This document discusses the key components of data communication including transmitters, receivers, transmission mediums, messages, and protocols. It defines these five components and provides examples. The document also discusses how computers represent data using binary digits and the different ways data can be transmitted, including simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex transmission methods.

1. DATA COMMUNICATION
NETWORKING

2. DATA COMMUNICATION
• refers to the active process of transmitting data or
information from one point to another through a
medium.
• There are five components of data communication.

3. FIVE COMPONENTS OF DATA
COMMUNICATION
• Transmitter
• Receiver
• Medium
• Message
• Protocol

4. TRANSMITTER
• The transmitter is the device that sends the message.
It can be a computer, workstation, telephone handset,
video camera, and so on.

5. RECEIVER
• The receiver is the device that receives the message. It
can be a computer, workstation, telephone handset,
television, and so on.

6. MEDIUM
• The transmission medium is the physical path by
which a message travels from sender to receiver. It
can consist of twisted pair wire, coaxial cable, fiber-
optic cable, laser or radio waves (terrestrial or satellite
microwave).

7. MESSAGE
• The message is the transmission (data) to be
communicated. It can consist of text, number,
pictures, sound, or video or any combination of these.

8. PROTOCOL
• A protocol is a set of rules that governs data
communication. It represents an agreement between
the communicating devices. Without a protocol, two
devices may be connected but not communicating.

9. DATA TRANSMISSION

10. DATA
REPRESENTATION
• Anything that can have two
different states can
represent anything on a
digital device.
• Most computer are digital
• Recognize only two discrete
states: on and off.
• Use binary system to recognize 2
states
• Use number system with 2
unique digits: 0 and 1 called bits
( binary digits).
HOW DO COMPUTERS
REPRESENT DATA?

11. DATA FLOW
• The route between origin, via nodes, to a destination
taken by a packet of data.
• The transfer of data between the components of a
computer.
• The path taken by the message from origination to
destination that includes all nodes through which the
data travels.

12. 3 WAYS TO TRANSMIT DATA
• Simplex
• Half- duplex (HDX)
• Full- duplex (FDX)

13. SIMPLEX
• Is one way transmission, it uses one circuit in one
direction only such as in radio or TV transmission. It is
simple and relatively inexpensive.

14. HALF – DUPLEX (HDX)
• Is two-way transmission and it also use only one
circuit as simplex does but it is used in both
directions, walkie-talkie is the good example of the
half-duplex processor. Half duplex is a circuit, which
can transmit the signal in two directions but only once
at a time. In Half-duplex users can transmit and
receive signals or data but cannot do both
simultaneously.

15. FULL – DUPLEX (FDX)
• Full duplex transmission is also the two-way
transmission but it uses two circuits for
communication. Full duplex allows users to
communicate in both way simultaneously (i.e. a
common telephone) with no turnaround time. This
mode is clearly easier to use then the half duplex but
the cost may be significant, especially over long
distance.

16. 3 WAYS TO TRANSMIT DATA

17. END.