Decade Project

1920's and 1930's By: Holly Fryer and Rachael Seatvet

OUTLINE : -Politics -Recreation: Sports Through the Years -Entertainment -Music: Age of Jazz -Buzz words -Famous People -Presidents: Herbert Hoover -Inventions -1920’s Fads -1930’s Fads

1920 In 1920 the 18th amendment was ratified. This new amendment caused a lot of people to break the law. The new law dramatically decreased the consumption of alcohol but caused the price of alcohol to inflate. It also meant there was a good deal more profit to be made in the production and distribution of alcohol. The mafia played a major role in the distribution and production of alcohol. When the government started cracking down hard on saloon owners, they decided to make money by introducing gambling and prostitution as new means of income. The 18th amendment states: After one year from the ratification of this article the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors within, the importation thereof into, or the exportation thereof from the United States and all territory subject to the jurisdiction thereof for beverage purposes is hereby prohibited.

1921 In 1921, Warren G. Harding was inaugurated as the 29th president of the United States. Harding was ranked as one of the worst presidents of all time. Harding published and edited the Marion Daily Star, a pro-Republican newspaper. He was elected in 1914 to the U.S. Senate. Harding was chosen as a candidate on the 10th ballot of the 1920 Republican convention. He was inaugurated in 1921 and took over the White House from two-term Democrat Woodrow Wilson. President Harding’s inauguration

1922 In the Eastern United States, child labor became a problem after the Civil War, and in the South after 1910. Congressional child labor laws were declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in 1922. The 19th amendment was also passed in 1922 giving women the right to vote.

1923 In 1923, president Warren G. Harding, dies unexpectedly of apoplexy in a hotel in San Francisco. He was only in office for 2 years. Harding Memorial President Harding’s Casket

1924 In 1924, the senate unanimously votes all Japanese immigrants barred from the United States except for ministers, children, teachers, and their families. President Coolidge signing the 1924 immigration Act.

1925 In 1925, Calvin Coolidge inaugurated and begins his first full term as president.

1926 In 1926, the senate ratifies a treaty with Mexico to prevent smuggling of narcotics, liquor, and immigrants across the border. liquor Immigrants

1927 In 1927, the U.S. Supreme Court rules unconstitutional a Texas law excluding African Americans from voting in the Democratic Primary. Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr., a Supreme Court justice, stated that the law was a “direct infringement of the 14th amendment. Oliver Holmes

1928 In 1928, the Republican party nominated Herbert Hoover, from California, for president of the United States. Senator Charles Curtis received a nomination for Vice-president. Charles Curtis Herbert Hoover

1929 In 1928, Herbert Hoover was inaugurated.

1930 In 1930, the Bank of the United States, one of the largest banks in the country, closed. The closing of the bank caused over 400,000 depositor's to lose most of their money. The bank was only able to supply some people that lost their money with a few hundred dollars.

1931 In 1931, Hoover signs a bill making the“Star Spangled Banner”the national anthem. *The national anthem was written by Francis Scott Key in 1814.*

1932 In 1932, Franklin D. Roosevelt was elected president of the United States. He won 472 votes in the electoral college. Hoover only received 59.

1933 In 1933, Franklin D. Roosevelt is inaugurated and the 20th amendment is ratified.

1934 In 1934, congress passed the Gold Reserve Act of 1934, giving the government greater control over the value of the dollar.

1935 In 1935, congress passes the Social Security Act and the Neutrality Act. The Social Security Act states: An act to provide for the general welfare by establishing a system of Federal old-age benefits, and by enabling the several States to make more adequate provision for aged persons, blind persons, dependent and crippled children, maternal and child welfare, public health, and the administration of their unemployment compensation laws; to establish a Social Security Board; to raise revenue; and for other purposes. The Neutrality Act states: Providing for the prohibition of the export of arms, ammunition, and implements of war to belligerent countries; the prohibition of the transportation of arms, ammunition, and implements of war by vessels of the United States for the use of belligerent states; for the registration and licensing of persons engaged in the business of manufacturing, exporting, or importing arms, ammunition, or implements of war; and restricting travel by American citizens on belligerent ships during war. belligerent ships during war. Roosevelt signing the Social Security Act of 1935.

