1) Jesus underwent Roman scourging and was sentenced to death by crucifixion. The scourging produced deep lacerations and blood loss, greatly weakening him.
2) At the crucifixion site, his wrists were nailed to the crossbar and his feet to the vertical pole. Breathing difficulties from this position led to his death from hypovolemic shock and exhaustion asphyxia.
3) Modern medical analysis concludes Jesus was dead when taken down based on the historical accounts and knowledge of crucifixion and its effects.
CHRISTIAN SUPERNATURAL TEACHINGS, BIBLE CLASS LESSONS, GOSPELS BY LEADER OLUMBA OLUMBA OBU, THE SUPERNATURAL TEACHER AND SOLE SPIRITUAL HEAD, BROTHERHOOD OF THE CROSS AND STAR
Freemasonry aims to dispel common myths and misconceptions about the organization. It addresses several myths, providing facts to counter each one. Some of the myths addressed include that Freemasonry is a secret society, a religion, incompatible with Christianity, anti-Catholic, and involves activities like worshipping Lucifer or riding goats. The document explains that Freemasonry is a non-religious fraternal organization that is open to people of all faiths and that meetings involve ritual, education, and social activities.
El libro de hebreos, m l andreasen (253)Paul Androne
El documento presenta un resumen del libro de Hebreos, incluyendo el contexto histórico en el que fue escrito, la destrucción inminente de Jerusalén, y la confusión de los creyentes sobre si esto marcaría el fin del mundo. Explica que el libro buscaba brindar consuelo a los creyentes al destacar la superioridad de Cristo sobre el antiguo pacto y alentar la fe y perseverancia a la luz de la demora en su regreso.
President John Kennedy once observed, “The history of man is the history of war?” Why is this statement true? Jesus prophesied, “You shall hear of wars and rumors of wars” (Mt. 24:6). Why is world peace so elusive and seemingly unattainable?
Why is Messiah called the “Prince of Peace”? (Isa. 9:6) How does Jesus bring “peace on earth”? (Psa. 46:9; Lk. 2:14) What is peace? What are the different kinds of peace? Are you at peace with yourself and others? How did you find peace? Is there anyone with whom you have had difficulty being at peace with? What do you suppose is the cause of your conflict? What can you do to be at peace with this person? (Rom. 12:18)
This document summarizes the book of Ezekiel, beginning with background on Ezekiel as a prophet. It then outlines the book's three main parts: judgment on Judah (chapters 1-24), judgment on surrounding nations (chapters 25-32), and blessings for Judah's restoration (chapters 33-48). Key events and visions described include Ezekiel's commissioning, the siege and destruction of Jerusalem, oracles against neighboring peoples, the valley of dry bones vision, and a vision of a restored temple.
Amos 4:2-13 prepare to meet your God, O Israel. It is very important to prepare to meet God. Some will think they are prepare and are not. How do we prepare to meet our God?
It is the world’s largest (6 million members) and oldest (3,000 years old) fraternal organization. Freemasons believe in the Fatherhood of God and the Brotherhood of man.
Daniel 70 weeks - A presentation on Daniel's propheciesPrepare Your Ways
The document discusses prophecies from the book of Daniel regarding future visions and the 70 weeks prophecy concerning the coming of the Messiah. It analyzes the prophecy in Daniel 9 which foretells events from the rebuilding of Jerusalem until the Messiah is "cut off." These are dated to have been fulfilled between 445 BC to 32 AD. Other details provided include Jesus' crucifixion occurring on a Wednesday according to Jewish calendar dating. The document then discusses prophecies related to the future rebuilding of the Jewish temple, the rise of the Antichrist, and end times events.
CHRISTIAN SUPERNATURAL TEACHINGS, BIBLE CLASS LESSONS, GOSPELS BY LEADER OLUMBA OLUMBA OBU, THE SUPERNATURAL TEACHER AND SOLE SPIRITUAL HEAD, BROTHERHOOD OF THE CROSS AND STAR
Freemasonry aims to dispel common myths and misconceptions about the organization. It addresses several myths, providing facts to counter each one. Some of the myths addressed include that Freemasonry is a secret society, a religion, incompatible with Christianity, anti-Catholic, and involves activities like worshipping Lucifer or riding goats. The document explains that Freemasonry is a non-religious fraternal organization that is open to people of all faiths and that meetings involve ritual, education, and social activities.
El libro de hebreos, m l andreasen (253)Paul Androne
El documento presenta un resumen del libro de Hebreos, incluyendo el contexto histórico en el que fue escrito, la destrucción inminente de Jerusalén, y la confusión de los creyentes sobre si esto marcaría el fin del mundo. Explica que el libro buscaba brindar consuelo a los creyentes al destacar la superioridad de Cristo sobre el antiguo pacto y alentar la fe y perseverancia a la luz de la demora en su regreso.
President John Kennedy once observed, “The history of man is the history of war?” Why is this statement true? Jesus prophesied, “You shall hear of wars and rumors of wars” (Mt. 24:6). Why is world peace so elusive and seemingly unattainable?
Why is Messiah called the “Prince of Peace”? (Isa. 9:6) How does Jesus bring “peace on earth”? (Psa. 46:9; Lk. 2:14) What is peace? What are the different kinds of peace? Are you at peace with yourself and others? How did you find peace? Is there anyone with whom you have had difficulty being at peace with? What do you suppose is the cause of your conflict? What can you do to be at peace with this person? (Rom. 12:18)
This document summarizes the book of Ezekiel, beginning with background on Ezekiel as a prophet. It then outlines the book's three main parts: judgment on Judah (chapters 1-24), judgment on surrounding nations (chapters 25-32), and blessings for Judah's restoration (chapters 33-48). Key events and visions described include Ezekiel's commissioning, the siege and destruction of Jerusalem, oracles against neighboring peoples, the valley of dry bones vision, and a vision of a restored temple.
Amos 4:2-13 prepare to meet your God, O Israel. It is very important to prepare to meet God. Some will think they are prepare and are not. How do we prepare to meet our God?
It is the world’s largest (6 million members) and oldest (3,000 years old) fraternal organization. Freemasons believe in the Fatherhood of God and the Brotherhood of man.
Daniel 70 weeks - A presentation on Daniel's propheciesPrepare Your Ways
The document discusses prophecies from the book of Daniel regarding future visions and the 70 weeks prophecy concerning the coming of the Messiah. It analyzes the prophecy in Daniel 9 which foretells events from the rebuilding of Jerusalem until the Messiah is "cut off." These are dated to have been fulfilled between 445 BC to 32 AD. Other details provided include Jesus' crucifixion occurring on a Wednesday according to Jewish calendar dating. The document then discusses prophecies related to the future rebuilding of the Jewish temple, the rise of the Antichrist, and end times events.
