A DBMS is software that stores, maintains, and utilizes databases. It allows for organized data collection and sharing. Some examples of DBMS are MS Access, MySQL, SQLite, Oracle, and FoxPro. A DBMS reduces data redundancy and inconsistency, facilitates data sharing among users, enforces data standards, and ensures data security and integrity. The relational data model organizes data into tables with rows and columns and handles relationships between tables through primary and foreign keys. Relational algebra provides operations like selection and projection to manipulate the data in relational databases.
The document discusses relational databases and database management systems, including what a database is, the different levels of data abstraction (physical, logical, and view levels), purposes of databases like storage and security of data, database languages used to define, manipulate and control data, and relational database concepts such as tables, rows, columns, keys, and relational operations. It also covers database architecture, the relational model using tables, tuples, attributes, domains and keys, and relational algebra operations like selection, projection, joins, and set operations.
This document provides an introduction to relational databases and database management systems (DBMS). It discusses the purpose of databases and DBMS, including storing data efficiently and securely. It also describes key concepts like the three-schema architecture, database languages including SQL, database structures like tables and relations, and how programming languages can access SQL.
The document discusses database concepts including:
- What a database is and its components like data, hardware, software, and users.
- Database management systems (DBMS) that enable users to define, create and maintain databases.
- Data models like hierarchical, network, and relational models. Relational databases using SQL are now most common.
- Database design including logical design, physical implementation, and application development.
- Key concepts like data abstraction, instances and schemas, normalization, and integrity rules.
This document provides an overview of databases and database management systems (DBMS). It discusses what a database is, components of a database system like users and applications, and examples of DBMS like MySQL and Oracle. It also summarizes key database concepts such as data models, relationships between data using keys, and relational algebra operations for querying databases.
The document discusses the shift from file-based data management systems to database management systems (DBMS). It outlines some key issues with file systems like data redundancy, inconsistency, difficult data access and lack of backup/recovery. It then introduces basic DBMS concepts like database, tables, records, fields, keys and benefits like reduced redundancy, data sharing and integrity. It also covers SQL components like DDL, DML, data types and basic CREATE TABLE syntax.
A database management system (DBMS) consists of an interrelated set of data and programs to access that data. The DBMS provides several levels of abstraction to simplify interaction between users and the stored data. It defines data structures to store information and mechanisms to manipulate the data while ensuring data safety, integrity, and security. The DBMS is controlled by a database administrator and provides advantages like reduced data redundancy, data sharing, and integrity. It uses data models and definition/manipulation languages to define, retrieve, modify, and maintain the stored data.
This document introduces database management systems and relational database concepts. It defines key terms like data, data items, databases, DBMS, RDBMS, relations, tuples, attributes, domains and provides examples of common DBMS like MySQL, Oracle and DB2. It also summarizes different data models, database implementation levels, data independence, and relational model concepts such as primary keys, foreign keys and integrity constraints.
Introduction to DBMS(For College Seminars)Naman Joshi
This presentation provides an overview of database management systems. It discusses what a database and DBMS are, and covers data models like relational, network, and hierarchical. It also discusses database concepts like data abstraction, views, keys, and advantages of using a DBMS like data independence and sharing data. The goal is to explain core DBMS concepts at a high level.
The document discusses relational databases and database management systems, including what a database is, the different levels of data abstraction (physical, logical, and view levels), purposes of databases like storage and security of data, database languages used to define, manipulate and control data, and relational database concepts such as tables, rows, columns, keys, and relational operations. It also covers database architecture, the relational model using tables, tuples, attributes, domains and keys, and relational algebra operations like selection, projection, joins, and set operations.
This document provides an introduction to relational databases and database management systems (DBMS). It discusses the purpose of databases and DBMS, including storing data efficiently and securely. It also describes key concepts like the three-schema architecture, database languages including SQL, database structures like tables and relations, and how programming languages can access SQL.
The document discusses database concepts including:
- What a database is and its components like data, hardware, software, and users.
- Database management systems (DBMS) that enable users to define, create and maintain databases.
- Data models like hierarchical, network, and relational models. Relational databases using SQL are now most common.
- Database design including logical design, physical implementation, and application development.
- Key concepts like data abstraction, instances and schemas, normalization, and integrity rules.
This document provides an overview of databases and database management systems (DBMS). It discusses what a database is, components of a database system like users and applications, and examples of DBMS like MySQL and Oracle. It also summarizes key database concepts such as data models, relationships between data using keys, and relational algebra operations for querying databases.
