#define LOGFILE "signal_log.txt"
// Signal handlers
void sigusr1_handler(int signo);
void sigusr2_handler(int signo);
void sighup_handler(int signo);
// SIGUSR1 handler
void sigusr1_handler(int signo)
{
dprintf(STDOUT_FILENO, "Signal %d (%s) received in function %s() at line %d\n",
signo, strsignal(signo), __FUNCTION__, __LINE__);
fflush(stdout);
}
// SIGUSR2 handler
void sigusr2_handler(int signo)
{
dprintf(STDOUT_FILENO, "Signal %d (%s) received in function %s() at line %d\n",
signo, strsignal(signo),__FUNCTION__, __LINE__);
fflush(stdout);
}
// SIGHUP handler
void sighup_handler(int signo)
{
dprintf(STDOUT_FILENO, "Signal %d (%s) received in function %s() at line %d\n",
signo, strsignal(signo), __FUNCTION__, __LINE__);
fflush(stdout);
}
char *interpret(char *cmdline)
{
char **tokens;
char *cmd;
int i;
char *result;
char sysCommand;
tokens=history_tokenize(cmdline); //Split cmdline into individual words.
if(!tokens) return "no response needed";
cmd=tokens[0];
//Detecting commands: table lookup: 2 techniques
//Using the parallel arrays to look up function calls
for(i=0;commands[i];i++)
{
if(strcasecmp(cmd,commands[i])==0) return (methods[i])(cmd,&tokens[1]);
}
//Using struct CMDSTRUCT as an alternative lookup method. Pick either technique, not both
//Note that its possible to create multiple aliases for the same command using either method.
for(i=0;cmdStruct[i].cmd;i++)
if(strcasecmp(cmd,cmdStruct[i].cmd)==0) return (cmdStruct[i].method)(cmd,&tokens[1]);
sysCommand=system(cmdline);
if (sysCommand==-1){
return"command status: fail";
}else if (sysCommand==0){
return"command status: sucsess";}
}
int main(int argc, char * argv[],char * envp[])
{
char cmd[100];
char *cmdLine;
char *expansion;
time_t now=time(NULL);
int nBytes; //size of msg rec'd
char cwd[PATH_MAX];
signal(SIGINT,ctrlCHandler);
read_history("shell.log");
add_history(ctime(&now));
fprintf(stdout,"Starting the shell at: %s\n",ctime(&now));
while(true) {
if (getcwd(cwd, sizeof(cwd)) != NULL) {
printf("Current working dir: %s\n", cwd);
} else {
perror("getcwd() error");
return 1;
}
signal(SIGIO, SIG_IGN);
signal(SIGUSR1, sigusr1_handler);
signal(SIGUSR2, sigusr2_handler);
signal(SIGHUP, sighup_handler);
cmdLine=readline("Enter a command: ");
if(!cmdLine) break;
history_expand(cmdLine,&expansion);
add_history(expansion);
if(strcasecmp(cmdLine,"bye")==0) break;
char *response=interpret(cmdLine);
fprintf(stdout,"%s\n",response);
}
write_history("shell.log");
system("echo Your session history is; cat -n shell.log");
fprintf(stdout,"Server is now terminated \n");
retur SIGHUP, Set up SIGIO as a signal to be ignored. (6 marks) a. The initial handler you
should write for each of them should be stub routines that output a message: "Signal \#
(SIGxxxx) received in function _FUNCTION_. Use strsignal to output the name of the signal
using dprintf to send the output to a file. (The tail -f \& command will be demonstrated to allow
you to follow text output to a file while a program is running. Ta.
Write and set up signal handlers for each of the following signals S.pdfssuser8308881
Write and set up signal handlers for each of the following signals: SIGUSR1, SIGUSR2, and
SIGHUP, Set up SIGIO as a signal to be ignored. (6 marks) a. The initial handler you should
write for each of them should be stub routines that output a message: "Signal \# (SIGxxxx)
received in function__FUNCTION_. Use strsignal to output the name of the signal using dprintf
to send the output to a file. (The tail -f \& command will be demonstrated to allow you to follow
text output to a file while a program is running. Take notes!) Display the name of the file, when
it was compiled and the line \# of the output message. (2 marks) b. Test all of the above signal
handlers. ( 2 marks) i. Verify that all of your signal handlers work sending your command
servers each of the above signals from a 2nd terminal. ii. To set up a log file to record the output
of dprintf(fd, fmtstr, argsl) use one of more of the following before running your command
server: exec fd>/dev/tty \#isplays the messages on the current terminal exec fd>/dev/pts/n
\#display on a different terminal that you own exec fd> logfile \#writes to a file tail -f logfile \&
\#displays new data as it is appended to logfile tail f logfile >/dev/pts/n \& \#displays new data
on an alternate terminal Hand in a log file (as opposed to a screen shot) showing that you tested
all of the signals c. In a 3rd terminal attach strace to the pid of your command server. (2) i. Send
each of the 4 signals to the pid of the command server. How does strace respond to each signal.
Summarize the result. ii. Send each of the 4 signals to the parent pid of the command server.
Answer the same question and hilite/describe any difference..
httplinux.die.netman3execfork() creates a new process by.docxadampcarr67227
http://linux.die.net/man/3/exec
fork() creates a new process by duplicating the calling process. The new process, referred to as the child, is an exact duplicate of the calling process, referred to as the parent#include <unistd.h>pid_t fork(void);
The exec() family of functions replaces the current process image with a new process image. The functions described in this manual page are front-ends for execve(2). (See the manual page for execve(2) for further details about the replacement of the current process image.)
The exec() family of functions include execl, execlp, execle, execv, execvp, and execvpe to execute a file.