Roman Empire the Empire of the edomites = past present and futureall4yhwh
The document discusses the origins of Esau and the Horites who inhabited Mount Seir before Esau. It claims that Esau interbred with the Horites, who were Neanderthals also called Troglodytes or cave dwellers. This produced the white race that Esau's descendants went on to inhabit places like Greece, Rome, Spain, France and Britain. It asserts that all white people carry Neanderthal genetic material, unlike Africans/Hebrews who have none. The question was why the Horites of Mount Seir are mentioned in Esau's genealogy, and the answer is that Esau intermarried with the Horite family, taking control of the land from them.
The document discusses various passages from the book of Daniel relating to end times prophecy. It argues that Daniel's prophecies of 2,300 days, 70 weeks, and 1,260/1,290/1,335 days all refer to a seven year period at the end of this age. The 2,300 days specifically represent seven sets of annual feasts from the first to last year. The document examines Jewish interpretations dating these periods to events surrounding the re-establishment of Israel in the 1940s. It maintains the last seven years are still to be fulfilled and points to possible start dates of 2014-2021 or 2017-2024.
This document provides an overview and summary of the first lesson from a Bible study series covering Genesis chapters 1 through 7. The lesson discusses the rules of the study, which are to focus on what the Bible says without denominational bias or attempts to convert others. It then summarizes the key events in the creation story, including God creating light, separating the waters, creating land and plants on the third day, and creating the sun and moon on the fourth day. It discusses how Adam and Eve were created in innocence but fell to temptation by Satan in the form of a serpent, eating the forbidden fruit despite being warned that disobedience would result in death.
Types of Messiah
What is prophecy?
Test of a true prophet
The importance of prophecy
Messianic prophecies
The significance of messianic prophecies
Messianic prophecy issues
Probability of fulfillment of prophecies
Other Old Testament (OT) prophecies
End Time prophecies
1) The document discusses the importance of faith as the first step of Christian growth. It defines faith as believing and trusting in God, and walking by faith rather than by sight.
2) It outlines two kinds of faith: wrong faith which is blind guessing without biblical foundation, and right faith which has substance, is proven, and aligns with scripture.
3) Right faith accesses salvation, peace with God, pleases God, answers needs, and brings all good things through knowing Jesus. To grow faith, one must constantly feed on God's word, force it in difficult times, fight with faith, and live in faith daily.
Este documento describe el origen de la religión babilónica y cómo se convirtió en la precursora de las falsas religiones. Explica que Nimrod estableció el primer reino en Babilonia y promovió una religión pagana basada en él, su esposa Semiramis y su hijo Tammuz. Esta religión se esparció desde Babilonia a otras naciones antiguas y sus símbolos y prácticas pueden encontrarse en muchas religiones falsas modernas, por lo que la Biblia la describe como la "madre de las fornicaciones y ab
When Jesus said "It is finished" on the cross, he meant that:
1) His separation from God and earthly suffering had ended.
2) The old covenant and rule of sin and death had come to an end, bringing an end to hopelessness.
3) Individual struggles to fulfill callings and purposes were finished.
The document provides guidance on how to study the Bible through inductive Bible study. It emphasizes the importance of discovering truth for yourself through observation and interpretation, rather than simply being told information. The key steps of inductive Bible study outlined are observation, interpretation, and application. Observation involves closely reading the text and marking important details. Interpretation means understanding the intended meaning of the passage in its context. Application is determining how the meaning applies to one's own life. An example of working through observation of a Bible passage is included.
The Essentials of Apologetics - Why Jesus (Part 3)?Robin Schumacher
The document discusses evidence that Jesus is the Messiah and God based on biblical prophecies and teachings. It notes that the Old Testament contains over 100 prophecies about the Messiah that Jesus fulfilled, making the odds of accidental fulfillment astronomical. Jesus' words and actions, such as forgiving sins, claiming eternal existence, and judging the world, implied he saw himself as divine. The New Testament writers also presented Jesus as the Son of God and God in the flesh. The document examines passages where Jesus directly equated himself with God and his divine attributes. Overall, it argues that Jesus uniquely fits all the descriptions of the promised Messiah and claimed divinity, establishing him as the God-Man portrayed in the Bible.
For Teenagers: Shaped or shattered - a study of JeremiahChris Yeo
The document summarizes key messages from the prophets Isaiah, Jeremiah and Ezekiel. It begins by outlining their historical context in Israel and then focuses on Jeremiah, providing more details about his life and prophecies. The main points are: (1) Jeremiah prophesied in Judah around 626 BC and warned of coming judgment for hardened hearts; (2) God knows us and will provide what we need, so we should not doubt ourselves; and (3) We should remain soft before God like clay in the hands of a potter, yielding to be shaped as he desires.
The document provides an overview and analysis of the biblical book of Revelation. It outlines the book's key themes, chapters, and references to Jesus Christ. Revelation is described as dealing with things that will soon take place and things of the end times. It promises a blessing to all who read it and contains warnings for the church. Jesus Christ is prominently featured throughout the book as the ruler, redeemer, and judge.
Jesus cleansed a man with leprosy, demonstrating his power over disease. The man approached Jesus with respect, worshipping him and saying "Lord, if you will, you can make me clean." Jesus touched the man, curing his leprosy instantly. We should approach Jesus with respect, contentment in his plan, and confidence in his power, as he is worthy of our faith and able to overcome any problem.
Acts 21, End Of The 3rd. Missionary Journey, Headed To Jerusalem, compelled b...Valley Bible Fellowship
Acts Chapter 21, End Of The 3rd. Missionary Journey, Headed To Jerusalem, compelled by the Spirit, Peacemakers, living in obedience to the law, languages translated
The Essentials of Apologetics - Why Christianity (Part 3)?Robin Schumacher
This document is a presentation on why Christianity provides compelling answers to life's key questions about origin, purpose, and the afterlife. It summarizes atheistic views which conclude that life has no higher purpose or meaning. It then examines Christian teachings that humanity was created by God, should live with love, has purpose defined by God, and faces an afterlife of either eternal life with God or separation from him. The document asserts that Christianity alone can provide meaning, truth, love and security. It argues that through Jesus, God demonstrates his love for humanity and offers forgiveness and salvation as gifts through faith in him.
