This document provides an overview of contract law in India according to the Indian Contract Act of 1872. It defines key terms related to contracts such as agreement, promise, offer, acceptance and consideration. It outlines the essential elements required for a valid contract, including offer and acceptance, intention to create a legal relationship, consensus, consideration, capacity to contract, free consent, legality of object, possibility of performance, and writing and registration. It also discusses different types of contracts such as valid, invalid, express, implied, absolute, contingent, executed and executory contracts. Finally, it covers important aspects related to capacity to contract, including rules around minors and unsound persons entering into agreements.
The secret way to sell pi coins effortlessly.DOT TECH
Well as we all know pi isn't launched yet. But you can still sell your pi coins effortlessly because some whales in China are interested in holding massive pi coins. And they are willing to pay good money for it. If you are interested in selling I will leave a contact for you. Just telegram this number below. I sold about 3000 pi coins to him and he paid me immediately.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank Introduce New Co-Branded Credit Cardnickysharmasucks
The unveiling of the IndusInd Bank Poonawalla Fincorp eLITE RuPay Platinum Credit Card marks a notable milestone in the Indian financial landscape, showcasing a successful partnership between two leading institutions, Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank. This co-branded credit card not only offers users a plethora of benefits but also reflects a commitment to innovation and adaptation. With a focus on providing value-driven and customer-centric solutions, this launch represents more than just a new product—it signifies a step towards redefining the banking experience for millions. Promising convenience, rewards, and a touch of luxury in everyday financial transactions, this collaboration aims to cater to the evolving needs of customers and set new standards in the industry.
The European Unemployment Puzzle: implications from population agingGRAPE
We study the link between the evolving age structure of the working population and unemployment. We build a large new Keynesian OLG model with a realistic age structure, labor market frictions, sticky prices, and aggregate shocks. Once calibrated to the European economy, we quantify the extent to which demographic changes over the last three decades have contributed to the decline of the unemployment rate. Our findings yield important implications for the future evolution of unemployment given the anticipated further aging of the working population in Europe. We also quantify the implications for optimal monetary policy: lowering inflation volatility becomes less costly in terms of GDP and unemployment volatility, which hints that optimal monetary policy may be more hawkish in an aging society. Finally, our results also propose a partial reversal of the European-US unemployment puzzle due to the fact that the share of young workers is expected to remain robust in the US.
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
How to get verified on Coinbase Account?_.docxBuy bitget
t's important to note that buying verified Coinbase accounts is not recommended and may violate Coinbase's terms of service. Instead of searching to "buy verified Coinbase accounts," follow the proper steps to verify your own account to ensure compliance and security.
how to sell pi coins at high rate quickly.DOT TECH
Where can I sell my pi coins at a high rate.
Pi is not launched yet on any exchange. But one can easily sell his or her pi coins to investors who want to hold pi till mainnet launch.
This means crypto whales want to hold pi. And you can get a good rate for selling pi to them. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor below.
A vendor is someone who buys from a miner and resell it to a holder or crypto whale.
Here is the telegram contact of my vendor:
@Pi_vendor_247
What price will pi network be listed on exchangesDOT TECH
The rate at which pi will be listed is practically unknown. But due to speculations surrounding it the predicted rate is tends to be from 30$ — 50$.
So if you are interested in selling your pi network coins at a high rate tho. Or you can't wait till the mainnet launch in 2026. You can easily trade your pi coins with a merchant.
A merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive quantities till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
The Evolution of Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs) in India: Challenges...beulahfernandes8
Role in Financial System
NBFCs are critical in bridging the financial inclusion gap.
They provide specialized financial services that cater to segments often neglected by traditional banks.
Economic Impact
NBFCs contribute significantly to India's GDP.
They support sectors like micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs), housing finance, and personal loans.
Even tho Pi network is not listed on any exchange yet.
Buying/Selling or investing in pi network coins is highly possible through the help of vendors. You can buy from vendors[ buy directly from the pi network miners and resell it]. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal vendor.
@Pi_vendor_247
Empowering the Unbanked: The Vital Role of NBFCs in Promoting Financial Inclu...Vighnesh Shashtri
In India, financial inclusion remains a critical challenge, with a significant portion of the population still unbanked. Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs) have emerged as key players in bridging this gap by providing financial services to those often overlooked by traditional banking institutions. This article delves into how NBFCs are fostering financial inclusion and empowering the unbanked.