The ANSI prototype for execl() is:
int execl(const char *path, const char *arg0,..., const char *argn, 0)
http://www.cems.uwe.ac.uk/~irjohnso/coursenotes/lrc/system/pc/pc4.htm #inciude <stdio.h> #inciude <unistd.h> main() { execl("/bin/ls", "ls", "-l", 0); printf("Can only get here on error\n"); }
The first parameter to execl() in this example is the full pathname to the ls command. This is the file whose contents will be run, provided the process has execute permission on the file. The rest of the execl() parameters provide the strings to which the argv array elements in the new program will point. In this example, it means that the ls program will see the string ls pointed to by its argv[0], and the string -l pointed to by itsargv[1]. In addition to making all these parameters available to the new program, the exec() calls also pass a value for the variable: extern char **environ;
This variable has the same format as the argv variable except that the items passed via environ are the values in the environment of the process (like any exported shell variables), rather than the command line parameters. In the case of execl(), the value of the environ variable in the new program will be a copy of the value of this variable in the calling process.
The execl() version of exec() is fine in the circumstances where you can ex-plicitly list all of the parameters, as in the previous example. Now suppose you want to write a program that doesn't just run ls, but will run any program you wish, and pass it any number of appropriate command line parameters. Obviously, execl() won't do the job.
The example program below, which implements this requirement, shows, however, that the system call execv() will perform as required: #inciude <stdio.h> main(int argc, char **argv) { if (argc==1) { printf("Usage: run <command> [<paraneters>]\n"); exit(1) } execv(argv[l], &argv[1)); printf("Sorry... couldn't run that!\n"); }
The prototype for execv() shows that it only takes two parameters, the first is the full pathname to the command to execute and the second is the argv value you want to pass into the new program. In the previous example this value was derived from the argv value passed into the run command, so that the run command can take the command line parameter values you pass it and just pass them on. int execl(.
Write and set up signal handlers for each of the following signals S.pdfssuser8308881
Write and set up signal handlers for each of the following signals: SIGUSR1, SIGUSR2, and
SIGHUP, Set up SIGIO as a signal to be ignored. (6 marks) a. The initial handler you should
write for each of them should be stub routines that output a message: "Signal \# (SIGxxxx)
received in function__FUNCTION_. Use strsignal to output the name of the signal using dprintf
to send the output to a file. (The tail -f \& command will be demonstrated to allow you to follow
text output to a file while a program is running. Take notes!) Display the name of the file, when
it was compiled and the line \# of the output message. (2 marks) b. Test all of the above signal
handlers. ( 2 marks) i. Verify that all of your signal handlers work sending your command
servers each of the above signals from a 2nd terminal. ii. To set up a log file to record the output
of dprintf(fd, fmtstr, argsl) use one of more of the following before running your command
server: exec fd>/dev/tty \#isplays the messages on the current terminal exec fd>/dev/pts/n
\#display on a different terminal that you own exec fd> logfile \#writes to a file tail -f logfile \&
\#displays new data as it is appended to logfile tail f logfile >/dev/pts/n \& \#displays new data
on an alternate terminal Hand in a log file (as opposed to a screen shot) showing that you tested
all of the signals c. In a 3rd terminal attach strace to the pid of your command server. (2) i. Send
each of the 4 signals to the pid of the command server. How does strace respond to each signal.
Summarize the result. ii. Send each of the 4 signals to the parent pid of the command server.
Answer the same question and hilite/describe any difference..
httplinux.die.netman3execfork() creates a new process by.docxadampcarr67227
http://linux.die.net/man/3/exec
fork() creates a new process by duplicating the calling process. The new process, referred to as the child, is an exact duplicate of the calling process, referred to as the parent#include <unistd.h>pid_t fork(void);
The exec() family of functions replaces the current process image with a new process image. The functions described in this manual page are front-ends for execve(2). (See the manual page for execve(2) for further details about the replacement of the current process image.)
The exec() family of functions include execl, execlp, execle, execv, execvp, and execvpe to execute a file.
The ANSI prototype for execl() is:
int execl(const char *path, const char *arg0,..., const char *argn, 0)
http://www.cems.uwe.ac.uk/~irjohnso/coursenotes/lrc/system/pc/pc4.htm #inciude <stdio.h> #inciude <unistd.h> main() { execl("/bin/ls", "ls", "-l", 0); printf("Can only get here on error\n"); }
The first parameter to execl() in this example is the full pathname to the ls command. This is the file whose contents will be run, provided the process has execute permission on the file. The rest of the execl() parameters provide the strings to which the argv array elements in the new program will point. In this example, it means that the ls program will see the string ls pointed to by its argv[0], and the string -l pointed to by itsargv[1]. In addition to making all these parameters available to the new program, the exec() calls also pass a value for the variable: extern char **environ;
This variable has the same format as the argv variable except that the items passed via environ are the values in the environment of the process (like any exported shell variables), rather than the command line parameters. In the case of execl(), the value of the environ variable in the new program will be a copy of the value of this variable in the calling process.
The execl() version of exec() is fine in the circumstances where you can ex-plicitly list all of the parameters, as in the previous example. Now suppose you want to write a program that doesn't just run ls, but will run any program you wish, and pass it any number of appropriate command line parameters. Obviously, execl() won't do the job.
The example program below, which implements this requirement, shows, however, that the system call execv() will perform as required: #inciude <stdio.h> main(int argc, char **argv) { if (argc==1) { printf("Usage: run <command> [<paraneters>]\n"); exit(1) } execv(argv[l], &argv[1)); printf("Sorry... couldn't run that!\n"); }
The prototype for execv() shows that it only takes two parameters, the first is the full pathname to the command to execute and the second is the argv value you want to pass into the new program. In the previous example this value was derived from the argv value passed into the run command, so that the run command can take the command line parameter values you pass it and just pass them on. int execl(.
Introduction to C Language - Version 1.0 by Mark John LadoMark John Lado, MIT
The C programming language is a general-purpose, high – level language (generally denoted as structured language). C programming language was at first developed by Dennis M. Ritchie at At&T Bell Labs.