1936 In1936, Eleanor Roosevelt starts to publish a syndicated* column called “ My Day.” The newspaper column was a way for Roosevelt to express her opinion. This newspaper column made her a tempting target for political enemies. *syndicate (n.) An association of people or firms authorized to undertake a duty or transact specific business.* NOVEMBER 18, 1957 NEW YORK—When in Michigan the past week, I found myself reading the Detroit Free Press, trying to find out what that part of the country is particularly interested in.One editorial discussed President Eisenhower's wisdom in giving the country information on his health and mentioned that, by his example, he was encouraging annual health checkups.Then there was an editorial on Representative Walter H. Judd's proposal that the United Nations undertake a new type of aid program to fill a gap between technical assistance, which provides advice and persons to teach industrial know-how, and the actual furnishing of money and materials through the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development.Representative Judd's idea is that we should provide through voluntary contributions "intensive surveys of physical resources, train administrators and offer fundamental industrial research." The editorial did not say whether these contributions should come from individuals or governments.Representative Judd thinks such a program would attract private investment to countries where there are new resources to be developed.The Detroit Free Press believes that the important part of the program centers in Dr. Judd's remark that "private capital must be the real source of development in any nation." The reason the Free Press thinks this is a good program and hopes it will get U.N. consideration is because it feels such a plan would promote our economic system of capitalism. The newspaper feels that because of what it calls our give-away policy we have lost the respect of other nations.The results, of course, would depend upon how this new plan would be adapted to conditions where it is tried out. It might help Greatly in some areas and not so much in others. I doubt very much if we can expect to develop an exact counterpart of our economic system or our form of government in other areas of the world. Without question, both will have to be adjusted to meet the needs and situations of other countries.To say that the sputniks have aroused interest in the Soviet Union is putting it mildly. It would have been well had we never lost our interest in the U.S.S.R., for then we would have been aware over the past years of the possibilities of development under the compulsory Communistic system.Lack of knowledge about our adversaries is apt to produce surprises such as those we have just been treated to. And now it is hard to answer the multitude of questions which have built up in the minds of our people.I spoke one night last week at Eastern Michigan College in Ypsilanti, which is only eight miles from Ann Arbor where I began my tour not quite a week earlier. Ypsilanti is a small but attractive city with a number of industries and two colleges. It is only 30 miles from Detroit and, therefore, a part of the great automobile center of our country.I also visited one of the first schools in this country for retarded children. The school not only cares for the mentally retarded, but for spastics and post-polio cases as well, and I was told that nearly all the children here are able to acquire something from education. E.R. (Copyright, 1957, by United Feature Syndicate, Inc.)

1937 In 1937, congress passes the Supreme Court Retirement Act. Kennedy Ginsburg Souter Breyer Scalia Thomas O’Connor Stevens Rehnquist

1938 In 1938, Franklin Roosevelt appeals to Hitler for a peaceful solution to the crisis in Sudetenland.

1939 In 1939, The U.S. Department of Agriculture introduces food stamps. The Food Stamp Program helps low-income people and their families buy the food they need.

Recreation and Entertainment TIMELINE

Recreation During the 20's and 30's

1920-1925 1920 Olympics: Defeated in WWI, Austria, Bulgaria, Germany, Hungary and Turkey are not allowed to participate. This year is also the first year that they flew the Olympic flag. At least one of the 5 colors used in the Olympic flag are used in the flags of every nation in the world. 1921: Chicago Staley's (later named the Chicago Bears) win the 1921 American Professional Football Association (NFL). 1922: Water Skiing is invented. 1923: New York Yankees defeat New York Giants in the World Series, 4 games to 2. This is the team's 4th season with Babe Ruth, and the first championship for the New York Yankees. 1924 Summer Olympics: Takes place in Paris, France. The United States wins the most medals (99), and the most gold medals (45). (Also the first Winter Olympics) 1925 U.S. Open: Willie Macfarlane wins the U.S. Open.

1926-1929 1926 Indianapolis 500: Frank Lockhart wins the Indianapolis 500. 1927: Babe Ruth hits 60 homeruns, setting a Major League record. 1928: Bobby Jones wins the U.S. Open. 1929: The Intercollegiate Lacrosse League is renamed the U.S. Intercollegiate Lacrosse Association (USILA).

1930-1935 1930: Bobby Jones wins the U.S. Open, British Open, U.S. Amateur, and British Amateur. 1931: The Negro National League (Baseball) *disbands*. 1932: Summer Olympics take place in Los Angeles, United States. (U.S. wins most medals (103) and most gold medals (41). Winter Olympics take place in Lake Placid, United States. (U.S. wins most medals (12) and most gold medals (6). 1933: Philadelphia Eagles are founded. 1934: The New York Yacht Club retains the America’s Cup as Rainbow defeats British challenger Endeavour , of the Royal Yacht Squadron, 4 races to 2. 1935: Babe Ruth announces his retirement. *Disbands: Breaks up.*

1936-1939 1936: Max Schmeling knocked out Joe Louis at 2:29 of round 12 at New York’s Yankee Stadium. This is one of the biggest upsets in Boxing history. 1937: The Washington Redskins win the NFL title their first year in Washington. They defeat the Chicago Bears 28-21. 1938: The first High School Oil Bowl is played. 1939: The Green Bay Packers beat the New York Giants, 27-0,in the NFL Championship. This is the first shut out in NFL history.