Representation The Parable Of The Weeds And The WheatChris1127
The parable describes a farmer who sows good seed in his field. At night, an enemy sows weeds among the wheat. When the plants grow, both wheat and weeds appear. The slaves ask if they should remove the weeds but the farmer says no, let them grow together until harvest so as not to damage the wheat. At harvest, the weeds will be bundled and burned while the wheat is stored in the barn. Jesus explains that the field is the world, the wheat are God's people, the weeds are evil people, and the harvest is judgment day.
The Mark Of The Beast Or The Seal Of Godguest6a4ef8
THE MARK OF THE BEAST WILL BE FINALIZED WHEN THE NATIONAL (WORLDWIDE) SUNDAY LAW IS PASSED, AND WHEN ALL OF MANKIND HAVE HAD AN OPPORTUNITY TO CHOOSE EITHER GOD OR SATAN; GOD'S PEOPLE WILL BE SEALED BY MAKING THEIR DECISION TO FOLLOW CHRIST JESUS (SEVENTH) DAY, NOT SUNDAY.
The Gospel of Matthew highlights Jesus' fulfillment of Jewish law and prophecy. It contains many references to the Old Testament. Matthew characterizes Jesus as the new Moses who delivers his followers from bondage to sin. The book emphasizes that Jesus establishes the Kingdom of Heaven and that his followers must hold righteousness to a higher standard than the Pharisees. It also contains the Sermon on the Mount and many unique additions to Jesus' teachings found in other Gospels.
Para tener una buena calidad de vida, se deben satisfacer las necesidades básicas como la salud, seguridad social y derechos humanos, los cuales dependen en gran medida del desempeño laboral y la economía. La calidad de vida también se ve afectada por factores como la falta de comunicación, miedo, ansiedad y baja autoestima, por lo que el apoyo y comprensión familiar y social son importantes. La felicidad es uno de los sentimientos más importantes y objetivos para el desarrollo humano, aunque depende más de nos
Haiku Deck is a presentation tool that allows users to create Haiku-style slideshows. The tool encourages users to get started making their own Haiku Deck presentations, which can be shared on SlideShare. In just 3 sentences, it promotes creating Haiku Deck presentations and publishing them to SlideShare.
Roman Empire the Empire of the edomites = past present and futureall4yhwh
The document discusses the origins of Esau and the Horites who inhabited Mount Seir before Esau. It claims that Esau interbred with the Horites, who were Neanderthals also called Troglodytes or cave dwellers. This produced the white race that Esau's descendants went on to inhabit places like Greece, Rome, Spain, France and Britain. It asserts that all white people carry Neanderthal genetic material, unlike Africans/Hebrews who have none. The question was why the Horites of Mount Seir are mentioned in Esau's genealogy, and the answer is that Esau intermarried with the Horite family, taking control of the land from them.
The document discusses various passages from the book of Daniel relating to end times prophecy. It argues that Daniel's prophecies of 2,300 days, 70 weeks, and 1,260/1,290/1,335 days all refer to a seven year period at the end of this age. The 2,300 days specifically represent seven sets of annual feasts from the first to last year. The document examines Jewish interpretations dating these periods to events surrounding the re-establishment of Israel in the 1940s. It maintains the last seven years are still to be fulfilled and points to possible start dates of 2014-2021 or 2017-2024.
This document provides an overview and summary of the first lesson from a Bible study series covering Genesis chapters 1 through 7. The lesson discusses the rules of the study, which are to focus on what the Bible says without denominational bias or attempts to convert others. It then summarizes the key events in the creation story, including God creating light, separating the waters, creating land and plants on the third day, and creating the sun and moon on the fourth day. It discusses how Adam and Eve were created in innocence but fell to temptation by Satan in the form of a serpent, eating the forbidden fruit despite being warned that disobedience would result in death.
Types of Messiah
What is prophecy?
Test of a true prophet
The importance of prophecy
Messianic prophecies
The significance of messianic prophecies
Messianic prophecy issues
Probability of fulfillment of prophecies
Other Old Testament (OT) prophecies
End Time prophecies
1) The document discusses the importance of faith as the first step of Christian growth. It defines faith as believing and trusting in God, and walking by faith rather than by sight.
2) It outlines two kinds of faith: wrong faith which is blind guessing without biblical foundation, and right faith which has substance, is proven, and aligns with scripture.
3) Right faith accesses salvation, peace with God, pleases God, answers needs, and brings all good things through knowing Jesus. To grow faith, one must constantly feed on God's word, force it in difficult times, fight with faith, and live in faith daily.
Este documento describe el origen de la religión babilónica y cómo se convirtió en la precursora de las falsas religiones. Explica que Nimrod estableció el primer reino en Babilonia y promovió una religión pagana basada en él, su esposa Semiramis y su hijo Tammuz. Esta religión se esparció desde Babilonia a otras naciones antiguas y sus símbolos y prácticas pueden encontrarse en muchas religiones falsas modernas, por lo que la Biblia la describe como la "madre de las fornicaciones y ab
When Jesus said "It is finished" on the cross, he meant that:
1) His separation from God and earthly suffering had ended.
2) The old covenant and rule of sin and death had come to an end, bringing an end to hopelessness.
3) Individual struggles to fulfill callings and purposes were finished.
The document provides guidance on how to study the Bible through inductive Bible study. It emphasizes the importance of discovering truth for yourself through observation and interpretation, rather than simply being told information. The key steps of inductive Bible study outlined are observation, interpretation, and application. Observation involves closely reading the text and marking important details. Interpretation means understanding the intended meaning of the passage in its context. Application is determining how the meaning applies to one's own life. An example of working through observation of a Bible passage is included.
The Essentials of Apologetics - Why Jesus (Part 3)?Robin Schumacher
The document discusses evidence that Jesus is the Messiah and God based on biblical prophecies and teachings. It notes that the Old Testament contains over 100 prophecies about the Messiah that Jesus fulfilled, making the odds of accidental fulfillment astronomical. Jesus' words and actions, such as forgiving sins, claiming eternal existence, and judging the world, implied he saw himself as divine. The New Testament writers also presented Jesus as the Son of God and God in the flesh. The document examines passages where Jesus directly equated himself with God and his divine attributes. Overall, it argues that Jesus uniquely fits all the descriptions of the promised Messiah and claimed divinity, establishing him as the God-Man portrayed in the Bible.
For Teenagers: Shaped or shattered - a study of JeremiahChris Yeo
The document summarizes key messages from the prophets Isaiah, Jeremiah and Ezekiel. It begins by outlining their historical context in Israel and then focuses on Jeremiah, providing more details about his life and prophecies. The main points are: (1) Jeremiah prophesied in Judah around 626 BC and warned of coming judgment for hardened hearts; (2) God knows us and will provide what we need, so we should not doubt ourselves; and (3) We should remain soft before God like clay in the hands of a potter, yielding to be shaped as he desires.
