The document is a presentation by evolutionary biologist Liliana M. Dávalos discussing her research focus on biodiversity and speciation. She addresses two types of questions in her field - biological questions and those that arise when models fail. When models of evolution and phylogeny are unable to resolve relationships, other signals must be found. Morphology alone cannot always be trusted to determine evolutionary relationships when genome data is unavailable for extinct species.
Models of gene duplication, transfer and loss to study genome evolutionboussau
Presentation of the models of gene duplication, transfer, loss, and incomplete lineage sorting developed by my colleagues and myself. Results on gene tree inference, species tree inference are presented. Groups of species studied include mammals, birds, fungi and cyanobacteria.
Models of gene duplication, transfer and loss to study genome evolutionboussau
Presentation of the models of gene duplication, transfer, loss, and incomplete lineage sorting developed by my colleagues and myself. Results on gene tree inference, species tree inference are presented. Groups of species studied include mammals, birds, fungi and cyanobacteria.
Overview of the approaches I co-developed to reconstruct species trees and gene trees, in the presence of gene duplications, losses and transfers, or incomplete lineage sorting. Includes Phyldog, ALE, MP-EST*, RevBayes.
Labs without Borders: Methods for Extracting, Amplifying, and Sequencing in t...Liliana Davalos
Genomic methods have revolutionized current understanding of the evolution and ecology of bats worldwide. At the same time, air travel restrictions and concerns about emerging diseases have made transporting bat tissues an increasingly expensive and fraught pursuit. To both overcome these restrictions and build capacity in high biodiversity countries, we implemented field-based molecular protocols. First, we sequenced the prokaryotic microbiome of multiple individuals in the field using a standard centrifuge, mini-PCR and mini-gel rigs, and a MinIon sequencer. Modifications to lab protocols included: 1) centrifugation steps robust at high- or mini-centrifuge speed, 2) extending proteinase-K incubation at ambient temperature and evaluating the elimination of ethanol in clean-up during extraction, 3) using lyophilized mastermix in amplification, and 4) eluting in molecular-grade water in library prep. The lack of a high-sensitivity method for quantifying DNA, however, limited the efficiency of multiplexing and reduced the life of the cell in sequencing. Second, we generated mtDNA barcodes using a cheaper, hybrid approach of extracting and amplifying in the field, with subsequent lab-based Sanger sequencing. We added a temperature control ceramic mug and Qubit fluorometer to the kit. By modifying standard procedures, and substituting some equipment with modestly priced consumer products (e.g., the mug), our protocols make critical steps in molecular genetics field-accessible, and open possibilities for future research on genomics, transcriptomics, and disease surveillance in bats.
Overview of the approaches I co-developed to reconstruct species trees and gene trees, in the presence of gene duplications, losses and transfers, or incomplete lineage sorting. Includes Phyldog, ALE, MP-EST*, RevBayes.
Labs without Borders: Methods for Extracting, Amplifying, and Sequencing in t...Liliana Davalos
Genomic methods have revolutionized current understanding of the evolution and ecology of bats worldwide. At the same time, air travel restrictions and concerns about emerging diseases have made transporting bat tissues an increasingly expensive and fraught pursuit. To both overcome these restrictions and build capacity in high biodiversity countries, we implemented field-based molecular protocols. First, we sequenced the prokaryotic microbiome of multiple individuals in the field using a standard centrifuge, mini-PCR and mini-gel rigs, and a MinIon sequencer. Modifications to lab protocols included: 1) centrifugation steps robust at high- or mini-centrifuge speed, 2) extending proteinase-K incubation at ambient temperature and evaluating the elimination of ethanol in clean-up during extraction, 3) using lyophilized mastermix in amplification, and 4) eluting in molecular-grade water in library prep. The lack of a high-sensitivity method for quantifying DNA, however, limited the efficiency of multiplexing and reduced the life of the cell in sequencing. Second, we generated mtDNA barcodes using a cheaper, hybrid approach of extracting and amplifying in the field, with subsequent lab-based Sanger sequencing. We added a temperature control ceramic mug and Qubit fluorometer to the kit. By modifying standard procedures, and substituting some equipment with modestly priced consumer products (e.g., the mug), our protocols make critical steps in molecular genetics field-accessible, and open possibilities for future research on genomics, transcriptomics, and disease surveillance in bats.