The document discusses the shift from file-based data management systems to database management systems (DBMS). It outlines some key issues with file systems like data redundancy, inconsistency, difficult data access and lack of backup/recovery. It then introduces basic DBMS concepts like database, tables, records, fields, keys and benefits like reduced redundancy, data sharing and integrity. It also covers SQL components like DDL, DML, data types and basic CREATE TABLE syntax.
A database management system (DBMS) consists of an interrelated set of data and programs to access that data. The DBMS provides several levels of abstraction to simplify interaction between users and the stored data. It defines data structures to store information and mechanisms to manipulate the data while ensuring data safety, integrity, and security. The DBMS is controlled by a database administrator and provides advantages like reduced data redundancy, data sharing, and integrity. It uses data models and definition/manipulation languages to define, retrieve, modify, and maintain the stored data.
This document introduces database management systems and relational database concepts. It defines key terms like data, data items, databases, DBMS, RDBMS, relations, tuples, attributes, domains and provides examples of common DBMS like MySQL, Oracle and DB2. It also summarizes different data models, database implementation levels, data independence, and relational model concepts such as primary keys, foreign keys and integrity constraints.
Introduction to DBMS(For College Seminars)Naman Joshi
This presentation provides an overview of database management systems. It discusses what a database and DBMS are, and covers data models like relational, network, and hierarchical. It also discusses database concepts like data abstraction, views, keys, and advantages of using a DBMS like data independence and sharing data. The goal is to explain core DBMS concepts at a high level.
The document discusses database concepts and SQL. It defines a database as an organized collection of related information. A database management system (DBMS) is software that allows users to create, access, manage and control databases. The major components of a DBMS are data, hardware, software and users. Different database models are discussed including hierarchical, network and relational models. Key aspects of the relational model like tables, rows, columns, primary keys and foreign keys are explained.
Relational Database Management System part IIKavithaA19
This document discusses relational database management systems (RDBMS) and related concepts. It begins with definitions of RDBMS and relational database terminology like table, record, field, primary key, and foreign key. It then covers relational data structures using an example student table. Key aspects of relational data like tuples, relations, and attributes are defined. The document also discusses relational data integrity constraints and relational data manipulation languages. Finally, it provides an overview of Codd's rules for RDBMS.
Detailed overview on Database and database systemsamreenghauri786
This document provides an overview of key concepts in database management systems including:
- It defines what a database is and why databases are important for organizing data logically and sharing among multiple users.
- It describes the evolution of data storage from manual file systems to file processing systems to modern database management systems (DBMS) and their advantages.
- It outlines the main components of a database environment including data/database administrators, system developers, end users, application programs, and the DBMS itself.
- It introduces several database models and types including centralized, distributed, homogeneous, and heterogeneous databases.
Purpose of the data base system, data abstraction, data model, data independence, data definition
language, data manipulation language, data base manager, data base administrator, data base users,
overall structure.
ER Models, entities, mapping constrains, keys, E-R diagram, reduction E-R diagrams to tables,
generatio, aggregation, design of an E-R data base scheme.
Oracle RDBMS, architecture, kernel, system global area (SGA), data base writer, log writer, process
monitor, archiver, database files, control files, redo log files, oracle utilities.
SQL: commands and data types, data definition language commands, data manipulation commands,
data query language commands, transaction language control commands, data control language
commands.
Joins, equi-joins, non-equi-joins, self joins, other joins, aggregate functions, math functions, string
functions, group by clause, data function and concepts of null values, sub-querries, views.
PL/SQL, basics of pl/sql, data types, control structures, database access with PL/SQL, data base
connections, transaction management, data base locking, cursor management.
The document discusses database management systems and distributed databases. It covers the problems with flat file data storage, how databases address these issues, database design concepts like normalization, and the advantages and challenges of distributed database systems. Distributed databases can be centralized, partitioned, or replicated across multiple sites to improve performance, but maintaining data consistency is challenging and requires concurrency control methods.
The document discusses the key concepts of relational database management systems (RDBMS). It defines RDBMS and its core components like tables, records, fields, and keys. It also explains relational data structures and manipulation using SQL commands like INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE. Finally, it summarizes Codd's 12 rules for RDBMS which define the requirements for a database system to be considered truly relational.
This document discusses the basics of database management systems (DBMS). It begins by explaining the data storage hierarchy from the bit level up to the database level. It then covers different database models including hierarchical, network, relational, and object-oriented. Key components of a DBMS like DDL, DML, query language, and report generators are defined. Commercial DBMS examples are provided. The document concludes with an overview of creating and using a database, including defining the structure, entering data, and searching for information.