The document provides an overview and analysis of the biblical book of Revelation. It outlines the book's key themes, chapters, and references to Jesus Christ. Revelation is described as dealing with things that will soon take place and things of the end times. It promises a blessing to all who read it and contains warnings for the church. Jesus Christ is prominently featured throughout the book as the ruler, redeemer, and judge.
Jesus cleansed a man with leprosy, demonstrating his power over disease. The man approached Jesus with respect, worshipping him and saying "Lord, if you will, you can make me clean." Jesus touched the man, curing his leprosy instantly. We should approach Jesus with respect, contentment in his plan, and confidence in his power, as he is worthy of our faith and able to overcome any problem.
Acts 21, End Of The 3rd. Missionary Journey, Headed To Jerusalem, compelled b...Valley Bible Fellowship
Acts Chapter 21, End Of The 3rd. Missionary Journey, Headed To Jerusalem, compelled by the Spirit, Peacemakers, living in obedience to the law, languages translated
The Essentials of Apologetics - Why Christianity (Part 3)?Robin Schumacher
This document is a presentation on why Christianity provides compelling answers to life's key questions about origin, purpose, and the afterlife. It summarizes atheistic views which conclude that life has no higher purpose or meaning. It then examines Christian teachings that humanity was created by God, should live with love, has purpose defined by God, and faces an afterlife of either eternal life with God or separation from him. The document asserts that Christianity alone can provide meaning, truth, love and security. It argues that through Jesus, God demonstrates his love for humanity and offers forgiveness and salvation as gifts through faith in him.
Representation The Parable Of The Weeds And The WheatChris1127
The parable describes a farmer who sows good seed in his field. At night, an enemy sows weeds among the wheat. When the plants grow, both wheat and weeds appear. The slaves ask if they should remove the weeds but the farmer says no, let them grow together until harvest so as not to damage the wheat. At harvest, the weeds will be bundled and burned while the wheat is stored in the barn. Jesus explains that the field is the world, the wheat are God's people, the weeds are evil people, and the harvest is judgment day.
The Mark Of The Beast Or The Seal Of Godguest6a4ef8
THE MARK OF THE BEAST WILL BE FINALIZED WHEN THE NATIONAL (WORLDWIDE) SUNDAY LAW IS PASSED, AND WHEN ALL OF MANKIND HAVE HAD AN OPPORTUNITY TO CHOOSE EITHER GOD OR SATAN; GOD'S PEOPLE WILL BE SEALED BY MAKING THEIR DECISION TO FOLLOW CHRIST JESUS (SEVENTH) DAY, NOT SUNDAY.
The Gospel of Matthew highlights Jesus' fulfillment of Jewish law and prophecy. It contains many references to the Old Testament. Matthew characterizes Jesus as the new Moses who delivers his followers from bondage to sin. The book emphasizes that Jesus establishes the Kingdom of Heaven and that his followers must hold righteousness to a higher standard than the Pharisees. It also contains the Sermon on the Mount and many unique additions to Jesus' teachings found in other Gospels.
Para tener una buena calidad de vida, se deben satisfacer las necesidades básicas como la salud, seguridad social y derechos humanos, los cuales dependen en gran medida del desempeño laboral y la economía. La calidad de vida también se ve afectada por factores como la falta de comunicación, miedo, ansiedad y baja autoestima, por lo que el apoyo y comprensión familiar y social son importantes. La felicidad es uno de los sentimientos más importantes y objetivos para el desarrollo humano, aunque depende más de nos
Haiku Deck is a presentation tool that allows users to create Haiku-style slideshows. The tool encourages users to get started making their own Haiku Deck presentations, which can be shared on SlideShare. In just 3 sentences, it promotes creating Haiku Deck presentations and publishing them to SlideShare.
SlideShare es un sitio web que permite a los usuarios publicar y compartir presentaciones. Los usuarios pueden registrarse en el sitio, cargar archivos de presentaciones, y luego publicarlos como privados o públicos. Una vez publicadas, las presentaciones pueden incrustarse en otras páginas web mediante el uso de código HTML provisto por SlideShare.
This document discusses Jesus drawing all people to himself through being lifted up on the cross and in ascension, as well as through believers lifting up God in their own lives. It encourages readers to speak declarations, surge forward, and shine as lights in the world by encouraging others. A quote is included that says reflected beauty has a special loveliness like reflected light.
Edwin Mauricio Devia Bonilla asiste a la escuela primaria San Simón. Estudia inglés en el Oxford Center y asiste a un taller de TIC en la Universidad para los Niños. Le gusta comer papas fritas, arroz y jugar en la computadora y tableta. Sus materias favoritas son inglés, castellano, informática y ética.
Este documento presenta un formato estándar para hojas de vida en Colombia. Incluye secciones para datos personales, formación académica, experiencia laboral, tiempo total de experiencia, y firmas para certificar la información. El propósito es recopilar información relevante sobre una persona para propósitos laborales o de contratación.
El documento habla sobre el propósito que Dios le da a cada persona. Explica que Dios nos da a todos un propósito y que nos sentimos realizados al cumplirlo. También menciona que nuestro propósito se descubre a través de nuestro diseño interno y que somos responsables ante Dios por cumplirlo. El propósito principal, según el texto, es servir a Dios y a los demás.
The pedestrian by Ray Bradbury - Análise Literária.Raira Moura
- Ray Bradbury was an American author best known for his science fiction and fantasy stories. One of his most famous works was Fahrenheit 451.
- "The Pedestrian" (1951) is a short story by Bradbury that shows his skepticism of technology and "progress." It depicts a dystopian future where people do not interact in person.
- The story follows Leonard Mead, who takes walks at night for pleasure when most people stay inside connected to media. He is stopped by a voice from a mysterious car and taken to a psychiatric center for being a "regressive" by walking alone outside.
Este documento describe varios sistemas de detección y extinción de incendios, incluyendo rociadores, sistemas de bombeo, polvo seco, espuma, anhídrido carbónico y halógenos. Explica que estos sistemas permiten contener y apagar rápidamente los incendios para evitar su propagación. También cubre los objetivos y clasificación de los sistemas de prevención de incendios.
La carta presenta la empresa Incorpored Printer, la cual se dedica a la comercialización de computadores portátiles con impresora incorporada y diseños exclusivos, e invita a Sara Arias de EOS S.A.S a conocer su producto en su sede en la Calle 71A 74B- 12, ofreciendo folletos y asesoramiento.