Past, present, and future of deforestation in the northwestern AmazonLiliana Davalos
With the largest extent of tropical forest in the world, the dynamics of forest loss and fragmentation in Brazil have been the focus of attention for over 50 years. Global shifts in trade to the Pacific and growing infrastructure, however, threaten the western end of the forests in the Andean region, including the Amazon. Research combining spatial and socioeconomic analyses, as well as exploring the 20th-century history of the region, reveals three surprising findings. First, wedges of deforestation are strongly associated with directed colonization projects more than 40 years old. Second, although pastures are the end state of much formerly forested land, demand for beef is a poor predictor of this process and urbanization following infrastructure upgrade is a better correlate. Finally, coca cultivation, widely believed to be a motor of forest loss, contributes little to the process both directly and indirectly. Instead, the clearing of these forests corresponds to the transformation of nominally state-owned forests into private properties, and occurs in tandem with local urbanization and despite overall rural depopulation.
Extinction, Extinction: How it Was and How to Stop it From the Miocene to TodayLiliana Davalos
The central question of our time is whether we can manage global ecosystems to support us today and into the future. While many current challenges, such as massive carbon dioxide emissions or nitrogen fixation, are unprecedented, others have in fact been unfolding for thousands of years. Here I show the results of studies combining the fossil record with DNA analyses and advanced statistical techniques to discover the footprint of human activities deep into the past. Using the islands of the Caribbean as a microcosm offers crucial lessons for the future: the signature of human landscape transformation on biodiversity is extinction, and it would take nature millions of years to restore what was lost over only a few hundred years.
Twenty million years of extinction and survival in the Caribbean (v.2)Liliana Davalos
Whether equilibrium dynamics between extinction and processes generating new species governs biodiversity, or instead stochastic changes shape diversity over time is one of the central questions in evolutionary biology. But tests of equilibrium dynamics since MacArthur and Wilson formulated their model have primarily involved colonization and extinction, neglecting speciation. Analyses using recently developed algorithms fitted to branching times for both extant and extinct bats from the Greater Antilles reveal a 20-40-million year equilibrium between high extinction rates offset by both colonization and speciation. Since at least 13 species have gone extinct over the last 20,000 years, however, this fauna is no longer in equilibrium. It would take millions of years for dynamics were to restore the lost diversity to their equilibrium preceding the Holocene. There is a longstanding debate on whether this pulse of mammalian extinction, which extended to all of North America, is linked to human colonization, or instead corresponds to the loss of island area and climate change at the end of the last glaciation. On the islands, however, humans only arrived a few thousand years ago, providing an opportunity to test these hypotheses. Bayesian models of the difference between faunal last appearance and human first appearance, together with the largest database of archaeological and paleontological radiocarbon dates reveal the majority of extinction events occurred after human arrival. While some large bodied species were lost soon after human colonization and may have been hunted, others may have been vulnerable to pre-Columbian agriculture, and many more to predators introduced during European colonization. The demise of the Caribbean mammal fauna as a result of increasing human transformation of local ecosystems provides lessons for our own time and the extinction events today and into the future.
¿De dónde viene y para dónde va la deforestación en Colombia?Liliana Davalos
Talk given at ICESI university in Cali, Colombia on 17 July. En las últimas décadas la deforestación en Colombia a menudo se explica como una consecuencia, directa o indirecta, de los cultivos ilícitos. Sin embargo, la influencia de los cultivos ilícitos y especialmente de los sembrados de coca sobre la deforestación requiere un contexto con otras actividades agrícolas, además de comparaciones entre los tres países productores: Colombia, Perú y Bolivia. Esta presentación examina los resultados de múltiples estudios sobre deforestación para evaluar el impacto de los ilícitos sobre la deforestación utilizando modelos cuantitativos. Aunque los cultivos de coca son responsables de una fracción importante de la deforestación directa, esta es mínima comparada con otras actividades, especialmente la praderización de todas las regiones forestales del país. Al mismo tiempo, la coca actúa como punta de lanza de la frontera agrícola en la Amazonía y puede tener consecuencias nefastas para la flora y fauna endémica de bosques andinos y del Chocó biogeográfico. Ya que el PIB de ganadería se desplomó al dispararse la pérdida de bosque, tampoco es el mercado del ganado el responsable de la deforestación, por lo menos en el departamento del Guaviare. Por tanto la praderización en Guaviare y probablemente en otras regiones está más ligada a la urbanización y desarrollo de mercados locales de tierras que a la ganadería. La principal conclusión de este análisis es que la causa última de buena parte de la deforestación es la conversión de la reserva forestal a propiedades privadas en zonas de rápido desarrollo. Paradójicamente, la coca es ancilar a este motor de deforestación.