This document provides an overview of relational database management systems (RDBMS). It defines what an RDBMS is, how data is structured in tables with rows and columns, and how relational algebra and SQL are used to manipulate the data. The key differences between RDBMS and traditional DBMS are described, such as how RDBMS supports normalization, integrity constraints, and client/server architecture. Advantages of using an RDBMS include its data structure, support for multiple users, privileges, network access, speed, ease of maintenance, and use of SQL as a standard language.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in database management systems including:
- The main components of a DBMS including the query processor, storage manager, and disk storage.
- The three schema architecture separating the conceptual, internal, and external schemas.
- Database languages like DDL, DML, DCL, and TCL and their purposes.
- Entity-relationship modeling including entities, attributes, relationships, and extensions.
- Different types of database users such as administrators, designers, programmers, and end users.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in database management systems including:
- The main components of a DBMS including the query processor, storage manager, and disk storage.
- The three schema architecture separating the conceptual, internal, and external schemas.
- Database languages like DDL, DML, DCL, and TCL and their purposes.
- Entity-relationship modeling including entities, attributes, relationships, and extensions.
- Different types of database users such as administrators, designers, programmers, and end users.
This document provides an overview of relational database management systems (RDBMS). It defines RDBMS as a system that structures data into tables with rows and columns, and can relate these tables through common fields. The key aspects covered include relational algebra operations like select, project, join; structured query language (SQL) for manipulating and retrieving data; and the advantages of RDBMS like supporting a tabular data structure, multi-user access, and imposing integrity constraints.
This document provides an overview of relational database management systems (RDBMS). It defines RDBMS as a system that structures data into tables with rows and columns, and can relate these tables through common fields. The key aspects covered include relational algebra operations like select, project, join; structured query language (SQL) for manipulating and retrieving data; and the advantages of RDBMS like supporting a tabular data structure, multi-user access, and imposing integrity constraints.
This document contains 31 questions and answers about database management systems (DBMS). It covers topics such as the purpose of a DBMS, what a database is, advantages of using a DBMS, normalization, languages used in DBMS, SQL, keys, constraints, queries, joins, triggers, stored procedures, relationships, and more. The questions progress from basic to more advanced concepts in DBMS.
The document defines key concepts related to databases including data, database, DBMS, database system, and data model. It describes hierarchical, network, and relational database models. The hierarchical model logically represents data as an upside down tree with each parent having many children and each child only one parent. The network model resembles the hierarchical model with a collection of records in one-to-many relationships. The relational model represents data as relations or tables with rows and columns where each cell contains a single value.
This document discusses database concepts and the relational data model. It covers the following key points in 3 sentences:
A database is a collection of interrelated data that can be accessed and manipulated through a database management system (DBMS). The relational data model organizes data into tables with rows and columns and defines concepts like primary keys, foreign keys, and referential integrity to link tables together and maintain data integrity. Common DBMS components include schemas, queries, and database engines that interface between users/applications and the underlying data storage.
1. The document discusses how data is organized in a database system using a hierarchy from the bit level up to files, records, fields, and databases.
2. It describes some problems with traditional file-based data storage like redundancy, inconsistency, and lack of flexibility. A database addresses these issues through centralization of data.
3. The key components of a database system are described as people, hardware, software, and data. The database management system (DBMS) acts as an interface between users, applications, and the stored data.
This document discusses database management system (DBMS) architecture and relational database management systems (RDBMS). It describes one-tier, two-tier, and three-tier architectures for DBMS. It also discusses database models including hierarchical, network, and relational models. Additionally, it covers RDBMS concepts such as tables, records, fields, columns, keys including primary keys and foreign keys. It provides examples to illustrate these concepts.
A database management system (DBMS) is system software that allows for the creation, management, and use of databases, making it easier to create, retrieve, update and manage large amounts of data in an organized manner. The document discusses the definition, importance, implementation, requirements, and challenges of a DBMS, as well as entity relationship diagrams, modeling, and security concepts related to databases. In conclusion, a DBMS is an effective system for systematic data management that is widely used around the world.
GraphSummit Paris - The art of the possible with Graph TechnologyNeo4j
Sudhir Hasbe, Chief Product Officer, Neo4j
Join us as we explore breakthrough innovations enabled by interconnected data and AI. Discover firsthand how organizations use relationships in data to uncover contextual insights and solve our most pressing challenges – from optimizing supply chains, detecting fraud, and improving customer experiences to accelerating drug discoveries.