C is one of the most commonly used programming languages. It is simple and efficient therefore it becomes best among all. It is used in all extents of application, mainly in the software development.
Many software's & applications as well as the compilers for the other programming languages are written in C also Operating Systems like Unix, DOS and windows are written in C.
C has many powers, it is simple, stretchy and portable, and it can control system hardware easily. It is also one of the few languages to have an international standard, ANSI C.
Title: Embedded Security Analysis Task: Side Channel Analysis and Fault Injection
Objective:
The objective of this task is to assess your ability to work with Python tools, C programming,
Computer Architecture, and apply side channel analysis and fault injection techniques to
uncover a hidden flag embedded within an ELF file compiled for an STM32 processor. You will
use the Lascar and Rainbow tools from Ledger's repository to analyze the binary and retrieve
the hidden flag.
Requirements:
1. Proficiency in Python programming.
2. Basic understanding of side channel analysis and fault injection concepts.
3. Familiarity with ELF file format and embedded systems.
Task Description:
Setup and Familiarization:
1. Clone the Ledger's repository containing Lascar and Rainbow tools.
2. Install the necessary dependencies and set up the environment as per the provided
documentation.
3. Review the documentation and examples to understand how Lascar and Rainbow tools
are used for side channel analysis and fault injection.
Binary Analysis:
1. You will be provided with an ELF file compiled for an STM32 processor.
2. Study the provided stubbed source code for the binary to understand its functionality and
potential vulnerabilities.
Side Channel Analysis/ Fault Injection:
1. Choose a specific side channel analysis technique or fault injection technique based on
your analysis of the binary.
2. Implement the chosen technique using Lascar or Rainbow tools to extract information
from the binary.
3. Document your approach, code snippets, and any findings from the side channel
analysis.
4. Provide a detailed explanation of your fault injection methodology, along with relevant
code snippets and observations.
Flag Retrieval:
1. Apply the insights gained from side channel analysis and fault injection to uncover the
hidden secret embedded within the binary.
2. Document the process you followed to successfully retrieve the secret.
3. Provide the extracted secret as proof of completion.
Evaluation Criteria:
You will be evaluated based on the following criteria:
1. Understanding of side channel analysis and fault injection concepts.
2. Proficiency in understanding the assignment and applying conceptual knowledge in
practice.
3. Explanation of the approach taken.
4. Successful retrieval of the hidden flag.
Submit all scripts, analysis, images, documentation in form of a zip file directly to Cypherock.
C Programming Language Tutorial for beginners - JavaTpointJavaTpoint.Com
JavaTpoint share a presentation of C Programming language for beginners and professionals. now in this slideshare you will be learned basics of c programming language, what is c programming language, history of c programming, installing turbo c, features of c programming language, datatypes of c language, operaters in c, control statement of c language, c language functions, c array, pointer in c programming, and structure and union.
IN C++ languageWrite a simple word processor that will accept text.pdfaratextails30
IN C++ language
Write a simple word processor that will accept text and commands as input. The commands it
should respond to are:
Substitute/oldstring/newstring/
Copy #
Locate/string/
Delete #
Move #
Type #
Pastes Insert #
Replace #
Quit
The program should be able to open an existing file or create a new one. It should keep track of
where the user is in the file at any time. Each command is followed by a number which indicates
the number of line (the current line & those following) upon which the command should act.
Each command should operate on the specified line or lines of the file.
Solution
#include
#include
#include
#include
using namespace std;
const bool DEBUG = false;
const int MAX = 100;
struct file // This contains the file information and contents
{
string contents[MAX];
string fileName;
int currentLineIndex;
int total;
bool markupHighlighting;
};
int NumberInputReader(string); // Reads the numbers from user input
void Help(); // Prints out a help menu
void Markup(file&, int); // Does HTML highlighting
void MarkupApply(file&, string, int); // Applies the HTML highlighting to the file
//void Substitute(file&, string); // substitutes portions of lines of text
//void Type(file&, int); // prints text to the screen
//void Copy(file, string[], int&); // copies text
//void Paste(file&, string[], int, int); // pastes text
//void Locate(file &, string); // finds text
//void Insert(file &, int); // inputs text to the array
//void Delete(file &, int); // deletes text
//void Replace(file &, int); // replaces while lines of text text
//void Move(file &, int); // moves the current line
//void Quit(file); // quits the program, asks the users if they want to save.
void Open(file &); // allows the user to open a file
void New(file &); // allows the user to create a file
void Save(file); // saves the array to a file.
void IndexPrint(file); // for debugging, this prints the contents of the array.
int main() // Main program
{
file txtFile;
txtFile.currentLineIndex=-1;
txtFile.total=0;
int inputValue=0, copyNumber;
string inputString, openYN, copyQue[MAX];
char inputChar, openYNtemp;
// ANIMATION LOOP GOES HERE
cout<<\"~~~\\033[1;32m Welcome \\033[0m~~~\ \"; // first use of colors in the program
cout<<\"Would you like to open an existing file? \"
<\'
Markup(txtFile, inputValue);
break;
case \'>\': // Unhighlight
txtFile.markupHighlighting=false; // if false, it\'ll go through the motions
Markup(txtFile, inputValue); // again, but revert to the original array
break; // afterward.
case \'*\': // * saves file to disk
Save(txtFile);
break;
case \'?\':
Help(); // \"I seem to be having difficulty with my lifestyle.\" -Arthur Dent
break;
case\'.\': // default for re-looping
break;
default:
cout<<\"\\033[1;31m\'\"< total: \"< currentLineIndex: \"<=80) // If it takes up the
entire default width of
{ // the window.
cout<<\"\\033[1;31m-That\'s a very long command, \"
<<\"I\'m just but a humble Line Editor.-\\033[0m \"<=8)
{
inputColor=0; // Default color
cout<<\.