DERIVATION OF MODIFIED BERNOULLI EQUATION WITH VISCOUS EFFECTS AND TERMINAL V...Wasswaderrick3
In this book, we use conservation of energy techniques on a fluid element to derive the Modified Bernoulli equation of flow with viscous or friction effects. We derive the general equation of flow/ velocity and then from this we derive the Pouiselle flow equation, the transition flow equation and the turbulent flow equation. In the situations where there are no viscous effects , the equation reduces to the Bernoulli equation. From experimental results, we are able to include other terms in the Bernoulli equation. We also look at cases where pressure gradients exist. We use the Modified Bernoulli equation to derive equations of flow rate for pipes of different cross sectional areas connected together. We also extend our techniques of energy conservation to a sphere falling in a viscous medium under the effect of gravity. We demonstrate Stokes equation of terminal velocity and turbulent flow equation. We look at a way of calculating the time taken for a body to fall in a viscous medium. We also look at the general equation of terminal velocity.
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
Toxic effects of heavy metals : Lead and Arsenicsanjana502982
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What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
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ANAMOLOUS SECONDARY GROWTH IN DICOT ROOTS.pptxRASHMI M G
Abnormal or anomalous secondary growth in plants. It defines secondary growth as an increase in plant girth due to vascular cambium or cork cambium. Anomalous secondary growth does not follow the normal pattern of a single vascular cambium producing xylem internally and phloem externally.
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...Travis Hills MN
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
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Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
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Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
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Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
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optics at visible wavelengths.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...
The Right Answers to the Wrong Questions
1. The Right Answers to the Wrong Questions
Liliana M. Dávalos
Assistant Professor, Department of Ecology & Evolution
SUNY, Stony Brook
University of Miami
8 April 2013
2. Who am I?
• Evolutionary biologist
• Focus on biodiversity,
including:
• Speciation
• Diversification
• Conservation
3. Two kinds of questions
Biological
diversity
Diversificatio
n, increase decrease Habitat loss
4. The Right Answers to the Wrong Questions
• Evolution of Diversity
• What to do when models fail
• Right answers, wrong questions
• Understanding habitat loss
• A lot of cattle without much beef
5. Mycobacterium bovis BCG str. Pasteur 1173P2
M. tuberculosis H37Ra
M. bovis BCG str. Tokyo 172
M. bovis AF212297
M. tuberculosis CDC1551
M. tuberculosis F11
M. tuberculosis KZN 1435
M. tuberculosis H37Rv
100
M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis K10
M. avium 104
M. vanbaalenii PYR1
M. sp. Spyr1
M. smegmatis str. MC2 155
M. sp. KMS
M. sp. MCS
M. sp JLS
Mycobacterium sp. *
100
84
96
42
100
Nocardia farcinica IFM 10152
Gordonia bronchialis DSM 43247
Rhodococcus opacus B4
R. equi ATCC 33707
R. equi 103S
Segniliparus rotundus DSM 44985
Bifidobacterium longum NCC2705
B. longum DJO10A
B. longum subsp. infantis 157F
B. longum subsp. longum JCM 1217
B. longum subsp. longum BBMN68
B. longum subsp. infantis ATCC 55813
B. longum subsp. longum JDM301
B. longum subsp. infantis ATCC 15697
B. breve DSM 20213
B. dentium Bd1
B. dentium ATCC 27679
B. adolescentis ATCC 15703
B. bifidum PRL2010
B. bifidum S17 Bifidobacterium sp. *
Corynebacterium matruchotii ATCC 14266
C. efficiens YS314
C. genitalium ATCC 33030 Sca01
C. glucuronolyticum ATCC 51866
C. urealyticum DSM 7109
Arthrobacter sp. FB24
A. chlorophenolicus A6
Kocuria rhizophila DC2201
Micrococcus luteus NCTC 2665
Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis NCP
C. michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus
Cellulomonas flavigena DSM 20109
63
63
65
55
51
70
84
74 100
Kineococcus radiotolerans SRS30216
