The document discusses different types of elasticity of demand including price elasticity, income elasticity, cross elasticity, substitution elasticity, and advertising elasticity. It defines each type and provides formulas for measuring elasticity. Some key points include: - Price elasticity measures the responsiveness of demand to a change in price. It can be perfectly elastic, unitary, or perfectly inelastic. - Income elasticity indicates whether a good is a necessity or luxury based on whether demand increases or decreases with income. - Cross elasticity captures the relationship between the demand for one good and the price of another good, such as substitutes or complements. - Substitution elasticity measures how easily consumers can substitute one

1. Presentation On ELASTICITY OF DEMAND

2. Prepared By Vyas Harshal

3. Definition Of Price Elasticity Of Demand The change in the quantity demanded of a product due to a change in its price is known as Price elasticity of demand. Thus, the sensitiveness or responsiveness of demand to change in price is as called elasticity of demand

4. Kinds Of Price Elasticity Of Demand Perfectly elastic demand Relatively elastic demand Elasticity of demand equal to utility Relatively inelastic demand Perfectly inelastic demand Let Us See Some Views On Them

5. Perfectly elastic demand P R I C E y 0 x Perfectly elastic demand curve D D When the demand for a product changes –increases or decreases even when there is no change in price, it is known as perfect elastic demand.

6. Relatively elastic demand Relatively elastic demand curve P R I C E demand 0 x y D D When the proportionate change in demand is more than the proportionate changes in price, it is known as relatively elastic demand .

7. Elasticity of demand equal to utility Elasticity of demand equal to utility curve y x 0 demand P R I C E D D When the proportionate change in demand is equal to proportionate changes in price, it is known as unitary elastic demand

8. Relatively inelastic demand Relatively inelastic demand curve X O Y demand D D P R I C E When the proportionate change in demand is less than the proportionate changes in price, it is known as relatively inelastic demand

9. Perfectly inelastic demand demand D D Perfectly inelastic demand curve 0 Y X P R I C E When a change in price, howsover large, change no changes in quality demand, it is known as perfectly inelastic demand

10. ALL KINDS OF DEMAND CAN BE SHOWN IN ONE DIAGRAM AS FOLLOW D D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 Y X 0 DEMAND P R I C E WHERE D1) Perfectly elastic demand D2)Relatively elastic demand D3)Elasticity of demand equal to utility D4)Relatively inelastic demand D5)Perfectly inelastic demand

11. Measurement Of Price Elasticity Of Demand There are main methods like Percentage method or proportionate method Total outlay method or total revenue method Geometric method or point method Arc elasticity of demand

12. 1 Percentage method or proportionate method Price elasticity of demand is measured by a ratio between the proportionate change in the quantity of a product demanded as a result of a proportionate change in its price Formula for calculate this is given further as following

13. Percentage method or proportionate method Price elasticity of demand = Proportionate change in demand for x Proportionate change in Price for x OR _____ qx Qx / _____ px Px Here, qx = change in the quantity of x demanded Qx = original quantity of x demanded px = change in the price of x Px = original price of x

14. Total outlay method or total revenue method Total outlay means total expenditure and since total expenditure of consumers on a product implies total receipts or total revenue of sellers, it is known as total revenue method. It will be clear with following table price quantity Total outlay Price elasticity 1 5 100 500 Elasticity of demand is greater than 1(e>1) 4 130 520 2 5 100 500 Elasticity of demand is less than 1(e<1) 4 120 480 3 5 100 500 Elasticity of demand is equal than 1(e=1) 4 125 500

15. Total outlay method or total revenue method This can be shown in graph as given 0 y x Total outlay Q1 Q2 Q3 p1 p2 p3 p4 P R I C e E<1 E=1 E>1

16. Geometric method or point method This method attempts to measure numerical elasticity of demand at a particular point on the demand curve Price elasticity can be measure by following method Price elasticity of demand = Lower segment of the demand curve upper segment of the demand curve

17. Geometric method or point method It can be shown in graph as following a b c d d 0 x y e=1 e= 8 e>1 e<1 e=0

18. Arc elasticity of demand It is the use of middle points between old and new figures in the case of both price and quantity. This method is known as arc elasticity method We can measure it with formula as given

19. Arc elasticity of demand WHERE, Q1 = original quantity demanded Q2 = new quantity demanded p1 = original price p1 = new price Price elasticity of demand = / Q1-Q2 Q1+Q2 P1-P2 P1+P2

20. (5) Factors Affecting Price Elasticity Of Demand

21. Factors Affecting Price Elasticity Of Demand Nature of the Commodity Availability of Substitutes Variety of uses of commodity Postponement Influence of habits Proportion of Income spent on a commodity Range of prices

22. Factors Affecting Price Elasticity Of Demand Income Groups Elements of time Pattern of income distribu tion

23. (6) Practical Importance of the Concept of Price Elasticity Of Demand

24. Practical Importance of the Concept of Price Elasticity Of Demand The concept is helpful in taking Business Decisions Importance of the concept in formatting Tax Policy of the government For determining the rewards of the Factors of Production To determine the Terms of Trades Between the Two Countries

25. Practical Importance of the Concept of Price Elasticity Of Demand Determination of Rates of Foreign Exchange For Nationalization of Certain Industries In economic Analysis ,the concept of price elasticity of demand helps in explaining the irony of poverty in the midst of plenty.