(Rational Class) - use the original files to create the new progra.pdfalstradecentreerode
(Rational Class) - use the original files to create the new program
Create a class called Rational (separate the files as shown in the chapter) for performing
arithmetic with fractions. Write a program to test your class. Use integer variables to represent
the private data of the class-the numerator and the denominator. Provide a constructor that
enables an object of this class to be initialized when it's declared. The constructor should contain
default values in case no initializers are provided and should store the fraction in reduced form.
For example, the fraction 2/4 would be stored in the object as 1 in the numerator and 2 in the
denominator. Provide public member functions that perform each of the following tasks:
1.Make an overloaded operator of the + symbol for the add method - Adds two Rational
numbers. The result should be stored in reduced form.
2. Make an overloaded operator of the - symbol for the subtract method - Subtracts two Rational
numbers. Store the result in reduced form.
3. Make an overloaded operator of the * symbol for the multiply method - Multiples two
Rational numbers. Store the result in reduced form.
4. Make an overloaded operator of the / symbol for the divide method - Divides two Rational
numbers. The result should be stored in reduced form.
5.NO CHANGES TO THIS (toRationalString - optional uses iostream from previous chapter -
extra credit) - Returns a string representation of a Rational number in the form a/b, where a is the
numerator and b is the denominator.
6.NO CHANGES TO THIS | display - Display the Rational number a/b.
7.NO CHANGES TO THIS | toDouble - Returns the Rational number as a double.
(make sure the driver tests out all the overloaded operators)
code to copy---
rational.h--
#ifndef RATIONAL_H
#define RATIONAL_H
#include
class Rational {
private:
int numerator;
int denominator;
public:
Rational (int num = 0. int den = 1);
Rational add (const Rational& other) const;
Rational subtract (const Rational& other) const;
Rational multiply(const Rational& other) const;
Rational divide (const Rational& other) const;
std: :string toRationalString() const;
void display() const;
double toDouble() const;
};
#endif
rational.cpp--
#include Rational.h
#include
#include
int gcd(int a, int b) {
return b == 0 ? A : gcd(b, a % b);
}
Rational::Rational(int num, int den) {
int gcd_num_den = gcd(num, den);
numerator = num / gcd_num_den;
denominator = den / gcd_num_den;
}
Rational Rational::add(const Rational& other) const {
int new_num = numerator * other.denominator + other.numerator * denominator;
int new_den = denominator * other.denominator;
return Rational(new_num, new_den);
}
Rational Rational::subtract(const Rational& other) const {
int new_num = numerator * other.denominator - other.numerator * denominator;
int new_den = denominator * other.denominator;
return Rational(new_num, new_den);
}
Rational Rational::multiply(const Rational& other) const {
int new_num = numerator * other.numerator;
int new_den = denomina.
(Q001) Expand the Geotour10 folder in Google Earth by clicking the t.pdfalstradecentreerode
(Q001) Expand the Geotour10 folder in Google Earth by clicking the triangle to the left of the
folder icon. First, check and double-click on the USGS Map Credit placemark to fly to Split
Mountain east of Vernal, UT. Then, take turns turning on the SplitMtn_TopoMap and
SplitMtn_GeoMap folders to answer questions about the geologic structure of this portion of
Dinosaur National Monument (note that you can select a folder/overlay and use the transparency
slider at the bottom of the Places panel to make items semi-transparent)..
More Related Content
Similar to #define LOGFILE signal_log.txt Signal handlers void sigusr1.pdf
Introduction to C Language - Version 1.0 by Mark John LadoMark John Lado, MIT
The C programming language is a general-purpose, high – level language (generally denoted as structured language). C programming language was at first developed by Dennis M. Ritchie at At&T Bell Labs.
C is one of the most commonly used programming languages. It is simple and efficient therefore it becomes best among all. It is used in all extents of application, mainly in the software development.
Many software's & applications as well as the compilers for the other programming languages are written in C also Operating Systems like Unix, DOS and windows are written in C.
C has many powers, it is simple, stretchy and portable, and it can control system hardware easily. It is also one of the few languages to have an international standard, ANSI C.
Title: Embedded Security Analysis Task: Side Channel Analysis and Fault Injection
Objective:
The objective of this task is to assess your ability to work with Python tools, C programming,
Computer Architecture, and apply side channel analysis and fault injection techniques to
uncover a hidden flag embedded within an ELF file compiled for an STM32 processor. You will
use the Lascar and Rainbow tools from Ledger's repository to analyze the binary and retrieve
the hidden flag.
Requirements:
1. Proficiency in Python programming.
2. Basic understanding of side channel analysis and fault injection concepts.
3. Familiarity with ELF file format and embedded systems.
Task Description:
Setup and Familiarization:
1. Clone the Ledger's repository containing Lascar and Rainbow tools.
2. Install the necessary dependencies and set up the environment as per the provided
documentation.
3. Review the documentation and examples to understand how Lascar and Rainbow tools
are used for side channel analysis and fault injection.
Binary Analysis:
1. You will be provided with an ELF file compiled for an STM32 processor.
2. Study the provided stubbed source code for the binary to understand its functionality and
potential vulnerabilities.
Side Channel Analysis/ Fault Injection:
1. Choose a specific side channel analysis technique or fault injection technique based on
your analysis of the binary.
2. Implement the chosen technique using Lascar or Rainbow tools to extract information
from the binary.
3. Document your approach, code snippets, and any findings from the side channel
analysis.
4. Provide a detailed explanation of your fault injection methodology, along with relevant
code snippets and observations.
Flag Retrieval:
1. Apply the insights gained from side channel analysis and fault injection to uncover the
hidden secret embedded within the binary.