Nakamurella multipartita DSM 44233
Saccharopolyspora erythraea NRRL 2338
Geodermatophilus obscurus DSM 43160
Amycolatopsis mediterranei U32
Intrasporangium calvum DSM 43043
Kytococcus sedentarius DSM 20547
Nocardioides sp. JS614
Streptomyces avermitilis MA4680
S. scabiei 87 22
S. coelicolor A3 2
Catenulispora acidiphila DSM 44928
Thermobifida fusca YX
Thermobispora bispora DSM 43833
Thermomonospora curvata DSM 43183
Streptosporangium roseum DSM 43021
Micromonospora aurantiaca ATCC 27029
98
92
99
74
100
100
100
75
99
100
78
43
78
100
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20
100
99
92
32
100
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26
50
56
6
18
14
11
37
32
66
100
51
5
38 46
78
15
99
88
pathogenic Mycobacterium complex
(avium-bovis-tuberculosis)
non-pathogenic Mycobacterium smegmatis complex
0.1 substitution/site
Evolutionary framework Corthals et al. 2012 PLoS One
6. The organisms in
question Phyllostomidae and relatives
When models fail
7. p
i
i
p p
p
p p D
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p
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pi
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8. p
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D i
D i
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p
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p p
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p
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10. •
Baker et al. 2003 Occas Pap Mus TTU
Datzmann et al. 2010 BMC Evol Biol
Wetterer et al. 2000 B Am Mus Nat Hist
?
When models fail
11. Genome not always
available
• Majority of species are
extinct
• Fossils are all that
remain
• Phylogenies must use
morphology
• Can morphology be
trusted?
Morgan Czaplewski 2012 Evolutionary
History of Bats
When models fail
12. Hermsen Hendricks 2008 Ann Missouri Springer et al. 2007 Syst Biol
Bot Gard
When models fail
13. Assumptions of
phylogeny
• Homology: character
changes reflect
common descent
• IID: Independent and
Identically Distributed
When models fail
15. Saturation is not
everything
• If rates of evolution are
high, then signal
erased over time
• Results in
unresolved
phylogeny
• Other signal must
emerge to resolve
phylogeny
When models fail
Dávalos Perkins 2008 Genomics
16. d e m
A eA me eA
eAd e
d t e
dA a
d d m A d
d d m A d
m t Ae
d m AA e
AA Am A
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deA
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eA d m A A
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17. d e
t e
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me e
Am A m
m eA AemeA
m me
d A meA
d me
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40. • 10Kb from 7
chromosomes mt +
300 dental traits
• = signal from dental
traits
• What makes this
signal so strong?
Dávalos et al. In Review Syst Biol
When models fail
41. 19
9.5
0
3.9
2.6
1.3
0
Molecular Morphological
Frequency (percent)
A
Figure B
Pairwise dissimilarity between characters
Relative density between morphological characters
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
Signal is amplified by
repetition
• Measured dissimilarity
between pairs of
characters
• Most sequence
characters are
completely dissimilar
• Despite protein-coding
loci
• This is not the case for
dental characters
Dávalos et al. In Review Syst Biol
When models fail
66. Models failed
• Less is more when
collecting certain kinds of
characters
• Dental data violate key
assumptions of
phylogenetic models
• Saturation, convergence,
and non-independence
• = model failure
• New models needed
Czaplewski et al. 2003 Caldasia
When models fail
67. The Right Answers to the Wrong Questions
• Evolution of Diversity
• What to do when models fail
• Right answer, wrong question
• Understanding habitat loss
• A lot of cattle without much beef
68. MacArthur Wilson 1963 Evolution Cracraft 1983 Syst Biol
Right answer, wrong question
69. Equilibrium Null Model
MacArthur Wilson 1963 Evolution Preston 1962 Ecology
Right answer, wrong question
72. Why they went
extinct
• Competition by other
invasive bats – Koopman
Williams 1951
• Cave flooding – Morgan
2001
• Interglacial floods –
McFarlane Lundberg
2004
• Anthropogenic habitat
destruction – Gannon et
al. 2005
Right answer, wrong question
73. Area change and species loss
Right answer, wrong question
Dávalos Russell 2012 Ecology
Evolution
74. R2
=
0.83 R2
=
0.85
Log of present/LGM area in the Greater Antilles