26. (7) Income Elasticity Of Demand

27. Types Of Income Elasticity Of Demand Positive Income elasticity of demand Negative Income elasticity of demand Zero Income elasticity of demand

28. Positive Income elasticity of demand Y P A D D B S O X Quantity Demanded Income

29. Positive Income elasticity of demand Income Elasticity Equal to Unity or One Income Elasticity Greater Than Unity Or One Income Elasticity Less Than Unity or One

30. Negative Income elasticity of demand Price P B A S Total Revenue Quantity Demanded (000s)

31. Zero Income elasticity of demand Y X O D D Quantity Demanded Income

32. All Income Graphs Representation O Y Income A B C D E F X Quantity Demanded

33. Measurement Of Income Elasticity Of Demand Income Elasticity Of Demand = Proportionate change in Demand Proportionate change in Income i.e. Income Elasticity Of Demand = ∆ q Q Y ∆ y +

34. Measurement Of Income Elasticity Of Demand Here , ∆q = Change in the quantity demanded. Q = Original quantity demanded. ∆ y = Change in income. Y = Original income. For e.g. ,when Income of the consumer = 2,500/- , he purchases 20 units of X, when income = 3,000/- he purchases 25 units of X

35. Measurement Of Income Elasticity Of Demand Thus Income Elasticity of Demand = = (5/20) + (500/2500) = 1.5 therefore here the IED is 1.5 which is more than one. ∆ q Q Y ∆ y +

36. Factors Affecting Income Of Demand Income Itself Only. Price Of the Commodity

37. Importance Of the Concept of Income Elasticity Of Demand In production planning and management In forecasting demand when change in consumers income is expected In classifying goods as normal and inferior In expansion and contraction of the firm by the figure of income elasticity of demand Markets situations could be studied with the help of IED

38. (8) Elasticity Of Substitution The selection between two product or thing is called substitution So Elasticity of Substitution measures the rate at which the particular product is substituted . Thus EOS is the degree to which one product could be substituted in context of price and proportion

39. Elasticity Of Substitution Elasticity of Substitution = Proportionate change in the quantity ratios of goods x & y DIVIDED BY Proportionate change in the price ratios of goods x & y.

40. Types of Elasticity Of Substitut ion Zero Elasticity of Substitution. Infinite Elasticity Of Substitution Elasticity of Substitution greater than unityor1 Elasticity of Substitution is equal to one Elasticity of Substitution is less than one

41. Types of Elasticity Of Substitution on Graph Change in QUANTITIY ratio of good x & y Change in PRICE ratio of good x & y O X Y E4 E1 E2 E3 E5

42. Relationship Between Price Elasticity, Income Elasticity and Substitution Elasticity As Price is depended on income and substitution effect similarly Price Elasticity is depended on Income Elasticity an Substitution Elasticity . These relationship can be represented by Ep = Kx E1 + ( 1 – Kx ) es

43. Price elasticity of demand depends on : Proportion of income spent on particular good say X. Income elasticity of demand. Elasticity of substitution. Proportion of income spent on product other than X.

44. Cross Elasticity of Demand Cross elasticity of demand express a relationship between the change in the demand for a given product in response to a change in the price of some other product E.g. if the X tea demand reduces tremendously than it effect could be seen in demand of sugar and milk.

45. Types of Cross Elasticity of Demand Cross Elasticity of Demand Equal to Unity or One Cross Elasticity of Demand Greater than Unity or one Cross Elasticity of demand less than unity or one

46. Measurement Cross Elasticity of Demand Proportionate change in Demand for product X Proportionate change in Price of product Y i.e. ∆ qx Qx Py ∆ p y + Cross Elasticity of Demand = Cross Elasticity of Demand =

47. Cross Elasticity of Demand For Substitutes Price of Y Demand for Y O Y X D D

48. Cross Elasticity of Demand For Complementary Products Price of Y O Y X D D Demand for Y

49. Cross Elasticity of Demand For Neutral Products Price of Y O Y X D Demand for Y

50. Importance of Cross Elasticity Of Demand The concept is of very great importance in changing the price of the products having substitutes and complementary goods . In demand forecasting Helps in measuring interdependence of price of commodity . Multiproduct firms use these concept to measure the effect of change in price of one product on the demand of their other product

51. Advertising Elasticity of Deman d Advertising elasticity of demand is the measure of the rate of change in demand due to change in advertising expenditure The amount of change in demand of goods due to advertisement is known as Advertisement Elasticity of Demand .

52. Advertising Elasticity of Demand Proportionate change in Demand for product Proportionate change in Advertising expenditure i.e. ∆ qx Q A ∆ a ÷ Advertising Elasticity of Demand = Advertising Elasticity of Demand =

53. Relationship Between Advertising Expenditure and Sales O X Y S S Sales Advertising Expenditure

54. Factors Affecting Advertising Elasticity Of Demand The stage of the Product’s Market Development . Reaction of market Rival Firms. Cumulative Effect of Past Advertisement. Influence of Other Factors.

55. Importance of the Advertising Elasticity Of Demand in Business Decisions It is useful in competitive industries. Though advertisement shifts the demand curve to right path but it also increases the fixed cost of the firm.

56. Limitation of Advertising Elasticity of the Demand The impact of advertising on sales is different under different conditions, even if other demand determinants are constant. Like wise, it is difficult to establish any co-relationship between advertising expenditure and volume of sales when there counter advertisements by rival firm in the market . The effect on sales depend on what the rivals are doing.

57. Thanking You All

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