2. Document the process you followed to successfully retrieve the secret.
3. Provide the extracted secret as proof of completion.
Evaluation Criteria:
You will be evaluated based on the following criteria:
1. Understanding of side channel analysis and fault injection concepts.
2. Proficiency in understanding the assignment and applying conceptual knowledge in
practice.
3. Explanation of the approach taken.
4. Successful retrieval of the hidden flag.
Submit all scripts, analysis, images, documentation in form of a zip file directly to Cypherock.
C Programming Language Tutorial for beginners - JavaTpointJavaTpoint.Com
JavaTpoint share a presentation of C Programming language for beginners and professionals. now in this slideshare you will be learned basics of c programming language, what is c programming language, history of c programming, installing turbo c, features of c programming language, datatypes of c language, operaters in c, control statement of c language, c language functions, c array, pointer in c programming, and structure and union.
IN C++ languageWrite a simple word processor that will accept text.pdfaratextails30
IN C++ language
Write a simple word processor that will accept text and commands as input. The commands it
should respond to are:
Substitute/oldstring/newstring/
Copy #
Locate/string/
Delete #
Move #
Type #
Pastes Insert #
Replace #
Quit
The program should be able to open an existing file or create a new one. It should keep track of
where the user is in the file at any time. Each command is followed by a number which indicates
the number of line (the current line & those following) upon which the command should act.
Each command should operate on the specified line or lines of the file.
Solution
#include
#include
#include
#include
using namespace std;
const bool DEBUG = false;
const int MAX = 100;
struct file // This contains the file information and contents
{
string contents[MAX];
string fileName;
int currentLineIndex;
int total;
bool markupHighlighting;
};
int NumberInputReader(string); // Reads the numbers from user input
void Help(); // Prints out a help menu
void Markup(file&, int); // Does HTML highlighting
void MarkupApply(file&, string, int); // Applies the HTML highlighting to the file
//void Substitute(file&, string); // substitutes portions of lines of text
//void Type(file&, int); // prints text to the screen
//void Copy(file, string[], int&); // copies text
//void Paste(file&, string[], int, int); // pastes text
//void Locate(file &, string); // finds text
//void Insert(file &, int); // inputs text to the array
//void Delete(file &, int); // deletes text
//void Replace(file &, int); // replaces while lines of text text
//void Move(file &, int); // moves the current line
//void Quit(file); // quits the program, asks the users if they want to save.
void Open(file &); // allows the user to open a file
void New(file &); // allows the user to create a file
void Save(file); // saves the array to a file.
void IndexPrint(file); // for debugging, this prints the contents of the array.
int main() // Main program
{
file txtFile;
txtFile.currentLineIndex=-1;
txtFile.total=0;
int inputValue=0, copyNumber;
string inputString, openYN, copyQue[MAX];
char inputChar, openYNtemp;
// ANIMATION LOOP GOES HERE
cout<<\"~~~\\033[1;32m Welcome \\033[0m~~~\ \"; // first use of colors in the program
cout<<\"Would you like to open an existing file? \"
<\'
Markup(txtFile, inputValue);
break;
case \'>\': // Unhighlight
txtFile.markupHighlighting=false; // if false, it\'ll go through the motions
Markup(txtFile, inputValue); // again, but revert to the original array
break; // afterward.
case \'*\': // * saves file to disk
Save(txtFile);
break;
case \'?\':
Help(); // \"I seem to be having difficulty with my lifestyle.\" -Arthur Dent
break;
case\'.\': // default for re-looping
break;
default:
cout<<\"\\033[1;31m\'\"< total: \"< currentLineIndex: \"<=80) // If it takes up the
entire default width of
{ // the window.
cout<<\"\\033[1;31m-That\'s a very long command, \"
<<\"I\'m just but a humble Line Editor.-\\033[0m \"<=8)
{
inputColor=0; // Default color
cout<<\.
(Rational Class) - use the original files to create the new progra.pdfalstradecentreerode
(Rational Class) - use the original files to create the new program
Create a class called Rational (separate the files as shown in the chapter) for performing
arithmetic with fractions. Write a program to test your class. Use integer variables to represent
the private data of the class-the numerator and the denominator. Provide a constructor that
enables an object of this class to be initialized when it's declared. The constructor should contain
default values in case no initializers are provided and should store the fraction in reduced form.
For example, the fraction 2/4 would be stored in the object as 1 in the numerator and 2 in the
denominator. Provide public member functions that perform each of the following tasks:
1.Make an overloaded operator of the + symbol for the add method - Adds two Rational
numbers. The result should be stored in reduced form.
2. Make an overloaded operator of the - symbol for the subtract method - Subtracts two Rational
numbers. Store the result in reduced form.
3. Make an overloaded operator of the * symbol for the multiply method - Multiples two
Rational numbers. Store the result in reduced form.
4. Make an overloaded operator of the / symbol for the divide method - Divides two Rational
numbers. The result should be stored in reduced form.
5.NO CHANGES TO THIS (toRationalString - optional uses iostream from previous chapter -
extra credit) - Returns a string representation of a Rational number in the form a/b, where a is the
numerator and b is the denominator.
6.NO CHANGES TO THIS | display - Display the Rational number a/b.
7.NO CHANGES TO THIS | toDouble - Returns the Rational number as a double.