This document describes a project report submitted by Debargha Chakraborty for the degree of Bachelor of Technology in Instrumentation and Control Engineering. The project aims to design an adaptive PID controller with a fuzzy rule base to control different types and orders of processes using MATLAB Simulink. It provides background on closed loop control systems, PID controllers, fuzzy logic basics including membership functions, rule bases, and Mamdani modelling. The proposed method uses fuzzy logic to determine scaling factors for the error and change in error signals. It then uses these scaled signals and a self-tuning mechanism to adaptively adjust the proportional and integral gains of the PID controller based on a fuzzy rule base. The results and discussion section compares the performance
As a Theravada Buddhist monk, the narrator lives in a monastery where he studies Buddhist teachings, meditates, leads prayers and helps others on their path to enlightenment. Monks follow strict rules, spend their time in spiritual practice and community, and serve as examples of renunciation in Thai society.
The document outlines that Christians are engaged in a spiritual battle and provides guidance on how to prepare. It notes that the battle belongs to the Lord and emphasizes the importance of getting prepared through regular Bible study, worship, prayer, and living a Christian life. Readers are encouraged to enlist in the Lord's army by obeying his plan of salvation through believing, repenting, confessing, and baptism.
Paul defends himself before King Agrippa, arguing that what he says about Jesus is true. When Agrippa questions if Paul can convince him to become a Christian so quickly, Paul responds that he prays God that all listening may become believers like himself. Later, while sailing to Rome, Paul warns that continuing the voyage will be disastrous, but the centurion in charge ignores Paul's advice and disaster strikes, demonstrating the importance of listening to wise counsel.
Something for your mind, your body and your soul!peter decuypere
STIMA keynote about God-events, Jesus-events and Holy Spirit events. And if you're a marketeer, maybe you will discover that you also have a very nasty disease: viperitis!
The document discusses taking the "leap of faith" to love and forgive others through practicing patience, generosity and mercy as taught by Jesus. It emphasizes overcoming evil with good by feeding those who are hungry and showing kindness even to enemies who have wronged you. Loving those who hurt you preaches a revolutionary gospel and has the power to transform through conviction as it reflects God's unconditional love for humanity despite our failures.
The document lists the genealogy and family members of the Prophet Muhammad, peace be upon him. It traces his lineage back to Ishmael the son of Abraham. It then lists his wives, children, uncles, aunts and other close relatives. All of his children except Fatimah died young. The document provides details on his descendants through his surviving daughter Fatimah.
The document discusses how Scripture is inspired by God and useful for teaching truth, correcting wrongs, and guiding people to do what is right. It notes how the word of God is alive, powerful, and able to expose inner thoughts and desires by cutting deeply like a sharp sword. The document then introduces testimonies from several individuals about listening to God and Scripture.
How christianity was invented Bertin, ClaudeClaude Bertin
This document provides background on the historian Flavius Josephus and examines whether his works corroborate or contradict the biblical accounts of Jesus. Josephus was a contemporary historian who lived during the alleged time of Jesus. His father Matthias held a high-ranking position and would likely have known about major events involving Jesus. However, Josephus makes no mention of Jesus in his works, despite his thorough coverage of the time period and interest in different Jewish sects. This raises questions about whether the biblical narratives are historically accurate accounts. The document argues that Josephus provides an important historical perspective to analyze alongside the biblical sources.
This document discusses the historical evidence for the resurrection of Jesus Christ from multiple sources. It notes that the Jewish historian Josephus and Roman officials like Pliny the Younger and Tacitus referred to Jesus and the early Christian movement. The crucifixion of Jesus is considered a historical fact by scholars based on accounts from Josephus, Tacitus, and others. The document argues the tomb was found empty after Jesus' death and his disciples continually encountered him alive, convincing them he had resurrected, even though hallucinations do not occur in groups or convert skeptics like Paul. The compelling evidence has led many scholars and lawyers like Sir Lionel Luckhoo to accept the resurrection as proven fact.
08 Christianity A GENERAL FACTS Origins As with Bu.docxoswald1horne84988
08 Christianity A
GENERAL FACTS
Origins
As with Buddhism, Christianity can be traced back to the life of its founder. In this case
that is Jesus of Nazareth (c. 5BCE – 30CE). It may seem strange that historians estimate
that Jesus was born several years “before Christ” but that is the result of a small error
when the Roman system was converted to the new BC/AD Christian system in the 6th
Century. Jesus was born into a Jewish family and was thoroughly Jewish in background and
worldview. Thus, many consider Judaism as the mother religion of Christianity in the same
way that Hinduism is the mother religion of Buddhism. We know very little of his early
years except for stories about his conception and birth at the start of the gospels of
Matthew and Luke. Both writers agree that he was born in Bethlehem but grew up in
Nazareth; and that his biological mother was Mary but that he had no human father.
Otherwise they provide very different perspectives on the Christmas story. For example,
Luke focuses on Mary and mentions angelic appearances to her as well as the shepherds in
the fields. In contrast, Matthew focuses on her husband, Joseph, his dreams, as well as
the star, the wise men and King Herod’s attempts to kill the child.
Jesus was probably a tradesman like his ‘father’, Joseph, but something happened in his
early thirties that changed the direction of his life, much like the four sights that Gautama
experienced. All gospels agree that it occurred at the Jordan River where a prophet-like
character named John was inviting his fellow Jews to immerse themselves in the waters
and renew their Jewish faith. Jesus was among the crowds but, unlike the others, we are
told that he experienced an epiphany when he was baptised by John. The voice of God
declared him to be “my beloved Son” and a dovelike image hovered above him,
representing God’s Spirit. It is one of the rare occasions in the gospels that the three
‘persons’ of the Trinity are mentioned together (Father, Son and Spirit). As a result, Jesus
relinquished his trade and took up an itinerant lifestyle as a religious teacher and healer,
moving from town to town throughout Israel (and rarely beyond). He taught in synagogues
and in public places, attracting crowds, not only because of his message but also because
of his reputation as a miraculous healer. The gospels mention cures of all types of illnesses
as well as control over natural forces. In this respect he was not unique in Jewish history.
For instance, Moses was said to have worked miracles in Egypt and in the desert; and the
9th century BCE prophets Elijah and Elisha also had wondrous powers. Indeed, many of
Jesus’ miracles resemble those of Elijah and Elisha.
Scholars generally agree that the key theme linking his teaching and healings is the
‘Kingdom of God’, which is not so much a place or territory but a new relationship
between Jewish people and their God. According to Jesus, God is a graci.