During the 1920’s and 1930’s, there were many ways to entertain yourself. The two most popular past times were silent films and baseball. Once the depression started though, silent films were not seen as much because they were too costly. Baseball was the other popular past time. Major League Baseball and the Negro National League were the two most common Leagues to play for. Entertainment of the 20' and 30's

Age of Jazz Music of the 20's and 30's

Louis Armstrong In the 1920’s, Louis Armstrong was one of the most well know jazz artists. He was discovered in 1923 and became very popular. He was a soloist and mainly played the trumpet but also played the cornet on occasion. He often re-composed pop-tunes he played, making them more interesting. he was first known as a cornet player, then as a trumpet player, and toward the end of his career he was best known as a vocalist and became one of the most influential jazz singers. 1901-1971

Bessie Smith 1894-1937 In the 20’s and 30’s, Bessie Smith was one of the most renowned vocalists. Smith is known as one of the greatest singers during her era. By the early 1920s, Smith had starred in How Come?, a musical on Broadway. During the production of How Come?, she was replaced and returned to Philadelphia. There, she met Jack Gee, a security guard whom she married on June 7, 1923, just as her first recordings were being released. During the marriage, Smith became the biggest headliner on the black Theater Owner’s Book Association, running a show that made her the highest-paid black entertainer of her day. Gee never adjusted to show business life. In 1929, when Smith learned of Jack Gee's affair with another performer, she ended the marriage, but never legally divorced. Smith eventually found a common-law husband in an old friend, Richard Morgan, who was. She stayed with him until her death in 1937.

Bessie and Louis's Major Hits Bessie Louis -What did I do to be so (Black and Blue) -West End Blues -Ain’t Misbehavin’ -St. Louis Blues -A Good Man is Hard to Find -Wild Women Don’t Have Blues

1920S BUZZWORDS Berries and Bees knees:an extra ordinary person Big Cheese: most important person Carry a torch: to have a crush Cheaters: glasses Clam: money Cats pajamas: something splendid Dry up: shut up or be quiet Ducky: very good Fire Extinguisher: a chaperone

Handcuff: engagement ring Moll: gangster’s girl On the lam: running from the police Ossified: someone drunk Putting on the Ritz: doing something expensive Razz: make fun of something Sinker: a doughnut Tomato: a girl You slay me: that’s funny! Buzz Words:

Al "SCARFACE" CAPONE In the 1920’s through the 1930’s, Al “Scarface” Capone was one of the most notorious gangsters. He’s an Italian American born in the U.S. He was big on bootlegging and smuggling of liquor during the prohibition era in the 20’s and 30’s. He worked for a gang known as the “Chicago Outfit.” His business cards all said that he was a used furniture dealer. Since the cops couldn’t prove that he was the one behind the bootlegging and smuggling, they arrested him for tax evasion in Al Capone’s most notorious gang killing was the 1929 St. Valentine’s Day Massacre in Chicago's North Side. He had Seven victims in a garage at 2122 North Clark Street. Their deaths are generally linked to Capone and Jack “Machine Gun” McGurn. Jack is thought to have led the operation, using gunmen disguised as police and toting shotguns. The point of the killing was to kill “Bugs” Moran, Capone's organized crime rival.

Marcus Garvey Marcus Garvey was a publisher, journalist, orator, entrepreneur, and black nationalist. He was also the founder of the “Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League,” (UNIA-ACL). He was most famous for his great amount of activism in African American rights. His goal was "to unite all people of African ancestry of the world to one great body to establish a country and absolute government of their own.” In other words, he wanted to divide the country In half. He wanted black’s on one side, white’s on the other. How did Marcus Garvey come up with the name for the organization? Here’s his answer; "Where did the name of the organization come from? It was while speaking to a West Indian Negro who was a passenger with me from Southampton, who was returning home to the West Indies from Basutoland with his Basuto wife, that I further learned of the horrors of native life in Africa. He related to me in conversation such horrible and pitiable tales that my heart bled within me. Retiring from the conversation to my cabin, all day and the following night I pondered over the subject matter of that conversation, and at midnight, lying flat on my back, the vision and thought came to me that I should name the organization the Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities (Imperial) League. Such a name I thought would embrace the purpose of all black humanity. Thus to the world a name was born, a movement created, and a man became known."

The Big Cheese 1929-1933 *Republican *31st president *The Great Depression started the first year of his presidency *Greatly criticized for having the Great Depression during his presidency OTHER PRESIDENTS Warren Harding (1921-1923) Calvin Coolidge (1923-1929) Franklin Roosevelt (1933-1945) Herbert Clark Hoover

Hoover’s Great Depression Hoover was president during the Great Depression and got a lot of criticism because he was so stubborn. Some sayings during this time were: *Hard times are still ‘hoovering’ over us *Hoover Hog, Blanket, Car, Bag, and Hoover Shoes *Hooverville

Interesting Facts of Hoover *President Hoover never went to high school. *Humanitarian and Quaker reputation. *He was a mining engineer and author before elected president. *An orphan from the age of 10. *He performed his speeches on the radio.