(make sure the driver tests out all the overloaded operators)
code to copy---
rational.h--
#ifndef RATIONAL_H
#define RATIONAL_H
#include
class Rational {
private:
int numerator;
int denominator;
public:
Rational (int num = 0. int den = 1);
Rational add (const Rational& other) const;
Rational subtract (const Rational& other) const;
Rational multiply(const Rational& other) const;
Rational divide (const Rational& other) const;
std: :string toRationalString() const;
void display() const;
double toDouble() const;
};
#endif
rational.cpp--
#include Rational.h
#include
#include
int gcd(int a, int b) {
return b == 0 ? A : gcd(b, a % b);
}
Rational::Rational(int num, int den) {
int gcd_num_den = gcd(num, den);
numerator = num / gcd_num_den;
denominator = den / gcd_num_den;
}
Rational Rational::add(const Rational& other) const {
int new_num = numerator * other.denominator + other.numerator * denominator;
int new_den = denominator * other.denominator;
return Rational(new_num, new_den);
}
Rational Rational::subtract(const Rational& other) const {
int new_num = numerator * other.denominator - other.numerator * denominator;
int new_den = denominator * other.denominator;
return Rational(new_num, new_den);
}
Rational Rational::multiply(const Rational& other) const {
int new_num = numerator * other.numerator;
int new_den = denomina.
(Q001) Expand the Geotour10 folder in Google Earth by clicking the t.pdfalstradecentreerode
(Q001) Expand the Geotour10 folder in Google Earth by clicking the triangle to the left of the
folder icon. First, check and double-click on the USGS Map Credit placemark to fly to Split
Mountain east of Vernal, UT. Then, take turns turning on the SplitMtn_TopoMap and
SplitMtn_GeoMap folders to answer questions about the geologic structure of this portion of
Dinosaur National Monument (note that you can select a folder/overlay and use the transparency
slider at the bottom of the Places panel to make items semi-transparent)..
(Forecasting and forecast error metrics calculation) Suzy Homemaker .pdfalstradecentreerode
(Forecasting and forecast error metrics calculation) Suzy Homemaker tried to predict her sleep
pattern using two different approaches, FM1=exponential smoothing (with =0.2) and FM2=
moving average (N=4). Please complete by filling in the table below. You can add your steps if
you like, but please do keep the table format in your response. (Do the rounding to the 2nd place
after the decimal point).
Day (t)
Actual (dt )
Exponential Smoothing
(FM1, =0.2)
Moving average
(FM2, N=4)
FM1 (forecasted
Hrs) (6pts)
Error(et) (2pts)
CFE
(3pts)
FM2 (forecasted Hrs) (6pts)
Error(et)
(2pts)
MAPE
(10pts)
Tue
8.5
8
Wed
6.5
Thu
7.5
Fri
7.5
Sat
8.5
Sun
8.5
Mon
7.5
Day (t)
Actual (dt )
Exponential Smoothing
(FM1, =0.2)
Moving average
(FM2, N=4)
FM1 (forecasted
Hrs) (6pts)
Error(et) (2pts)
CFE
(3pts)
FM2 (forecasted Hrs) (6pts)
Error(et)
(2pts)
MAPE
(10pts)
Tue
8.5
8
Wed
6.5
Thu
7.5
Fri
7.5
Sat
8.5
Sun
8.5
Mon
7.5
.
(Derecho empresarial) X le otorga a Y un patrimonio vitalicio. Pos.pdfalstradecentreerode
(Derecho empresarial)
X le otorga a Y un patrimonio vitalicio. Posteriormente, Y ejecuta una escritura de renuncia
vlida para transmitir su inters a Z. Qu describe mejor el inters de Z en la tierra?
1) Z tiene un dominio simple absoluto porque tiene una escritura.
2) Z tiene un patrimonio vitalicio que vuelve a X oa los herederos de X cuando Z muere.
3) Z tiene un patrimonio vitalicio que vuelve a X oa los herederos de X cuando Y muere.
4) Z tiene un pleno derecho anulable..
(5 points) There are seven boys and six girls. Coach wants to select.pdfalstradecentreerode
(5 points) There are seven boys and six girls. Coach wants to select 7 of them for soccer practice.
What is the probability that 3 of them are boys and 4 are girls?.
(1)CT13.1) Your parents are considering investing in Apple Inc. co.pdfalstradecentreerode
(1)
CT13.1) Your parents are considering investing in Apple Inc. common stock. They ask you, as
an accounting expert, to make an analysis of the company for them. Financial statements of
Apple are presented in Appendix A. The complete annual report, including the notes to its
financial statements, is available at the companys website.
Instructions:
A) Make a 5-year trend analysis, using 2014 as the base year, of (1) net sales and (2) net income.
Comment on the significance of the trend results.
B) Compute for 2018 and 2017 the (1) debt to assets ratio and (2) times interest earned. (See
Note 3 for interest expense.) How would you evaluate Apples long-term solvency?
C) Compute for 2018 and 2017 the (1) profit margin, (2) asset turnover, (3) return on assets, and
(4) return on common stockholders equity. How would you evaluate Apples profitability? Total
assets at September 24, 2016, were $321,686 million and total stockholders equity at September
24, 2016, was $128,249 million.
D) What information outside the annual report may also be useful to your parents in making a
decision about Apple?
*Please ensure that ALL sections are labeled and answered (A, B, C, and D). Thank you for all
your help!
1. Debt to Assets Ratio
2018:$258,578 $365,725 = 71%
2017:$241,272 $375,319 = 64%
2. Times Interest Earned
2018:($59,531 + $13,372 + $3,240) $3,240 = 23.5 times
2017:($48,351 + $15,738 + $2,323) $2,323 = 28.6 times
Apple's long-term solvency has decreased. The debt to assets ratio indicates that creditors are
providing approximately 71% of Apple's total assets, up from 64%. Also, even though the times
interest earned ratio has decreased, Apple easily has the ability to pay interest payments when
they come due as indicated by the times interest earned ratio of approximately 24 times.