The document discusses database concepts and SQL. It defines a database as an organized collection of related information. A database management system (DBMS) is software that allows users to create, access, manage and control databases. The major components of a DBMS are data, hardware, software and users. Different database models are discussed including hierarchical, network and relational models. Key aspects of the relational model like tables, rows, columns, primary keys and foreign keys are explained.
Relational Database Management System part IIKavithaA19
This document discusses relational database management systems (RDBMS) and related concepts. It begins with definitions of RDBMS and relational database terminology like table, record, field, primary key, and foreign key. It then covers relational data structures using an example student table. Key aspects of relational data like tuples, relations, and attributes are defined. The document also discusses relational data integrity constraints and relational data manipulation languages. Finally, it provides an overview of Codd's rules for RDBMS.
Detailed overview on Database and database systemsamreenghauri786
This document provides an overview of key concepts in database management systems including:
- It defines what a database is and why databases are important for organizing data logically and sharing among multiple users.
- It describes the evolution of data storage from manual file systems to file processing systems to modern database management systems (DBMS) and their advantages.
- It outlines the main components of a database environment including data/database administrators, system developers, end users, application programs, and the DBMS itself.
- It introduces several database models and types including centralized, distributed, homogeneous, and heterogeneous databases.
Purpose of the data base system, data abstraction, data model, data independence, data definition
language, data manipulation language, data base manager, data base administrator, data base users,
overall structure.
ER Models, entities, mapping constrains, keys, E-R diagram, reduction E-R diagrams to tables,
generatio, aggregation, design of an E-R data base scheme.
Oracle RDBMS, architecture, kernel, system global area (SGA), data base writer, log writer, process
monitor, archiver, database files, control files, redo log files, oracle utilities.
SQL: commands and data types, data definition language commands, data manipulation commands,
data query language commands, transaction language control commands, data control language
commands.
Joins, equi-joins, non-equi-joins, self joins, other joins, aggregate functions, math functions, string
functions, group by clause, data function and concepts of null values, sub-querries, views.
PL/SQL, basics of pl/sql, data types, control structures, database access with PL/SQL, data base
connections, transaction management, data base locking, cursor management.
The document discusses database management systems and distributed databases. It covers the problems with flat file data storage, how databases address these issues, database design concepts like normalization, and the advantages and challenges of distributed database systems. Distributed databases can be centralized, partitioned, or replicated across multiple sites to improve performance, but maintaining data consistency is challenging and requires concurrency control methods.
The document discusses the key concepts of relational database management systems (RDBMS). It defines RDBMS and its core components like tables, records, fields, and keys. It also explains relational data structures and manipulation using SQL commands like INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE. Finally, it summarizes Codd's 12 rules for RDBMS which define the requirements for a database system to be considered truly relational.
This document discusses the basics of database management systems (DBMS). It begins by explaining the data storage hierarchy from the bit level up to the database level. It then covers different database models including hierarchical, network, relational, and object-oriented. Key components of a DBMS like DDL, DML, query language, and report generators are defined. Commercial DBMS examples are provided. The document concludes with an overview of creating and using a database, including defining the structure, entering data, and searching for information.
This document provides an overview of relational database management systems (RDBMS). It defines what an RDBMS is, how data is structured in tables with rows and columns, and how relational algebra and SQL are used to manipulate the data. The key differences between RDBMS and traditional DBMS are described, such as how RDBMS supports normalization, integrity constraints, and client/server architecture. Advantages of using an RDBMS include its data structure, support for multiple users, privileges, network access, speed, ease of maintenance, and use of SQL as a standard language.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in database management systems including:
- The main components of a DBMS including the query processor, storage manager, and disk storage.
- The three schema architecture separating the conceptual, internal, and external schemas.
- Database languages like DDL, DML, DCL, and TCL and their purposes.
- Entity-relationship modeling including entities, attributes, relationships, and extensions.
- Different types of database users such as administrators, designers, programmers, and end users.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in database management systems including:
- The main components of a DBMS including the query processor, storage manager, and disk storage.
- The three schema architecture separating the conceptual, internal, and external schemas.
- Database languages like DDL, DML, DCL, and TCL and their purposes.
- Entity-relationship modeling including entities, attributes, relationships, and extensions.
- Different types of database users such as administrators, designers, programmers, and end users.
This document provides an overview of relational database management systems (RDBMS). It defines RDBMS as a system that structures data into tables with rows and columns, and can relate these tables through common fields. The key aspects covered include relational algebra operations like select, project, join; structured query language (SQL) for manipulating and retrieving data; and the advantages of RDBMS like supporting a tabular data structure, multi-user access, and imposing integrity constraints.
