions and parameters:
1.2.1. Effect of temperature on density of HDPE pipes: The density
of HDPE pipes varies slightly with temperature. At room temperature
(20°C), the density of HDPE is typically between 0.945 and 0.955
g/cm³.The following table shows the density of HDPE pipes at different
Temperature.
The difference in density between 20°C and 70°C is only about 0.015
g/cm³, which is relatively small. However, this difference can be
important for some applications. For example, HDPE pipes that are
used in hot water systems need to be able to withstand the higher
temperatures without expanding or collapsing. As a result, the pipes are
typically made from HDPE with a higher MFI, which has a lower
density. This allows the pipes to expand more easily without becoming
too weak.

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4.3.HDPE pipes MFI Test under different conditions and parameters:
The melt flow index (MFI) of HDPE pipes can be affected by various conditions and parameters, including
temperature, load, molecular weight, carbon black content, and processing conditions.
4.3.1.Effect of Temperature on MFI Test:
Temperature plays a significant role in influencing the MFI of HDPE pipes. An increase in temperature enhances the
mobility of polymer chains, facilitating easier flow and resulting in a higher MFI. Conversely, a decrease in temperature
reduces the mobility of polymer chains, leading to a lower MFI. For Example;Consider two HDPE pipes tested at
different temperatures.
4.3.2.Effect of Load on MFI Test:
The application of load during the MFI test can also affect the flow behavior of HDPE pipes. Increased load aligns
polymer chains more closely, hindering their movement and reducing the MFI. Conversely, reduced load allows for
greater chain mobility, leading to a higher MFI.Example:Consider two HDPE pipes tested under different loading
conditions:Pipe C tested with 2.5 kg load: MFI = 15 g/10 minPipe D tested with 5 kg load: MFI = 13 g/10 minAs evident
from the example, Pipe C exhibits a higher MFI due to the lower applied load, indicating a higher flow rate and greater
ease of processing under less demanding conditions.
4.3.3Effect of Molecular Weight on MFI Test:
The molecular weight of HDPE also influences the MFI test. Higher molecular weight HDPE have longer polymer
chains, which are more resistant to deformation and flow less readily, resulting in a lower MFI. Conversely, lower
molecular weight HDPE have shorter polymer chains, which flow more easily, leading to a higher
MFI.Example:Consider two HDPE pipes with different molecular weights:Pipe E with a molecular weight of 100,000
g/mol: MFI = 8 g/10 minPipe F with a molecular weight of 50,000 g/mol: MFI = 12 g/10 minAs evident from the
example, Pipe F exhibits a higher MFI due to its lower molecular weight, indicating a higher flow rate and greater ease
of processing.
4.4.HDPE pipes CBC Test under different conditions and parameters:

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5.Materials And methodology:
Analyzing the density, MFI, and carbon black content of HDPE pipes requires careful experimental setup and control
of various conditions to obtain accurate and reproducible results. Here's a detailed explanation of the experimental
setup and conditions.
5.1.Specimen Preparation:-
Preparing standard specimens of HDPE pipes involves cutting and machining the pipes to specific dimensions and
tolerances. The standard specimen dimensions are typically defined by the relevant ASTM or ISO
standards.Equipment:a)Band saw or hacksawb)Milling machine or lathec)Micrometer or Vernier caliperd)Sandpaper
or abrasive cloth Procedure:
Cutting:
a. Cut a section of HDPE pipe long enough to accommodate the required specimen length.
b. b. Ensure the cut is perpendicular to the pipe axis.
c. c. Use a band saw or hacksaw for larger pipes or a hand saw for smaller pipes.
Facing:
a. Secure the pipe section in a milling machine or lathe.
b. Face the ends of the pipe section to create smooth, parallel surfaces.
c. Ensure the facing operation removes any burrs or irregularities.

12. dimensioning:
a. measure the diameter and wall thickness of the pipe section using a micrometer or vernier caliper.
b. compare the measured dimensions to the specified tolerances in the relevant astm or iso standard.
c. if necessary, machine the pipe section to achieve the required dimensions and tolerances.
Finishing:
a. Smooth the surface of the specimen using sandpaper or abrasive cloth.
b. Remove any scratches or imperfections that could affect the test results.
storage:
a. store the prepared specimens in a clean, dry environment.
b. protect the specimens from damage or contamination.
CBC Test of HDPE Pipe:
Materials:
1.HDPE pipe samples
2.Distilled water
3.Acetone
4.Desiccant
Equipment:
1.Muffle furnace
2.Crucibles
3.Analytical balance
4.Desiccator
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Density test of HDPE Pipe:
1.HDPE pipe sample
2.Distilled water
3.Sinker
4.Wire
Equipment:
1.Analytical balance
2.Measuring cylinder
3.Constant temperature water bath
4.Calculator
MFI test of HDPE Pipe:
Materials:
1.HDPE pipe sample
2.cleaning solution
3. Drying materials
Equipment:
1.Melt flow index (MFI) tester
2.Temperature controller
3.Timer
4.Weight set
5.Scissors or sample cutter
6.Balance

14. THANK YOU
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