### Introduction to Data Collection in Research Studies Data collection is a fundamental aspect of any research study, serving as the foundation upon which findings and conclusions are built. It involves gathering and measuring information on variables of interest, in a systematic fashion that enables researchers to answer research questions, test hypotheses, and evaluate outcomes. The integrity and reliability of the research results are significantly influenced by the data collection methods used. Hence, understanding the various aspects of data collection is crucial for conducting robust and credible research. ### Purpose and Importance of Data Collection The primary purpose of data collection is to obtain information that can provide insights into the research question or hypothesis. High-quality data collection methods ensure the accuracy, consistency, and validity of the data, which are critical for making informed decisions and drawing reliable conclusions. Inaccurate or biased data collection can lead to erroneous conclusions and affect the generalizability of the study results. ### Types of Data in Research Studies Data in research can be broadly categorized into two types: qualitative and quantitative. 1. **Quantitative Data**: This type of data is numerical and can be measured and quantified. It is often used to answer questions related to how much, how often, or to what extent. Examples include age, weight, scores, and frequencies. Quantitative data collection methods include surveys, experiments, and secondary data analysis. 2. **Qualitative Data**: This type of data is descriptive and involves characteristics that cannot be measured numerically. It is used to understand concepts, thoughts, or experiences. Examples include interview transcripts, observations, and open-ended survey responses. Qualitative data collection methods include interviews, focus groups, and content analysis. ### Data Collection Methods The choice of data collection method depends on the research question, objectives, and the type of data required. Here are some commonly used methods: #### Surveys and Questionnaires Surveys and questionnaires are widely used for collecting quantitative data. They can be administered in various ways, including online, face-to-face, telephone, or mail. - **Advantages**: Cost-effective, can reach a large audience, easy to administer and analyze. - **Disadvantages**: Limited by respondents' willingness and ability to answer accurately, potential for low response rates, and the design of the questions can influence the results. #### Interviews Interviews are used to collect qualitative data and can be structured, semi-structured, or unstructured. - **Structured Interviews**: Follow a fixed set of questions, ensuring consistency across interviews. - **Semi-Structured Interviews**: Have a guide with open-ended questions, allowing for flexibility and probing deeper into responses. - **Unstructured Interviews**:

1. DATA COLLECTION

2. OBJECTIVES:
2
Identify practical considerations
in data collection.
Recognize the reliability of
different data sources.
Learn effective data
management and organization
techniques.

3. DATA COLLECTION
3
is the systematic process of gathering information or
data from various sources, such as surveys,
interviews, observations, or existing databases. It
involves planning, selecting appropriate methods, and
ensuring the reliability of collected data.

4. DATA COLLECTION
4
• DATA: refers to information, facts, or statistics
collected for analysis, decision-making, or reference.
It can be numerical or qualitative and is fundamental
for research, insights, and informed decision-making
processes.
• RAW DATA: are unprocessed bits of information
about some topic or event.

5. CLASSIFICATION
DATA
5
• Quantitative data: can be counted or measured e.g.
age, income, years, farm size, inflation rate etc.
• Qualitative data: cannot be counted or measured but
can only be explained, male or female, scale of
operation, opinion of group of people etc.

6. CLASSIFICATION
DATA
6
• Discrete data: have distinct value with no
intermediate points
• Continuous data: can take any value

7. PRACTICAL
CONSIDERATION
S IN DATA
COLLECTION

8. 8
Define the purpose of your data collection
Resource Availability
Develop a plan for how you will collect the data
Methods
Instruments/Tools
 Decide who will be responsible for collecting the data
Ethical Consideration
Cultural Sensitivity

9. DATA SOURCES AND
THEIR RELIABILITY

10. 10
For data to be considered valid and reliable,
data collection should occur consistently
and systematically throughout the course of
the research project.
Data sources and their
reliability

11. 11

13. 13
PRIMARY DATA

14. 14
SECONDARY DATA

15. PRIMARY DATA
VS.
SECONDARY DATA
15

16. DATA MANAGEMENT
AND ORGANIZATION

17. DATA MANAGEMENT
AND ORGANIZATION
17
1. Data Collection Tools
2. Data Storage
3. Data Cleaning
4. Data Documentation
5. Data Security
6. Data Analysis Plan

18. THANK
YOU
Jeremie Privaldo
Michelle Rejano
Moreno Charlene Kaye
Jimboy Rubio

19. REFERENCES
19
Smith, J. (2018). Research Methods in Social Sciences. Publisher XYZ.
Johnson, R., & Christensen, L. (2020). Educational Research: Quantitative,
Qualitative, and Mixed Approaches. Publisher ABC.
Miles, M. B., Huberman, A. M., & Saldaña, J. (2019). Qualitative Data
Analysis: A Methods Sourcebook. Publisher DEF.
Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2017). Research Design: Qualitative,
Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. Publisher GHI.