This document provides an overview of relational database management systems (RDBMS). It defines RDBMS as a system that structures data into tables with rows and columns, and can relate these tables through common fields. The key aspects covered include relational algebra operations like select, project, join; structured query language (SQL) for manipulating and retrieving data; and the advantages of RDBMS like supporting a tabular data structure, multi-user access, and imposing integrity constraints.
This document contains 31 questions and answers about database management systems (DBMS). It covers topics such as the purpose of a DBMS, what a database is, advantages of using a DBMS, normalization, languages used in DBMS, SQL, keys, constraints, queries, joins, triggers, stored procedures, relationships, and more. The questions progress from basic to more advanced concepts in DBMS.
The document defines key concepts related to databases including data, database, DBMS, database system, and data model. It describes hierarchical, network, and relational database models. The hierarchical model logically represents data as an upside down tree with each parent having many children and each child only one parent. The network model resembles the hierarchical model with a collection of records in one-to-many relationships. The relational model represents data as relations or tables with rows and columns where each cell contains a single value.
This document discusses database concepts and the relational data model. It covers the following key points in 3 sentences:
A database is a collection of interrelated data that can be accessed and manipulated through a database management system (DBMS). The relational data model organizes data into tables with rows and columns and defines concepts like primary keys, foreign keys, and referential integrity to link tables together and maintain data integrity. Common DBMS components include schemas, queries, and database engines that interface between users/applications and the underlying data storage.
1. The document discusses how data is organized in a database system using a hierarchy from the bit level up to files, records, fields, and databases.
2. It describes some problems with traditional file-based data storage like redundancy, inconsistency, and lack of flexibility. A database addresses these issues through centralization of data.
3. The key components of a database system are described as people, hardware, software, and data. The database management system (DBMS) acts as an interface between users, applications, and the stored data.
This document discusses database management system (DBMS) architecture and relational database management systems (RDBMS). It describes one-tier, two-tier, and three-tier architectures for DBMS. It also discusses database models including hierarchical, network, and relational models. Additionally, it covers RDBMS concepts such as tables, records, fields, columns, keys including primary keys and foreign keys. It provides examples to illustrate these concepts.
A database management system (DBMS) is system software that allows for the creation, management, and use of databases, making it easier to create, retrieve, update and manage large amounts of data in an organized manner. The document discusses the definition, importance, implementation, requirements, and challenges of a DBMS, as well as entity relationship diagrams, modeling, and security concepts related to databases. In conclusion, a DBMS is an effective system for systematic data management that is widely used around the world.
GraphSummit Paris - The art of the possible with Graph TechnologyNeo4j
Sudhir Hasbe, Chief Product Officer, Neo4j
Join us as we explore breakthrough innovations enabled by interconnected data and AI. Discover firsthand how organizations use relationships in data to uncover contextual insights and solve our most pressing challenges – from optimizing supply chains, detecting fraud, and improving customer experiences to accelerating drug discoveries.
Flutter is a popular open source, cross-platform framework developed by Google. In this webinar we'll explore Flutter and its architecture, delve into the Flutter Embedder and Flutter’s Dart language, discover how to leverage Flutter for embedded device development, learn about Automotive Grade Linux (AGL) and its consortium and understand the rationale behind AGL's choice of Flutter for next-gen IVI systems. Don’t miss this opportunity to discover whether Flutter is right for your project.
A Study of Variable-Role-based Feature Enrichment in Neural Models of CodeAftab Hussain
Understanding variable roles in code has been found to be helpful by students
in learning programming -- could variable roles help deep neural models in
performing coding tasks? We do an exploratory study.
- These are slides of the talk given at InteNSE'23: The 1st International Workshop on Interpretability and Robustness in Neural Software Engineering, co-located with the 45th International Conference on Software Engineering, ICSE 2023, Melbourne Australia
Introducing Crescat - Event Management Software for Venues, Festivals and Eve...Crescat
Crescat is industry-trusted event management software, built by event professionals for event professionals. Founded in 2017, we have three key products tailored for the live event industry.
Crescat Event for concert promoters and event agencies. Crescat Venue for music venues, conference centers, wedding venues, concert halls and more. And Crescat Festival for festivals, conferences and complex events.
With a wide range of popular features such as event scheduling, shift management, volunteer and crew coordination, artist booking and much more, Crescat is designed for customisation and ease-of-use.
Over 125,000 events have been planned in Crescat and with hundreds of customers of all shapes and sizes, from boutique event agencies through to international concert promoters, Crescat is rigged for success. What's more, we highly value feedback from our users and we are constantly improving our software with updates, new features and improvements.