The document discusses the formation of the gospel tradition regarding Jesus' death and passion narratives. It notes that the gospel tradition formed "backwards" from Jesus' resurrection to his birth. Early Christians focused on the crucifixion and resurrection. The passion narratives came to include a narrative plot and characters like Peter, Judas, Pilate, and the Roman soldier who recognized Jesus. Debate continues around Jewish and Roman involvement in Jesus' death and how Jesus may have viewed his own death. The gospels each provide distinctive perspectives on the passion, with Mark portraying Jesus' resignation and loneliness.
DID JESUS ACTUALLY EXIST? A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE EXTRA-BIBLICAL EVIDENCE ...Dr Ian Ellis-Jones
The document analyzes the extra-biblical evidence for Jesus from historians and texts from the supposed time of Jesus' existence. It finds that none of these sources provide clear evidence that Jesus actually lived as a historical figure, with most references being later interpolations or merely repeating beliefs without firsthand evidence. The earliest unambiguous references to Jesus come in the 2nd century CE, long after his supposed life. The document concludes that while some sources reference beliefs in Jesus as a god or prophet, there is no demonstrable authentic evidence from within the first 100 years of the supposed existence of an actual historical Jesus.
This document provides brief biographies of several early Christian figures:
1. Saint Stephen was tried for blasphemy and speaking against the temple, and was stoned to death encouraged by Saul of Tarsus, the future Saint Paul.
2. Stories of Philip the Apostle's life come more from extra-canonical writings, though it is said he was married and had children. He was martyred by being crucified upside down.
3. Jude the Apostle suffered martyrdom in Beirut along with Simon the Zealot, and their acts were recorded. His body was brought to Rome and placed in St. Peter's Basilica.
4. Paul of T
08 Christianity AGENERAL FACTSOriginsAs with Buddhis.docxoswald1horne84988
08 Christianity A
GENERAL FACTS
Origins
As with Buddhism, Christianity can be traced back to the life of its founder. In this case that is Jesus of Nazareth (c. 5BCE – 30CE). It may seem strange that historians estimate that Jesus was born several years “before Christ” but that is the result of a small error when the Roman system was converted to the new BC/AD Christian system in the 6th Century. Jesus was born into a Jewish family and was thoroughly Jewish in background and worldview. Thus, many consider Judaism as the mother religion of Christianity in the same way that Hinduism is the mother religion of Buddhism. We know very little of his early years except for stories about his conception and birth at the start of the gospels of Matthew and Luke. Both writers agree that he was born in Bethlehem but grew up in Nazareth; and that his biological mother was Mary but that he had no human father. Otherwise they provide very different perspectives on the Christmas story. For example, Luke focuses on Mary and mentions angelic appearances to her as well as the shepherds in the fields. In contrast, Matthew focuses on her husband, Joseph, his dreams, as well as the star, the wise men and King Herod’s attempts to kill the child.
Jesus was probably a tradesman like his ‘father’, Joseph, but something happened in his early thirties that changed the direction of his life, much like the four sights that Gautama experienced. All gospels agree that it occurred at the Jordan River where a prophet-like character named John was inviting his fellow Jews to immerse themselves in the waters and renew their Jewish faith. Jesus was among the crowds but, unlike the others, we are told that he experienced an epiphany when he was baptised by John. The voice of God declared him to be “my beloved Son” and a dovelike image hovered above him, representing God’s Spirit. It is one of the rare occasions in the gospels that the three ‘persons’ of the Trinity are mentioned together (Father, Son and Spirit). As a result, Jesus relinquished his trade and took up an itinerant lifestyle as a religious teacher and healer, moving from town to town throughout Israel (and rarely beyond). He taught in synagogues and in public places, attracting crowds, not only because of his message but also because of his reputation as a miraculous healer. The gospels mention cures of all types of illnesses as well as control over natural forces. In this respect he was not unique in Jewish history. For instance, Moses was said to have worked miracles in Egypt and in the desert; and the 9th century BCE prophets Elijah and Elisha also had wondrous powers. Indeed, many of Jesus’ miracles resemble those of Elijah and Elisha.
Scholars generally agree that the key theme linking his teaching and healings is the ‘Kingdom of God’, which is not so much a place or territory but a new relationship between Jewish people and their God. According to Jesus, God is a gracious and loving father in whose King.
The Essentials of Apologetics - Why Jesus (Part 1)?Robin Schumacher
This document discusses the historical evidence for Jesus' existence and the claims that he was a myth. It addresses arguments that Jesus was copied from pagan gods and evaluates the reliability of the New Testament as a historical source. The document concludes that there is strong evidence that Jesus was a real historical figure based on multiple ancient sources, and most scholars accept certain facts about his life are beyond reasonable doubt, such as that he was baptized, taught in Galilee, and was crucified under Pontius Pilate.
1) The document discusses the importance of the resurrection of Jesus Christ from the dead, as it demonstrates His victory over death and gives hope of eternal life to believers.
2) Several skeptical historians and legal scholars, after thorough investigations and examinations of the evidence, concluded the resurrection was a historical fact supported by overwhelming evidence.
3) Attempts to explain away the empty tomb or claim the disciples stole the body are unreasonable given the testimony of many eyewitnesses and the transformation of the disciples and birth of the Christian church following the resurrection.
The document discusses the significance of the resurrection of Jesus Christ from three perspectives - as a biological miracle, psychological miracle, or theological miracle. It argues that the biological and psychological miracle explanations fail due to historical and medical evidence. Specifically, the Romans were experts at crucifixion and ensured Jesus died, and multiple people witnessed his appearances over 40 days in various circumstances. Therefore, the best explanation as supported by historians is that God performed the theological miracle of raising Jesus from the dead, as the foundational event of Christianity.
This document discusses the historical search to determine what can be known about the historical Jesus from historical sources. It describes the major phases of the "Quest for the Historical Jesus" including the Old Quest from 1738-1906, the New Quest from 1950s-1970s, and the current Third Quest from 1980s-present. Key figures and their approaches are outlined for each phase, along with the methods and findings of groups like the Jesus Seminar in the Third Quest. The overall focus is on analyzing biblical and non-biblical sources using historical and scientific methodology to reconstruct an accurate portrait of Jesus' life and teachings.
The Third Day - A Defense Of The Resurrection Part 1Robin Schumacher
1. The document examines the historical evidence for the resurrection of Jesus Christ, focusing on the undisputed facts accepted by most scholars, including Jesus' death by crucifixion and burial, the discovery of his empty tomb, and post-resurrection appearances to his disciples and others.
2. It provides multiple lines of evidence to support the resurrection claim, including eyewitness testimony from disciples who were transformed from fearful followers to bold proclaimers of the gospel, even in the face of persecution, as well as early creeds and reports from Paul and other early Christian writers.