How can I get 3,240 and 2,323 in Times Interest Earned in question 2? Appendix A Specimen
Financial Statements: Apple Inc. Once each year, a corporation communicates to its stockholders
and other interested parties by issuing a complete set of audited financial statements. The annual
report, as this communication is called, summarizes the financial results of the company's
operations for the year and its plans for the future. Many annual reports are attractive,
malticolored, glossy public relations pieces, containing pictures of corporate officers and
directors as well as plotos and descriptions of new products and new buildings. Yet the busie
function of every annual report is to report financial information, almost all of which is a product
of the corporation's accounting system. The content and organization of corporate annual reports
have become fairly standardized. Excluding the public relations part of the report (pictures,
products, etc), the following are the traditional financial portions of the annual report: - Financial
Highlights - Letter to the Stockholders - Management's Discussion and Analysis - Financial
Statements - Notes to the Financial Statements - Managem.
(10 points) Construct a BST by inserting the following keys into an .pdfalstradecentreerode
(10 points) Construct a BST by inserting the following keys into an empty BST, in order.
15, 17, 10, 2, 19, 18, 14, 8, 7, 16, 3, 4, 11.
(5 points) Delete the node with value 15 from the resulting BST tree in part a. by copying.
(5 points) Delete the node with value 15 from the resulting BST tree in part a. by merging..
#2 Listed below are the numbers of triplets born in a country each y.pdfalstradecentreerode
#2 Listed below are the numbers of triplets born in a country each year beginning with 1995 . Is
there a trend? The first year is given in the top left, and the years increase by 1 from left to right.
Choose the correct time-series graph below. A. B. C. D. Comment on any trends. Choose the
correct comment below. A. There was an increasing trend for about 10 years, after which the
trend became approximately level. There was a substantial decreasing trend in the last few years.
B. The data show a rapidly increasing trend, which levels out for about 10 years, and then rapidly
decreases. C. There was a steep increase over the first four years, which leveled out for a few
years before the number of triplets began to show a decreasing trend. D. The data show a slowly
increasing and then slowly decreasing trend..
#52 In a large American university in 1969, the male and female pro.pdfalstradecentreerode
#52: In a large American university in 1969, the male and female professors were sample
independently, yielding the following annual salaries (in thousand of dollars):
Test if there was wage inequality using the following methods: Assume 5% level of significance.
a. ANOVA
b. Two population t-test.
c. Are the two methods yield different conclusion? Why or Why not?
#53: Why the F-distribution is positively skewed? Explain.
Male Female 1010171421811161815.
�Los Premios Darwin honran adecuadamente sus ideas sobre la selecci.pdfalstradecentreerode
Los Premios Darwin honran adecuadamente sus ideas sobre la seleccin natural o promueven
conceptos errneos sobre la evolucin? Con la evidencia, si proporciona un ejemplo en los
ganadores de 2019/2018, evale crticamente si este premio realmente honra la idea de Darwin de
la lucha por la existencia..
�Es el az�car bueno... malo... ninguno... ambos Dime por qu�. �Cu�.pdfalstradecentreerode
Es el azcar bueno... malo... ninguno... ambos? Dime por qu. Cules son las funciones de la fibra
en su dieta? Fuentes?
Conoces a alguien que haya tenido o tenga Diabetes? Qu efectos tiene/tuvo sobre ellos?
Qu papel juega el alcohol en tu vida? Tus amigos? Familia? Qu papel crees que debera jugar?
cuanto alcohol es demasiado?.
�Cu�les de los siguientes son ejemplos de intervenciones de educa.pdfalstradecentreerode
Cules de los siguientes son ejemplos de intervenciones de educacin formal que empoderaron a
los nios para actuar sobre el cambio climtico? (opcin multiple)
Seleccione uno o ms:
a. Estudiantes de secundaria de Guatemala intercambiaron sus puntos de vista y experiencias
sobre el cambio climtico con otros jvenes de Costa Rica, Panam y Repblica Dominicana a travs
de videoconferencia.
b. El gobierno de Vanuatu est revisando el sistema educativo, incluido el plan de estudios, y est
desarrollando materiales educativos y guas para maestros sobre desastres y cambio climtico.
C. En Brasil, el gobierno apoya a las comunidades locales para que manejen pluvimetros para
monitorear y recopilar datos, al mismo tiempo que los sensibiliza sobre el cambio climtico.
d. En Etiopa, a 50.000 alumnos se les ense el cambio climtico en las escuelas y luego se
involucraron en la plantacin de 50.000 rboles.
Cules de los siguientes son ejemplos de intervenciones de educacin formal que empoderaron a
los nios para actuar sobre el cambio climtico? (opcin multiple)
Seleccione uno o ms:
a. Estudiantes de secundaria de Guatemala intercambiaron sus puntos de vista y experiencias
sobre el cambio climtico con otros jvenes de Costa Rica, Panam y Repblica Dominicana a travs
de videoconferencia.
b. El gobierno de Vanuatu est revisando el sistema educativo, incluido el plan de estudios, y est
desarrollando materiales educativos y guas para maestros sobre desastres y cambio climtico.
C. En Brasil, el gobierno apoya a las comunidades locales para que manejen pluvimetros para
monitorear y recopilar datos, al mismo tiempo que los sensibiliza sobre el cambio climtico.
d. En Etiopa, a 50.000 alumnos se les ense el cambio climtico en las escuelas y luego se
involucraron en la plantacin de 50.000 rboles..
�Cu�l de los siguientes se considera un indicador principal de la e.pdfalstradecentreerode
Cul de los siguientes se considera un indicador principal de la economa de un pas?
a. Duracin
b. Precios de las acciones
C. Diferencial de tipos de inters
d. Suministro de dinero
a. Duracin
b. Precios de las acciones
C. Diferencial de tipos de inters
d. Suministro de dinero.
�Cu�les son algunos ejemplos de comentarios sobre el terreno para l.pdfalstradecentreerode
Cules son algunos ejemplos de comentarios sobre el terreno para los nios?
Cules son algunos ejemplos de retroalimentacin retrasada para los nios?