If you plan events, run a venue or produce festivals and you're looking for ways to make your life easier, then we have a solution for you. Try our software for free or schedule a no-obligation demo with one of our product specialists today at crescat.io
Unveiling the Advantages of Agile Software Development.pdfbrainerhub1
Learn about Agile Software Development's advantages. Simplify your workflow to spur quicker innovation. Jump right in! We have also discussed the advantages.
E-commerce Development Services- Hornet DynamicsHornet Dynamics
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Microsoft has added an excellent new extension in PostgreSQL on their Azure Platform. This session, presented at Posette 2024, covers what Query Store is and the types of information you can get out of it.
Transform Your Communication with Cloud-Based IVR SolutionsTheSMSPoint
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What is Augmented Reality Image Trackingpavan998932
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UI5con 2024 - Keynote: Latest News about UI5 and it’s EcosystemPeter Muessig
Learn about the latest innovations in and around OpenUI5/SAPUI5: UI5 Tooling, UI5 linter, UI5 Web Components, Web Components Integration, UI5 2.x, UI5 GenAI.
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https://www.youtube.com/live/MSdGLG2zLy8?si=INxBHTqkwHhxV5Ta&t=0
Do you want Software for your Business? Visit Deuglo
Deuglo has top Software Developers in India. They are experts in software development and help design and create custom Software solutions.
Deuglo follows seven steps methods for delivering their services to their customers. They called it the Software development life cycle process (SDLC).
Requirement — Collecting the Requirements is the first Phase in the SSLC process.
Feasibility Study — after completing the requirement process they move to the design phase.
Design — in this phase, they start designing the software.
Coding — when designing is completed, the developers start coding for the software.
Testing — in this phase when the coding of the software is done the testing team will start testing.
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E-commerce Application Development Company.pdfHornet Dynamics
Your business can reach new heights with our assistance as we design solutions that are specifically appropriate for your goals and vision. Our eCommerce application solutions can digitally coordinate all retail operations processes to meet the demands of the marketplace while maintaining business continuity.
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Takashi Kobayashi and Hironori Washizaki, "SWEBOK Guide and Future of SE Education," First International Symposium on the Future of Software Engineering (FUSE), June 3-6, 2024, Okinawa, Japan
2. DBMS :: (Data Base Management System)
A DBMS refers to a s/w that is responsible for storing,
maintaining and utilizing databases. DBMS is basically a
record keeping system. Ex of DBMS are MS Access, MY SQL
, SQL Lite, MYSQL server , Oracle , FoxPro , Dbase etc.
Data Base:: Data base is defined as the organized
collection of data. Ex: Attendance register , Telephone
directory
Need of DBMS:: Basic needs of DBMS are
3. 1.Data bases reduces data redundancy:: Data
redundancy means duplication of data. Ex: In a college,
student’s records are maintained and the hostel also
maintains record of all those students who live in hostel.
Both college and hostel maintains a separate copy of
student record. But duplication of data may lead to
inconsistency.
Suppose the permanent address of a hostler gets changed.
The hostler student informs about it to the hostel
authorities and the changed address is reflected in the
student’s record. The data for the same student has not
been changed in the college records. If the students forgets
to inform the college authorities or college people
themselves forget to update the student’s record, the same
student’s record differ in two different files
4. Now which record of the two would be considered accurate.
Suppose college has to send certain information by post.
Then what will happen. The wrong data will get processed.
Data bases control data inconsistency::Inconsistency
means in correct information(Changes made at one place is
not reflected at other place).By controlling redundancy ,
inconsistency can be controlled.
Data base facilitate sharing of data:: Sharing of data
means data in the database may be shared among several
different users. Each user may have access to the data and
each of them may use it for different purposes .For sharing
of data grant command is used.
5. Data bases enforces standards:: Data base standards are
related to the naming of data , structure of data , format of
data etc.
Standards used in DBMS are
(a). Give meaningful field name
(b).Use consistent data type ie. Don’t use phone _no as
numeric in one table and char in other table. Same field
name in two tables should have same data type.
(c). Don’t use space in table name or field name.
Data base can ensure data security:: Data security
means protection of data against unauthorized person.
To secure database username and passwords must be
applied.
create user <username> identified by <password>
6. Integrity can be maintained through database:: Data
integrity means accuracy and consistency of data. Data integrity
can be maintained by various error checking and validation
methods.
Data validation :: Let the date format is save as dd/mm/yyyy
format in SQL then date must be in dd/mm/yyyy format and not
in sep 2nd 2007.This is called data validation. There are two basic
rules to ensure data integrity.
a). Entity Integrity :: This rule ensures that every table must have
its own primary key.
b). Referential Integrity :: Referential integrity is based on
primary and foreign key. This rule defines that a foreign key
have a matching primary key.