BYD SWOT Analysis and In-Depth Insights 2024.pptxmikemetalprod
Indepth analysis of the BYD 2024
BYD (Build Your Dreams) is a Chinese automaker and battery manufacturer that has snowballed over the past two decades to become a significant player in electric vehicles and global clean energy technology.
This SWOT analysis examines BYD's strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats as it competes in the fast-changing automotive and energy storage industries.
Founded in 1995 and headquartered in Shenzhen, BYD started as a battery company before expanding into automobiles in the early 2000s.
Initially manufacturing gasoline-powered vehicles, BYD focused on plug-in hybrid and fully electric vehicles, leveraging its expertise in battery technology.
Today, BYD is the world’s largest electric vehicle manufacturer, delivering over 1.2 million electric cars globally. The company also produces electric buses, trucks, forklifts, and rail transit.
On the energy side, BYD is a major supplier of rechargeable batteries for cell phones, laptops, electric vehicles, and energy storage systems.
what is the best method to sell pi coins in 2024DOT TECH
The best way to sell your pi coins safely is trading with an exchange..but since pi is not launched in any exchange, and second option is through a VERIFIED pi merchant.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and pioneers and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive amounts before mainnet launch in 2026.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade pi coins with.
@Pi_vendor_247
4. CONTRACT - According to sec.2(h), a
contract is defined as an agreement
enforceable before the law.
AGREEMENT - According to sec.2(e),
every promise or set of promises forming
consideration for each other.
PROMISE - According to sec.2(b),
when a person made a proposal to
another to whom proposal is made, if
proposal is assented there to.
5. OFFER - According to Sec.2(a), when a
person made a proposal, when he signifies
to another his willingness to do or to abstain
from doing something.
AGREEMENT = OFFER +
ACCEPTANCE
CONSENSUS - AD – IDEM-
According to Sec.13, meeting of minds or
identity of minds or receiving the same thing
in same sense at same time.
7. ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF A
VALID CONTRACT (Sec.10)
1.Offer & acceptance.
2.Intention to create legal relationship.
3.Consensus - ad - idem.
4.Consideration.
5.Capacity to contract.
6.Free consent.
7.Legality of object.
8.Possibility of performance.
9.Writing & registration.
9. Valid contract - If all the condition are
fulfilled it is called as a valid contract.
Contingent contract - In a contract to do
or not to do something, if an event is
collateral, does or doesn't happen.
Express contract - When contracts are
either in writing or in oral.
Implied contract - When contracts are
neither in writing nor in oral.
Absolute contract - A contract which is not
dependent on fulfillment of any condition.
11. Invalid contract - In a contact if any
one condition is not fulfilled.
Is void (Void-ab-initio) - An
agreement which is not valid from
the beginning.
Becomes void - An agreement which
is valid in the beginning but due to
some supervening
impossibility the contract becomes
void.
12. Illegal contract - An agreement
forbidden by law.
Unenforceable contract - It is valid
but due to some technical defect the
contract becomes void. In case
defects are removed the contract is
enforceable.(lack of registration, lack
of signature etc.,)
Voidable contract - A contract
which is valid unless until avoided
by either the party.
14. Executed contract - In a contract where both
the parties have performed their obligation, there
is remaining nothing to perform.
Executory contract - In a contract where both
the parties are yet to perform their obligation.
Unilateral contract - In a contract one party
has performed his obligation and other person is
yet to perform his obligation.
Bilateral contract - In a contract where both
the parties have performed their obligation.
Bilateral & Executory are same and inter -
changeable.
16. OFFER
According to Sec.2(a), when a person
made a proposal, when he signifies to
another his willingness to do or to
abstain from doing something.
17. TYPES OF OFFER
Express offer
Implied offer
Specific offer
General offer
Cross offer
Counter offer
Standing offer
18. Express offer - When offer is given to
another person either in writing or in oral.
Implied offer - When offer is given to
another person neither in writing nor in oral.
Specific offer - When offer is given to a
specific person.
General offer - When offer is given to
entire world at a large.(Carlill Vs. Carbolic
smoke ball Co.,)
19. Cross offer - When both the persons
are making identical offers to
eachother in ignorance of other’s offer.
Counter offer - When both the
persons are making offers to eachother
which are not identical in ignorance of
other’s offer.
Standing offer - An offer which
remains continuously enforceable for a
certain period of time.
20. LEGAL RULES FOR OFFER
Offer must be given with an intention to
create a legal relationship.(Balfour Vs.