Cules son algunos ejemplos de retroalimentacin retrasada para los nios?.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
#define LOGFILE signal_log.txt Signal handlers void sigusr1.pdf
1. #define LOGFILE "signal_log.txt"
// Signal handlers
void sigusr1_handler(int signo);
void sigusr2_handler(int signo);
void sighup_handler(int signo);
// SIGUSR1 handler
void sigusr1_handler(int signo)
{
dprintf(STDOUT_FILENO, "Signal %d (%s) received in function %s() at line %dn",
signo, strsignal(signo), __FUNCTION__, __LINE__);
fflush(stdout);
}
// SIGUSR2 handler
void sigusr2_handler(int signo)
{
dprintf(STDOUT_FILENO, "Signal %d (%s) received in function %s() at line %dn",
signo, strsignal(signo),__FUNCTION__, __LINE__);
fflush(stdout);
}
// SIGHUP handler
void sighup_handler(int signo)
{
dprintf(STDOUT_FILENO, "Signal %d (%s) received in function %s() at line %dn",
signo, strsignal(signo), __FUNCTION__, __LINE__);
fflush(stdout);
}
char *interpret(char *cmdline)
{
char **tokens;
char *cmd;
int i;
char *result;
char sysCommand;
tokens=history_tokenize(cmdline); //Split cmdline into individual words.
if(!tokens) return "no response needed";
2. cmd=tokens[0];
//Detecting commands: table lookup: 2 techniques
//Using the parallel arrays to look up function calls
for(i=0;commands[i];i++)
{
if(strcasecmp(cmd,commands[i])==0) return (methods[i])(cmd,&tokens[1]);
}
//Using struct CMDSTRUCT as an alternative lookup method. Pick either technique, not both
//Note that its possible to create multiple aliases for the same command using either method.
for(i=0;cmdStruct[i].cmd;i++)
if(strcasecmp(cmd,cmdStruct[i].cmd)==0) return (cmdStruct[i].method)(cmd,&tokens[1]);
sysCommand=system(cmdline);
if (sysCommand==-1){
return"command status: fail";
}else if (sysCommand==0){
return"command status: sucsess";}
}
int main(int argc, char * argv[],char * envp[])
{
char cmd[100];
char *cmdLine;
char *expansion;
time_t now=time(NULL);
int nBytes; //size of msg rec'd
char cwd[PATH_MAX];
signal(SIGINT,ctrlCHandler);
read_history("shell.log");
add_history(ctime(&now));
fprintf(stdout,"Starting the shell at: %sn",ctime(&now));
while(true) {
if (getcwd(cwd, sizeof(cwd)) != NULL) {
printf("Current working dir: %sn", cwd);
3. } else {
perror("getcwd() error");
return 1;
}
signal(SIGIO, SIG_IGN);
signal(SIGUSR1, sigusr1_handler);
signal(SIGUSR2, sigusr2_handler);
signal(SIGHUP, sighup_handler);
cmdLine=readline("Enter a command: ");
if(!cmdLine) break;
history_expand(cmdLine,&expansion);
add_history(expansion);
if(strcasecmp(cmdLine,"bye")==0) break;
char *response=interpret(cmdLine);
fprintf(stdout,"%sn",response);
}
write_history("shell.log");
system("echo Your session history is; cat -n shell.log");
fprintf(stdout,"Server is now terminated n");
retur SIGHUP, Set up SIGIO as a signal to be ignored. (6 marks) a. The initial handler you
should write for each of them should be stub routines that output a message: "Signal #
(SIGxxxx) received in function _FUNCTION_. Use strsignal to output the name of the signal
using dprintf to send the output to a file. (The tail -f & command will be demonstrated to allow
you to follow text output to a file while a program is running. Take notes!) Display the name of
the file, when it was compiled and the line # of the output message. (2 marks) b. Test all of the
above signal handlers. (2 marks) i. Verify that all of your signal handlers work sending your
command servers each of the above signals from a 2nd terminal. ii. To set up a log file to record
the output of dprintf(fd, fmtstr, argsI) use one of more of the following before running your
command server: exec fd>/dev/tty #isplays the messages on the current terminal exec
fd>/dev/pts/n #display on a different terminal that you own exec fd>logfile #writes to a file tail
-f logfile & #displays new data as it is appended to logfile tail -f logfile >/dev/pts/n &
#displays new data on an alternate terminal Hand in a log file (as opposed to a screen shot)
showing that you tested all of the signals c. In a 3rd terminal attach strace to the pid of your
4. command server. (2) i. Send each of the 4 signals to the pid of the command server. How does
strace respond to each signal. Summarize the result. ii. Send each of the 4 signals to the parent
pid of the command server. Answer the same question and hilite/describe any difference.
![cmd=tokens[0];
//Detecting commands: table lookup: 2 techniques
//Using the parallel arrays to look up function calls
for(i=0;commands[i];i++)
{
if(strcasecmp(cmd,commands[i])==0) return (methods[i])(cmd,&tokens[1]);
}
//Using struct CMDSTRUCT as an alternative lookup method. Pick either technique, not both
//Note that its possible to create multiple aliases for the same command using either method.
for(i=0;cmdStruct[i].cmd;i++)
if(strcasecmp(cmd,cmdStruct[i].cmd)==0) return (cmdStruct[i].method)(cmd,&tokens[1]);
sysCommand=system(cmdline);
if (sysCommand==-1){
return"command status: fail";
}else if (sysCommand==0){
return"command status: sucsess";}
}
int main(int argc, char * argv[],char * envp[])
{
char cmd[100];
char *cmdLine;
char *expansion;
time_t now=time(NULL);
int nBytes; //size of msg rec'd
char cwd[PATH_MAX];
signal(SIGINT,ctrlCHandler);
read_history("shell.log");
add_history(ctime(&now));
fprintf(stdout,"Starting the shell at: %sn",ctime(&now));
while(true) {
if (getcwd(cwd, sizeof(cwd)) != NULL) {
printf("Current working dir: %sn", cwd);](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)