1920-bandaid 1921- robot, lie detector 1922- insulin, first 3-D movie 1927- PEZ 1928- bubble gum 1930- scotch tape, frozen meals 1933- drive-in movie theatre 1934- the game Monopoly 1939- first successful helicopter Famous Inventions

PB&J was popular starting in the twenties because of Peter Pan spread on white bread with some jam. It was popular all over the US from then on. In the twenties vibrant red lips was what everyone had, it was paired with any color and any occasion. Whether its going to the drive-in movies, or in your flapper dress on the dance floor swing dancing. PETER PAN PEANUT BUTTER BRIGHT RED LIPSTICK

The cool cats in town looking for a good time with their big six went to swing dancing at the Savoy. Swing had many different styles like the Jitterbug, Lindy Hop, Charleston, Ballroom Jive, and West Coast Swing. Even though the Swing was most popular in 1937, it was really invented in the twenties. SWING DANCING

PEZ, short for pfefferminz, is now known as the candy with the cartoon heads and the variety of flavors. But back in the twenties it was just peppermint flavored and in a tin can but it sold fairly well. PEZ was originally made to have a small peppermint square to eat to help smokers to quit. Later on in the late 1940s to increase sales they put cartoon heads on a long square tube, which is now the PEZ we know. PEZ CANDY

These hats were commonly worn in the twenties by women with short hair, which was all the rage then. The actors, school kids, adults, and even elderly wore cloche hats when it was in fashion. The hats name came from the French word bell, and the hat looked like a bell. It came over your eyebrows and had a round top fitted to your head. They were usually formal, but could be seen on the streets. CLOCHE HATS

FLAPPERS Flappers were women who broke away the conservative image of womanhood. They had short curly hair, wore less clothing so they could move freely when dancing, used make-up and created the idea of dating. The Betty Boop was the original flapper girl cartoon.

STAMP COLLECTING Stamp collecting became very popular in the thirties because people were looking for a hobby that didn’t cost much during the Great Depression and stamp collecting was the perfect thing. President Roosevelt helped make this hobby very popular with his stamp collection

HOOD ORNAMENTS In the thirties hood ornaments used to be put on the hood of your car. If you had one, you were the coolest kid in town because they were fairly expensive. People used to steal them off of cars all the time, so their car could look good.

MINI Miniature golf was often called “Garden Golf” because it was originally played in rich people’s backyards in their garden. The playing surface used to be cottonseeds pressed together, which gave you a smooth playing surface. In the thirties if u wanted to show how cool you were, you had a rooftop mini-golf game, or went there with some friends. There were about 150 rooftop courses in NYC in the thirties.

Monopoly was created by Charles B. Darrow in 1934. He presented it to Parker Brothers who turned his game idea down because they said that he made it with too many fundamental errors. Then he sold it to all of this friends who loved it, overall He sold 5,000 copies of his game with out a label. He also sold it to a store when he was getting so much success with his game, then the Parker Brothers changed their mind and decided to buy his game. They sold 20 thousand sets each week.

DRIVE-IN THEATRE Drive in theatre started in June, 1933, it was Richard Hollingshed. It was immediate success, people would drive down the street to go see a movie on a big screen in an open Parking lot with the picture on a huge screen and a cone with the sound blasting in your car.

BOARD GAMES Board games became popular when kids had not much to do during the Great Depression so they made their own games, and borrowed games from each other also. The most popular game was Monopoly because it was the newest and was considered the most fun to play.

In the twenties most women wore dresses all the time, all with dropped waist lines. A lot of women wore flapper dresses when going out dancing which were loose dresses with fringe at the bottom. The colors usually were bright or pastel. Women also wore gloves.

Men used to wear nice suits with black hats and bowties when out to dinner, but when they were out in town they wore big jackets and sacque suits.

In the twenties women wore their hair curly and they always wore hats. The hats were called cloche hats and were tight fit on your head. Men didn’t go anywhere without a hat near by. They usually wore hats with a flat top and a wide brim.

Women in the thirties wore close fitting and well cut clothes. The dresses were usually an inch or so below the knee, and in the winter, had long jackets. Along with the dresses, white gloves and hats were a must for girls of all ages at a formal. In normal wear, gloves wern’t worn, but it was strange to not be wearing a hat.

Fashion for men hasn’t changed a lot, but in the thirties Zoot Suits were very popular. They were first popular with Hispanics, , but then everyone started wearing them. The suits were originally called “ drapes” because they were so loose.

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