7. Table:: Employee
This rule states that the Dept_id(Foreign key) in the
Employee table has a matching valid Dept-id(Primary key)
in the department table.
Emp_id Emp_name Dept_id
Table:: Department
Dept_id Dept_name Dept_zone
Foreign key
Primary key
8. DataBase Abstraction:: Database Abstraction means
to provide the users only that much information that is
required by them or we can say that the system does
not disclose all the details of data rather it hides
certain details of how data is stored and maintained.
Example :: In a bank database if a customer wants to
know his balance then he is concern to only that part
not even all his details that how his database is stored ,
where is stored and all that.
Levels of Database Abstraction:: There are 3 levels
of database implementation.
1. Internal level
2. Conceptual level
3. External level
9. Internal level :: Internal level is also called physical level or
storage level. It describes how data are actually stored in the
storage medium.
Conceptual level :: Conceptual level is also called logical
level. It describes what data are actually stored in the
database. This level is related to the structure of the
database.
External level :: External level is also called view level. It
describes the way in which the data are viewed by the users.
Most of the users of the database are not concerned with all
the information contained in the database. Instead, they
need only a part of the database relevant to them.
11. Concept of Data Independance:: The ability to modify a
scheme definition in one level without affecting the scheme
definition in the next higher level is called Data
Independence. There are two levels of data independence.
1) Physical data independence
2) Logical data independence
Physical data independence:: Modify the scheme followed
at the physical level without affecting the scheme followed at
the conceptual level.
Any of the below change in physical level will not affect the
conceptual level.
Using a new storage device like Hard Drive or Magnetic
Tapes.
Change of Location of Database from say C drive to D Drive
12. Logical data independence:: Modify the scheme followed
at the conceptual level without affecting the scheme
followed at the external level.
Any of the below change in conceptual level will not affect
the external level.
Add/Modify/Delete a new attribute
Merging two records into one
Breaking an existing record into two or more records
13. Data Models :: Data models are basically concepts that can
be used to describe the structure of a database .The three
data models are used in database management system.
Relational data model
Network data model
Hierarchical data model
1.Relational data model:: In relational data model data is
organized in the form of tables. These tables are called
relations. Relationship b/w record is represented by relation
containing keys.
Let there are three tables(relations)
Suppliers , Items , Shipments
Unit 3.2 Relational Data Model
14.
15. Rows in a relation are generally referred to as tuples and
columns in a relation are generally referred to as attributes.
2.Network data model:: In Network data model data is
organized in the form of graph structure. Relationship b/w
record is represented by links.
16. 3.Hierarchical data model:: In Hierarchical data model
data is organized in the form of trees. Relationship b/w
record is represented by trees(parent child form).
Root
18. Relational Data Models :: Relational data model was
developed by E.F Codd. In this model data is organised in
two dimensional table called relation.
Basic terms used in Relational database ::
Entity :: Name of the table
Relation :: Relation is a table , consists of tuples (rows) and
attributes(columns).A relation must have following
properties.
An item in a given column are of same kind.
All rows of relation must be distinct
Column name of a relation are assigned distinct names.
19. Each row must be uniquely identified
Domain :: A domain is a pool of values from which actual
values appearing in a given column are drawn.
Suppno is drawn from above domain in “suppliers” table.
Tuple:: The row of a table is known as tuple.
Attribute :: The column of a table is known as attribute.
S1 S2 S3 S4
S5 S6 S7
20. Cardinality :: The number of tuples in a relation is known as
cardinality. In suppliers table, the cardinality is 5.
Degree:: The number of attributes in a relation is called degree.
In suppliers table, the degree is 4.
Component of Relation ::
Table :: Table is composed of records and fields that hold data.
Record:: Records contain all the data about one particular
person and composed of fields.
Fields:: Smallest piece of meaningful information is called field.
21. Data Item:: Values stored in a table are called data items.
Keys:: Key is an attribute which identifies records in a table.
There are different type of keys in RDBMS.
Primary Key :: An attribute which identifies each record in a
table is called primary key.
Table :: Student
StuId Roll No FirstName LastNmae Email
1 11 Neha Singh neha@gmail.com
2 12 Tom Andrews tom@gmail.com
3 13 Prachi Gupta prachi@gmail.com
Primary key
22. Candidate Key :: Candidate Key is a set of attributes that
uniquely identify tuples in a table. The Primary key should
be selected from the candidate keys. A table can have
multiple candidate keys but only a single primary key.