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Log of present/LGM area in the Bahamas
Log of present/LGM species
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Dávalos Russell 2012 Ecology
Evolution
Change in area ~
change in richness
Right answer, wrong question
77. How to answer the
right question
• Equilibrium null model
• Successfully
explains richness
• Short-term
disequilibrium
modeled
• Real interest is not
richness
• But composition
Drawing by A. Tejedor
Right answer, wrong question
78. The Right Answers to the Wrong Questions
• Evolution of Diversity
• What to do when models fail
• Right answers, wrong questions
• Understanding habitat loss
• A lot of cattle without much beef
82. An in-depth look
• Guaviare from
2001-2010
• One of two large foci
of Plan Colombia (the
other was Putumayo)
• Poor development
indicators
• Extractive land uses
Guaviare, Colombia 2008
Understanding habitat change
84. Hamburger! (or steak)
Kaimowitz et al. 2004 CIFOR
Three explanations
Understanding habitat change
Coca
Dávalos et al. 2011 Environ
Sci Technol
Land tenure and property
Hecht 1993 BioScience
85. Municipality
●
●
●
Calamar
El San San Jose
El Retorno
Calamar
● ●
6,000
90,000
60,000
4,000
2,200
2,000
1,800
30
20
A B
Figure 6
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40
30
20
30,000 60,000 90,000
Cattle
Percentage land pasture
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2,000
30 40 50 60
Percentage population urban
Coca cultivation (ha)
A
B
C
Figure 4
30,000
10
Year
Ranching GDP (109 pesos) Price of beef (pesos/Kg) Cattle
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
1,600
Pastures with few cows
Understanding habitat change
Dávalos et al. In Review Global
Environ Chang
86. If coca were the
cause
• Perhaps eradication is
the solution
• Great because we can
solve the problem of
coca
coca decrease Eradication
Understanding habitat change
88. Why did coca
decline?
• Each municipality
started out with
different amounts of
coca
• As the municipalities
become more urban,
there is less coca
• At ~50% urban
population there is 0
coca in the smaller
municipalities Dávalos et al. In Review Global
Municipality
●
●
●
Calamar
El Retorno
San Jose
● ●
6,000
4,000
A B
Figure 6
●
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●
●
●
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●
●
●
●●
●
●
●
●
●
● ●
●
●
40
30
20
30,000 60,000 90,000
Cattle
Percentage land pasture
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
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●
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●
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2,000
30 40 50 60
Percentage population urban
Coca cultivation (ha)
Environ Chang
Understanding habitat change
89. San Jose
El Retorno
Calamar
A
B
C
Figure 5
2010
0.06
0.04
0.02
0.00
50
40
30
20
5
4
3
2
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
Year
Property Tax
(106 pesos/capita)
Construction GDP
(109 pesos)
Financial GDP
(109 pesos)
What urbanization
looks like
• Urban people paying
more taxes that
finance construction
• Finance becomes
important
• Less dependence on
ranching (and
agriculture)
Dávalos et al. In Review Global
Environ Chang
Understanding habitat change
90. Urban cows!
• Cows enhance claim
to the land
• The region is rapidly
urbanizing
• Per capita taxes are
rising = property
values are rising
• Clearing the land to
sell in future urban
market
Dávalos et al. In Review Global
Environ Chang
Understanding habitat change
91. A disturbing
development model
• Development excludes
coca
• Not eradication
• Development centered
on a model of
settlement that is
destructive
• And probably not
peaceful
Guaviare, Colombia 2008
92. coca nothing More
decrease Eradication
The real drivers of
habitat loss
Urbanization
Development
Understanding habitat change
becomes
Pasture
Cows
property is
93. Models and data: a
dialogue
• Models shape the
kinds of data we
collect
• And how we
interpret those data
• Models may answer
the wrong question
• Data may violate
model assumptions
94. Thanks!
• Funding
• NSF–DEB
• CIDER—SBU
• Speciation diversification: A.
Cirranello, E. Dumont, A. Russell,
N. Simmons, P. Velazco
• Conservation policy: A.
Bejarano, A. Corthals, L. Correa, C.
Romero
• Dávalos Lab
• Phylogenetics: S. DelSerra, A.
Goldberg, O. Warsi, L. Yohe
• Land use: P. Connell, M. Hall, E.
Simola, G. Tudda