Balfour)
Offer must be definite.(Taylor Vs. Portington)
There is a clear cut difference between offer,
invitation to offer, invitation to sale. (Harris
Vs. Nickerson)
Offer must be communicated. (Fitch Vs.
Snedkar)
Mere statement of price of price is not an
offer.(Harvey Vs. Facey)
23. ACCEPTANCE
According to sec.2(b), when a
person made a proposal to
another to whom proposal is
made, if proposal is assented
there to, it is called acceptance.
24. LEGAL RULES FOR ACCEPTANCE
• Acceptance must be given as per
the mode prescribed by the offerer.
• Acceptance must be given before
the lapse of time or within
reasonable time.
• Acceptance must be unconditional.
• Acceptance may be given by any
person in case of general offer.
25. • Acceptance may be given by any
specific person in case of specific offer.
• Acceptance must be communicated.
(Bordgon Vs. Metropolitan Rly. Co.)
• Mental acceptance is no acceptance
or acceptance must not be derived from
silence.
• Acceptance must not be precedent to
offer.
27. According to sec 2(d) consideration is defined as
“when at the desire of the promisor , or promisee
or any other person has done or abstained from
doing or does or abstains from doing ,or
promises to do or to abstain from doing ,
something , such an act or absinence or promise
is called a consideration for the promise .
CONSIDERATION
When a party to an agreement promises to do
something he must get “something” in return.
This “something” is defined as consideration.
28. LEGAL RULES AS TO CONSIDERATION
1)It must move at the desire of the promisor.
[Durga Prasad v. Baldeo ]
2)It may move by the promisee .
[Chinnaya v. Ramayya ]
3)It must be past, present or future .
4)It need not be adequate .
5)It must be real .
6)It must not be illegal , immoral or opposed
to public policy .
29. STRANGER TO CONTRACT
It is general rule of contract that only
parties to contract can sue & be sued on
that contract . This rule is known as
‘Doctrine of privity’ i.e relationship between
the parties to contract .
Exceptions
1)A trust or a charge .
2)Marriage settlement , partition or other
family arrangements .
3)Estoppel
4)Assignment of contract .
5)Contract with agent .
6)Convenants running with land .
30. Contract without consideration is
void – Exceptions
Love & affection . [Venkataswamy v. Rangaswamy]
Compensation for voluntary service .
Promise to pay a time – barred debt .
Completed gift .
Agency sec (185) .
Charity .
Contract of bailment sec(148 ) .
31. No consideration no contract
[Abdul Aziz v. Masum Ali]
[Kedarnath v. Gauri Mohamed ]
33. Capacity to contract
Following are the condition for a person to
enter into contract-
He must be major
He must be sound mind
He must not be disqualified by any other
law.
34. Disqualified persons to enter
into a contract
a) Minor
b) unsound person
c)others
i.e alien enemy,
insolvent,
convict,
company/corporationagainst MOA / AOA .
35. Minor
According to Indian majority act sec(3)
minor is defined as any person under the
age of 18 years . In the following cases a
person is said to be minor if he does not
complete the age of 21 years
a) any person under the guardian & wards
act ,1890
b)any person which comes under
superintendence of law/legal representative
36. Rules governing minors agreement
Rule 1 : Judges are counsellors ,
jury is the servant ,
law is the guardian .
Rule 2: In case minor entered into a
contract which is unlawful , illegal ,
immoral he is also prosecutable &
punishable under the relevant law.
37. Legal rules
An agreement with minor is void
ab initio
[Mohiri Bibi v. Dharmadas Ghase]
Minor can be promisee
[Shrafat Ali v. Noor Mohd]
Minor cannot ratify his agreement
on attaining the age of majority
[Indra Ramaswamy v. Anthiappa
Chettier]
38. Minor as a shareholder ,
Minor as a partner,
Minor as a agent ,
Minor as a member of trade union ,
No estoppel against minor ,
He can plead his minority ,
He can enter into contract for his
necessary
[Robert v. Gray ]
On behalf of minor his parents ,
guardian or any other person can enter
into void contract to acquire movable
property.
39. Unsound person
According to sec(12) a person
generally sound , occasionally
unsound can enter into a contract
when he of sound mind
A person generally unsound
occasionally sound can enter onto
contract when he is sound mind .
40. Persons of unsound mind
1)Lunatic ,
2)Idiots ,
3)Drunken or intoxicated persons.