3. The evidence is analyzed using historical criteria for determining authenticity such as early independent sources and the inability to disprove the
The document provides an overview of the Book of Revelation, including:
1) Key themes drawn from the book of Daniel such as judgment, the end times, and the great controversy.
2) The Greek title "Apocalypse" means an uncovering or unveiling of truths.
3) Revelation is divided into two parts, with chapters 1-12 covering events between the first and second coming of Christ, and chapters 13-22 focusing on the second coming.
The Essentials of Apologetics - Why Jesus (Part 2)?Robin Schumacher
1. The document discusses the resurrection of Jesus and examines the evidence for it.
2. It outlines four key facts about Jesus' resurrection that are agreed upon by the majority of historians: that Jesus was murdered and buried, his body went missing three days later, he appeared to his disciples and others after his death, and his appearances transformed his followers.
3. It analyzes several proposed explanations for the resurrection and argues that the resurrection itself best explains the established facts about what happened after Jesus' death.
Saint John Chrysostom, Patriarch of Constantinople.pptxMartin M Flynn
This document provides a biography of Saint John Chrysostom in 3 sentences:
Saint John Chrysostom was a bishop and doctor of the Church born in 347 AD in Antioch who became famous for his public speeches and criticisms of imperial authorities and clergy, resulting in his exile, and who died in 407 AD after continuing to write influential letters; he was a renowned preacher and reformer as patriarch of Constantinople who is now considered a Doctor of the Church.
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
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Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
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Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
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1. Special Communication
On the Physical Death of Jesus Christ
William D. Edwards, MD; Wesley J. Gabel, MDiv; Floyd E. Hosmer, MS, AMI
THE LIFE and teachings of Jesus of
Nazareth have formed the basis for a
major world religion, (Christianity)
have appreciably influenced the
course of human history, and, by
virtue of a compassionate attitude
toward the sick, also have contributed
to the development of modern medi-
cine. The eminence of Jesus as a
historical figure and the suffering,
and controversy associated with his
death has stimulated us to investi-
gate, in an interdisciplinary manner,
the circumstances surrounding his
crucifixion. Accordingly it is our
intent to present not a theological
treatise but rather a medically, and
historically accurate account of the
physical death of the one called Jesus
Christ.
SOURCES
The source material concerning
Christ’s death comprises a body of
literature and not a physical body or
its skeletal remains. Accordingly, the
credibility of any discussion of Jesus’
death will be determined primarily by
the credibility of one’s sources. For
this review, the source material
includes the writings of ancient
Christian and non-Christian authors,
the writings of modern authors, and
the Shroud of Turin.1-40
Using the
legal-historical method of scientific
investigation,27
scholars have estab-
lished the reliability and accuracy of
the ancient manuscripts.26,27,29,31
The most extensive and detailed
descriptions of the life and death of
Jesus are to be found in the New
Testament gospels of Matthew, Mark,
Luke, and John.1
The other 23 books
of the New Testament support but do
not expand on the details recorded in
the gospels. Contemporary Christian,
Jewish, and Roman authors provide
additional insight concerning the
first-century Jewish and Roman legal
systems and the details of scourging
and crucifixion.5
Seneca, Livy, Plu-
tarch, and others refer to crucifixion
practices in their works.8,28
Specifical-
ly, Jesus (or his crucifixion) is men-
tioned by the Roman historians Cor-
nelius Tacitus, Pliny the Younger,
and Suetonius, by non-Roman histori-
ans Thallus and Phlegon, by the satir-
ist Lucian of Samosata, by the Jewish
Talmud, and by the Jewish historian
Flavius Josephus, although the au-
thenticity of portions of the latter is
problematic.26
· Jesus of Nazareth underwent Jewish and Roman trials, was flogged,
and was sentenced to death by crucifixion. The scourging produced deep
stripelike lacerations and appreciable blood loss, and it probably set the
stage for hypovolemic shock as evidenced by the fact that Jesus was too
weakened to carry the crossbar (patibulum) to Golgotha. At the site of
crucifixion his wrists were nailed to the patibulum, and after the patibulum
was lifted onto the upright post, (stipes) his feet were nailed to the stipes.
The major pathophysiologic effect of crucifixion was an interference with
normal respirations. Accordingly, death resulted primarily from hypovolemic
shock and exhaustion asphyxia. Jesus’ death was ensured by the thrust of a
soldier’s spear into his side. Modern medical interpretation of the historical
evidence indicates that Jesus was dead when taken down from the cross.
(JAMA 1986; 255:1455-1463)
The Shroud of Turin is considered
by many to represent the actual buri-
al cloth of Jesus,22
and several public-
cations concerning the medical as-
pects of his death draw conclusions
from this assumption.5,11
The Shroud
of Turin and recent archaeological
findings provide valuable information
concerning Roman crucifixion prac-
tices.22-24
The interpretations of mod-
ern writers, based on a knowledge of
science and medicine not available in
the first century, may offer addition-
al insight concerning the possible
mechanisms of Jesus’ death.2-17
When taken in concert certain
facts—the extensive and early testi-
mony of both Christian proponents
and opponents, and their universal
acceptance of Jesus as a true histori-
cal figure; the ethic of the gospel
writers, and the shortness of the time
interval between the events and the
extant manuscripts; and the confir-
mation of the gospel accounts by
historians and archaeological find-
ings26-27
—ensure a reliable testimony
from which a modern medical interpret-
tation of Jesus’ death may be made.
GETHSEMANE
After Jesus and his disciples had
observed the Passover meal in an
upper room in a home in southwest
Jerusalem, they traveled to the Mount
of Olives, northeast of the city (Fig 1).
(Owing to various adjustments in the
calendar, the years of Jesus’ birth and
death remain controversial.29
How-
ever, it is likely that Jesus was born
in either 4 or 6 BC and died in 30
AD.11,29
During the Passover observ-
ance in 30 AD, the Last Supper would
have been observed on Thursday,
From the Departments of Pathology (Dr. Edwards)
and Medical Graphics (Mr. Hosmer), Mayo Clinic,
Rochester, Minn; and the Homestead United Meth-
odist Church, Rochester, Minn, and the West Bethel
United Methodist Church, Bethel, Minn (Pastor
Gabel).
Reprint requests to Department of Pathology,
Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905 (Dr Edwards).
