2. • In February1942, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed
Executive Order 9066, the presidential mandate that ordered
120,000 Americans of Japanese ancestry to be imprisoned in
incarceration camps during World War II.
• The “Day of Remembrance” is an annual observance of the
signing of Executive Order 9066.
• The day provides an ongoing reminder about the dangers of
ever repeating the same offense against other individuals.
3. 1790-1940
The Japanese American story includes immigration and
discrimination before WWII. Like many other groups, the
Japanese came to the United States for opportunity.
However, through government decisions, the first Japanese
immigrants were not allowed to become citizens or own
land.
4. 1790
• Naturalization
Act:
• "any alien, being a
free white person
who shall have
resided within the
limits and under the
jurisdiction of the
United States for a
term of two years,
may be admitted to
become a citizen
thereof."
1875
• No Citizenship
for Asians
• The phrase "aliens
of African nativity
and to persons of
African descent" is
added to the1790
Naturalization Act,
granting citizenship
to freed slaves but
still denying it to
Japanese and other
Asian immigrants.
• The ban will last
until 1952.
1882
• Chinese
Exclusion Act
• Ends Chinese
immigration for the
next sixty years.
• Creates a labor
shortage, leading
to increased
immigration from
Japan to the United
States.
1885
• Japanese
laborers come
to Hawaii:
• Recruited by
plantation owners to
work the sugarcane
field
5. 1887
• Japanese immigrate
to U.S. mainland
1894
• Citizenship denied by
court
• U.S. district court rules
that Japanese
immigrants cannot
become citizens
because they are not
"free white" persons, as
the Naturalization Act
of 1790 requires.
1900
• Anti-Japanese
movement
• The first large-scale
anti-Japanese protest
is held in California,
organized by various
labor groups.
6. • Japan and the United
States make agreement
to stop the migration of
Japanese laborers to the
United States.
• However, Japanese
women are allowed to
immigrate if they are
wives of U.S. residents.
7. • California passes the law
forbidding “all aliens
ineligible for citizenship”
from owning land. This
law targeted Japanese
who were becoming
successful farmers
• Twelve other states
adopted similar laws,
including Washington
state.
11. • FBI begins arresting
Japanese immigrants on
prewar "ABC" lists of
potential subversives:
• Buddhist priests,
• Japanese language teachers,
• newspaper publishers,
• heads of organizations.
• Within 48 hours, 1,291
are detained at
Immigration and
Naturalization Service
(INS) stations.
Picture: Japanese Americans were
ordered to surrender their radios
and cameras
12. • Congress approves the
declaration of war
presented by the
President.
Source: Wikipedia
13. • Many Americans reacted
with fear and anger when
the Japanese military
attacked the U.S. Navy at
Pearl Harbor
• False reports of spying
and sabotage by
Japanese Americans and
immigrants combined with
racial prejudice brought
feelings of hate against all
people of Japanese
ancestry.
14.
15.
16. • The FBI searches thousands of Japanese American homes for
"contraband" such as shortwave radios, cameras, heirloom
swords, and explosives used for clearing stumps.
• The FBI arrests more "suspect" Issei, first-generation Japanese.
• Thousands of these men will be held for the duration of the war
in Department of Justice and U.S. Army incarceration camps,
separate from their families.
17. • President Franklin D.
Roosevelt signs Executive
Order 9066
• Authorizing military
authorities to exclude civilians
from any area without trial
or hearing.
18. • The first Civilian Exclusion
Order is issued by the
Army for Bainbridge
Island near Seattle,
Washington.
• 108 exclusion orders are
issued across the West
Coast.
19. • Each person was only
allowed to bring what he
or she could carry, which
meant leaving behind or
selling homes, businesses,
clothing, furniture, pets,
and other possessions
and personal items
20. 92,000 men, women, and
children are sent
temporarily to live in
“assembly centers,” mostly
race tracks and
fairgrounds, while
incarcerated camps are
being constructed where
they will later live.
27. • The U.S. Army and the War Relocation Authority
(WRA) produce questionnaires for all WRA
incarcerees seventeen years of age and older.
• Both questionnaires contain two questions (27 & 28)
that cause confusion and controversy for incarcerees.
28. 27. Are you willing to serve in the
armed forces of the United States on
combat duty, wherever ordered?
29. 28. Will you swear unqualified allegiance
to the United States of America and
faithfully defend the United States from
any or all attack by foreign or domestic
forces, and forswear any form of allegiance
or obedience to the Japanese emperor , or
any other foreign government, power, or
organization?