Candidate Key
Primary key
23. Alternate Key :: A Candidate key that is not the primary key
is called the Alternate key. Alternate key is also called
secondary key.
Primary key
Candidate Key
Alternate key
24. Foreign Key :: Foreign key is used to represent relationship
between two tables. A non key attribute of a table, which is
primary key for some other table is called foreign key. A table
that contains foreign key is called foreign table(child table or
detail table). A table that contains primary key is called foreign
table(primary table or master table).
Table:: Employee
Table:: Department
Foreign key
Primary key
25. Key Attribute :: Attributes that participate in the candidate
key are the key attributes.
Non Key Attribute :: Attributes other than candidate key in a
relation are called non key attributes.
Relational Algebra:: (procedural language) Relational
algebra is a collection of operations(Unary and Binary
operations)
Unary Operations :: They operate on one relation. Example ::
Select , Project
Select Operation:: Select operation is denoted by sigma(σ)
operation. Tuples are selected in select operation
26. σ price>14 (Items)
Consider Table :: Items
After applying the above condition in items table , following
output will be generated
Condition
Relation name
Select operation
Item# Item_Name Price
I1 Milk 15.00
I7 Icecream 16.00
I9 Namkeen 15.00
27. σCity=“Delhi”(Suppliers)
σPrice>5.00 ^Price<9..00 (items)
(Those tuples are selected whose price lies between 5 t0 18)
(AND sign)
(OR sign)
Supp# Supp_Name Status City
S1 Britania 10 Delhi
S3 Mother Dairy 10 Delhi
Item# Item_Name Price
I5 Plain Biscuit 6.00
I8 Cold Drink 8.00
28. Project Operation:: Project operation is denoted by pie(Π)
operation. Attributes are selected in project operation.
Π Supp_Name , City (Suppliers)
Consider Table :: Suppliers
After applying the above condition in Suppliers table , following
output will be generated.
Project operation
Condition
Relation name
29. Π City
(Suppliers)
Duplicacy is automatically removed in above query.
Supp_Name City
Britania Delhi
New Bakers Mumbai
Mothers Diary Delhi
Cookz Banglore
Haldiram Jaipur
City
Delhi
Mumbai
Banglore
Jaipur
30. ΠItem_Name(σPrice>14.00(Items))
Binary Operations :: They operate on two relations
Example :: Cartesian Product ,Union , Set difference , Set
intersection
Cartesian Product:: Cartesian product is denoted by X sign.
Cartesian product yields a all possible combinations of
tuples of relation A and relation B.
Item_Name
Milk
Ice Cream
Namkeen
31. Table :: Student
Table :: Instructor
Stud# Stud_Name Hosteler
S001 Neha Y
S002 Radha N
S003 Abhi N
Inst# Inst_Name Subject
101 K.Lal English
102 R.L Arora Maths
32. Cartesian Product of two relation Student X Instructor
Stud# Stud_Name Hosteler Inst# Inst_Name Subject
S001 Neha Y 101 K.Lal English
S001 Neha Y 102 R.L Arora Maths
S002 Radha N 101 K.Lal English
S002 Radha N 102 R.L Arora Maths
S003 Abhi N 101 K.Lal English
S003 Abhi N 102 R.L Arora Maths
33. Union Operation:: Union operation is denoted by U sign.
The resultant relation will contain all the tuples of relation A
and relation B.
Table :: Drama
Table :: Song
Roll _No Name Age
13 Kush 15
17 Swati 14
Roll _No Name Age
2 Maya 15
10 Riya 15
13 Kush 15
34. Drama U Song
Answer the given query on the basis of given table Customer.
(σCust_Name=Banker_Name(Customer))U(σamount>Balance(Customer))
Roll _No Name Age
2 Maya 15
10 Riya 15
13 Kush 15
17 Swati 14
Cust# Cust_Name Banker_Name Amount Balance
C001 Abju Riya 17510.00 17510.00
C002 Reeva Reeva 21000.00 22300.00
C003 Astha Neha 25199.00 24801.00
35. Set difference Operation:: Set difference operation is denoted by
- sign.
The resultant relation will contain those tuples that are in A but
not in relation B.
Table :: Drama
Cust# Cust_Name Banker_Name Amount Balance
C002 Reeva Reeva 21000.00 22300.00
C003 Astha Neha 25199.00 24801.00
37. Set intersection Operation:: Set difference operation is denoted
by n sign.
The resultant relation will contain those tuples that are common
in both relation.
Table :: Drama
Table :: Song