JAMA March 21, 1986—Vol 255, No. 11 Death of Christ—Edwards et al 1455
2. To Salt Sea
Hinnom Valley
To Bethlehem
and Hebron
Kidron Valley
To Bethany
Mount of Olives
Garden of
Gethsemane
Fortress of
AntoniaPossible
Golgotha
Traditional
Golgotha
(Calvary)
To Joppa
Herod Antipas’
Palace
Herod’s
Palace
Caiaphas’
Residence
Upper
Room
Lower City
Upper City
Temple
Suburb
To Sychem
and Damascus
Feet
Meters
0 500 1,000 1,500
0 250 500
1
2
3
6
45
7
S
N
EW
To Salt Sea
Hinnom Valley
To Bethlehem
and Hebron
Kidron Valley
To Bethany
Mount of Olives
Garden of
Gethsemane
Fortress of
AntoniaPossible
Golgotha
Traditional
Golgotha
(Calvary)
To Joppa
Herod Antipas’
Palace
Herod’s
Palace
Caiaphas’
Residence
Upper
Room
Lower City
Upper City
Temple
Suburb
To Sychem
and Damascus
Feet
Meters
0 500 1,000 1,500
0 250 500
1
2
3
6
45
7
S
N
EW
Fig 1.—Map of Jerusalem at time of Christ. Jesus left Upper Room and walked with disciples to Mount of Olives
and Garden of Gethsemane (1), where he was arrested and taken first to Annas and then to Caiaphas (2). After
first trial before political Sanhedrin at Caiaphas’ residence, Jesus was tried again before religious Sanhedrin,
probably at Temple (3) Next, he was taken to Pontius Pilate (4), who sent him to Herod Antipas (5). Herod
returned Jesus to Pilate (6), and Pilate finally handed over Jesus for scourging at Fortress of Antonia and for
crucifixion at Golgotha (7). (Modified from Pfeiffer et al.30
)
April 6 [Nisan 13], and Jesus would
have been crucified on Friday, April 7
[Nisan 14].29
) At nearby Gethsemane,
Jesus, apparently knowing that the
time of his death was near, suffered
great mental anguish, and, as de-
scribed by the physician Luke, his
sweat became like blood.1
Although this is a very rare phe-
nomenon, bloody sweat (hematidrosis
or hemohidrosis) may occur in highly
emotional states or in persons with
bleeding disorders.18-20
As a result of
hemorrhage into the sweat glands,
the skin becomes fragile and tender.2,11
Luke’s description supports the diag-
nosis of hematidrosis rather than
eccrine chromidrosis (brown or yel-
low-green sweat) or stigmatization
(blood oozing from the palms or else-
where).18-21
Although some authors
have suggested that hematidrosis
produced hypovolemia, we agree with
Bucklin5
that Jesus’ actual blood loss
probably was minimal. However, in
the cold night air,1
it may have pro-
duced chills.
TRIALS
Jewish Trials
Soon after midnight, Jesus was
arrested at Gethsemane by the tem-
ple officials and was taken first to
Annas and then to Caiaphas, the
Jewish high priest for that year (Fig
1).1
Between 1 AM and daybreak, Jesus
was tried before Caiaphas and the
political Sanhedrin and was found
guilty of blasphemy.1
The guards then
blindfolded Jesus, spat on him, and
struck him in the face with their
fists.1
Soon after daybreak, presum-
ably at the temple (Fig l), Jesus was
tried before the religious Sanhedrin
(with the Pharisees and the Saddu-
cees) and again was found guilty of
blasphemy, a crime punishable by
death.1,5
Roman Trials
Since permission for an execution
had to come from the governing
Romans,1
Jesus was taken early in the
morning by the temple officials to the
Praetorium of the Fortress of Anton-
ia, the residence and governmental
seat of Pontius Pilate, the procurator
of Judea (Fig 1). However, Jesus was
presented to Pilate not as a blas-
phemer but rather as a self-appointed
king who would undermine the Ro-
man authority.1
Pilate made no
charges against Jesus and sent him to
1456 JAMA March 21, 1986—Vol 255, No. 11 Death of Christ—Edwards et al
9. the difficulty in explaining, with med-
ical accuracy, the flow of both blood
and water. Part of this difficulty has
been based on the assumption that
the blood appeared first, then the
water. However, in the ancient Greek,
the order of words generally denoted
prominence and not necessarily a
time sequence.37
Therefore, it seems
likely that John was emphasizing the
prominence of blood rather than its
appearance preceding the water.
Therefore, the water probably
represented serous pleural and pericardi-
al fluid,5-7,11
and would have preceded
the flow of blood and been smaller in
volume than the blood. Perhaps in the
setting of hypovolemia and impend-
ing acute heart failure, pleural and
pericardial effusions may have devel-
oped and would have added to the
volume of apparent water.5,11
The
blood, in contrast, may have origin-
nated from the right atrium or the
right ventricle (Fig 7) or perhaps
from a hemopericardium.5,7,11
Jesus’ death after only three to six
hours on the cross surprised even
Pontius Pilate.1
The fact that Jesus
cried out in a loud voice and then
bowed his head and died suggests the
possibility of a catastrophic terminal
event. One popular explanation has
been that Jesus died of cardiac rup-
ture. In the setting of the scourging
and crucifixions with associated hypo-
volemia, hypoxemia, and perhaps an
altered coagulable state, friable non-
infective thrombotic vegetations
could have formed on the aortic or
mitral valve. These then could have
dislodged and embolized into the cor-
onary circulation and thereby pro-
duced an acute transmural myocar-
dial infarction. Thrombotic valvular
vegetations have been reported to
develop under analogous acute trau-
matic conditions.39
Rupture of the left
ventricular free wall may occur,
though uncommonly, in the first few
hours following infarction.40
However, another explanation may
be more likely. Jesus’ death may have
been hastened simply by his state of
exhaustion and by the severity of the
scourging, with its resultant blood
loss and preshock state.7
The fact that
he could not carry his patibulum
supports this interpretation. The ac-
tual cause of Jesus’ death, like that of
other crucified victims, may have
been multifactorial and related pri-
marily to hypovolemic shock, exhaus-
tion asphyxia, and perhaps acute
heart failure.2,3,5-7,10,11
A fatal cardiac
arrhythmia may have accounted for
the apparent catastrophic terminal
event.
Thus, it remains unsettled whether
Jesus died of cardiac rupture or of
cardiorespiratory failure. However,
the important feature may be not
how he died but rather whether he
died. Clearly, the weight of historical
and medical evidence indicates that
Jesus was dead before the wound to
his side was inflicted and supports
the traditional view that the spear,
thrust between his right ribs, proba-
bly perforated not only the right lung
but also the pericardium and heart and
thereby ensured his death (Fig 7).
Accordingly, interpretations based on
the assumption that Jesus did not die
on the cross appear to be at odds with
modern medical knowledge.
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JAMA March 21, 1986—Vol 255, No. 11 Death of Christ—Edwards et al 1463