30. Answered
“NO”
Labeled “disloyal”
to the United
States
Transferred to Tule
Lake incarceration
camp – a
segregated camp
Answered
“YES”
Eligible for U.S.
Military service
Eligible for release
and resettlement in
areas outside West
Coast
31. • Term used by The War Relocation Authority (WRA) to migrate
the Japanese Americans from the camps during WWII.
• Those who were allowed to leave the camps for “resettlement”
could not return to the West Coast; they were told to move to
the eastern and northern areas of the United States.
32. 1943: War Department announces a
segregated unit of Japanese
American soldiers, the 100th
Battalion/442nd Combat Team
10,000 Japanese American men
volunteer for the armed services
from Hawaii. 1,200 from the
camps volunteer
1944: Military Draft. More
than 33,000 Japanese
Americans serve in the military
Approximately 300
refuse to be inducted
Military Intelligence Service (M.I.S.):
5,000 Japanese Americans soldiers
train as Japanese language specialists
The 100th Battalion/442nd
Combat Team become the most
decorated U.S. military unit
34. Yasui (1943) Hirabayashi (1943) Korematsu (1944)
Resisted the curfew orders Resisted the exclusion
orders
Resisted the exclusion
orders
U.S. Supreme Court held
the application of curfews
against citizens is
constitutional.
U.S. Supreme Court held
the application of curfews
against members of a
minority group were
constitutional when the
nation was at war with the
country from which that
group originated.
U.S. sided with the
government, ruling that the
exclusion order was
constitutional.
35. • The wartime convictions
of Gordon Hirabayashi,
Minoru Yasui, and Fred
Korematsu (the three
men who protested the
curfew and/or exclusion
orders) are vacated, or
"nullified," because of
government
misconduct.
Photo: Hirabayashi, Yasui, and Korematsu
in 1983.
Source: Rafu Shimpo
37. • Thousands have nowhere to go after losing their homes
and jobs. Many are afraid of anti-Japanese hostility
and refuse to leave the camps.
38. • A national movement from
Japanese Americans and
their supporters to obtain
an apology and
compensation from the U.S.
government for wrongful
actions during WWII
• Sought redress from all
three branches of the
federal government Photo: Seattle Evacuation Redress
Committee
39. • The Commission on
Wartime Relocation and
Internment of Civilians
hold public hearing in
Washington D.C. to
investigate the
incarceration.
• 20 cities hold hearings
Picture: Hearing in Seattle
40. • President Ronald Reagan
signs HR 442 into law.
• Acknowledges that the
incarceration of more than
120,000 individuals of
Japanese descent was
unjust.
• Offers an apology and
reparation payment of
$20,000 to each person
incarcerated under
Executive Order 9066.
41. • The first nine redress
payments are made to
the oldest surviving
Japanese at a
Washington D.C.
ceremony.
42.
43. 1993
“Today, on behalf of your fellow Americans, I
offer a sincere apology to you for the actions
that unfairly denied Japanese Americans and
their families fundamental liberties during
World War II.
In passing the Civil Liberties Act of 1988, we
acknowledged the wrongs of the past and
offered redress to those who endured such
grave injustice. In retrospect, we understand
that the nation’s actions were rooted deeply in
racial prejudice, wartime hysteria, and a lack
of political leadership. We must learn from the
past and dedicate ourselves as a nation to
renewing the spirit of equality and our love of
freedom. Together, we can guarantee a future
with liberty and justice for all.”
- Bill Clinton
44. President Barrack Obama
signed S.1055, granting the
Congressional Gold Medal to
the 100th Infantry Battalion,
442nd Regimental Combat
Team, and Military Intelligence
Service.
The medal states in part, "The United States remains forever indebted to the
bravery, valor, and dedication to country that these men faced while fighting a
two-front battle of discrimination at home and fascism abroad. Their
commitment demonstrates a highly uncommon and commendable sense of
patriotism and honor."
45. • To help us Reflect and Educate
one another- that we can
Empower ourselves and Take
Action so that events like this
may never happen again.
46. • Mary grew up on
Vashon Island and
was a 16 year
old girl when she
was sent to an
incarceration
camp with her
family.
• She wrote a book
called “Looking
Like the Enemy” to
tell her story of
being in the
camps.
Welcome Mary to South!
47. • Former Vice President of
Student Services at South
Seattle Community
College
• Current President of
North Seattle Community
College
• His family were sent to
the incarceration camps
and served in the U.S.
Military
Welcome back Mark to South!
