DARPA was established in 1958 in response to the Soviet Union launching Sputnik, the first artificial satellite, which demonstrated that the US was behind technologically. DARPA's initial focus was on space, missile defense, and nuclear detection. Over 50 years, DARPA has funded high-risk, high-reward research and development projects to provide technological advantages for the US military, including the ARPANET which helped launch the Internet. DARPA aims to challenge existing approaches and achieve disruptive capabilities through projects involving technologies, sensors, materials, and integrated systems.
Top secret-programs-hidden-in-plain-sight ( Mind Control - Microchip )Marcus Tederson
The document discusses a proposed non-lethal microwave ray gun called MEDUSA that is intended for crowd control by projecting irritating sounds into people's heads. However, experts say this is not possible as the required power levels to produce sounds loud enough to be annoying would cause tissue damage or death from heat exposure first. The document also discusses how the Joint Non-Lethal Weapons Program could provide cover for research into artificial telepathy given its mission of non-lethal weapons and involvement of military and law enforcement agencies.
The document provides an overview of the Commercial Orbital Transportation Services (COTS) program, including summaries of SpaceX's and Orbital's demonstration missions. Key lessons learned from the program and the companies include: fixing price milestones incentivized cost control; minimum requirements with government oversight fostered innovation; and commercial-friendly IP policies encouraged private investment. SpaceX benefited from design-test iterations and using commercial parts, while Orbital's independent design reviews and standard component designs reduced risk. The COTS model showed public-private partnerships can successfully develop new space capabilities.
This document discusses Facebook, Ericsson, and Qualcomm's efforts to increase efficiency in delivering internet access and services to more people globally. It outlines their goal of achieving a 100x increase in efficiency over the next 5-10 years through innovations that reduce the underlying costs of data delivery and build more efficient apps. Specific initiatives discussed include Facebook's work on building efficient infrastructure through technologies like HipHop, HHVM, and their open compute project designs for data centers.
This document summarizes the key activities and results of the PAXIS initiative, which brought together 22 European "regions of excellence" recognized for their outstanding innovation systems. Through collaboration over five years, PAXIS regions identified over 300 good practices in innovation policy and support. Key focus areas included pre-seed and early stage financing, incubation models, spin-offs and technology transfer, entrepreneurship, and building an innovation culture. PAXIS regions exchanged experiences and more than 115 good practices were transferred to other regions. This helped inspire better innovation policies across Europe and increased awareness of the benefits of trans-national cooperation. The manual aims to share PAXIS results more broadly to help other regions and practitioners improve innovation performance.
This document provides an analysis of low Earth orbit (LEO) launch capabilities to transport mass into LEO for constructing a permanent commercial space structure. It examines technical advances that could enable lower costs, as well as political and investment factors. Models are developed to determine optimal launch systems given constraints like a 2.5 year timeframe and 30 launches. Systems like Falcon Heavy and Proton are identified as most suitable based on cost-effectiveness and ability to meet mass and schedule requirements for the proposed LEO construction.
Top secret-programs-hidden-in-plain-sight ( Mind Control - Microchip )Marcus Tederson
The document discusses a proposed non-lethal microwave ray gun called MEDUSA that is intended for crowd control by projecting irritating sounds into people's heads. However, experts say this is not possible as the required power levels to produce sounds loud enough to be annoying would cause tissue damage or death from heat exposure first. The document also discusses how the Joint Non-Lethal Weapons Program could provide cover for research into artificial telepathy given its mission of non-lethal weapons and involvement of military and law enforcement agencies.
The document provides an overview of the Commercial Orbital Transportation Services (COTS) program, including summaries of SpaceX's and Orbital's demonstration missions. Key lessons learned from the program and the companies include: fixing price milestones incentivized cost control; minimum requirements with government oversight fostered innovation; and commercial-friendly IP policies encouraged private investment. SpaceX benefited from design-test iterations and using commercial parts, while Orbital's independent design reviews and standard component designs reduced risk. The COTS model showed public-private partnerships can successfully develop new space capabilities.
This document discusses Facebook, Ericsson, and Qualcomm's efforts to increase efficiency in delivering internet access and services to more people globally. It outlines their goal of achieving a 100x increase in efficiency over the next 5-10 years through innovations that reduce the underlying costs of data delivery and build more efficient apps. Specific initiatives discussed include Facebook's work on building efficient infrastructure through technologies like HipHop, HHVM, and their open compute project designs for data centers.
This document summarizes the key activities and results of the PAXIS initiative, which brought together 22 European "regions of excellence" recognized for their outstanding innovation systems. Through collaboration over five years, PAXIS regions identified over 300 good practices in innovation policy and support. Key focus areas included pre-seed and early stage financing, incubation models, spin-offs and technology transfer, entrepreneurship, and building an innovation culture. PAXIS regions exchanged experiences and more than 115 good practices were transferred to other regions. This helped inspire better innovation policies across Europe and increased awareness of the benefits of trans-national cooperation. The manual aims to share PAXIS results more broadly to help other regions and practitioners improve innovation performance.
This document provides an analysis of low Earth orbit (LEO) launch capabilities to transport mass into LEO for constructing a permanent commercial space structure. It examines technical advances that could enable lower costs, as well as political and investment factors. Models are developed to determine optimal launch systems given constraints like a 2.5 year timeframe and 30 launches. Systems like Falcon Heavy and Proton are identified as most suitable based on cost-effectiveness and ability to meet mass and schedule requirements for the proposed LEO construction.
PAD 502 Organization DynamicsReadings Themes Class Discussion.docxgerardkortney
PAD 502: Organization Dynamics
Readings Themes Class Discussion Worksheet
What are three of the most important points that weave through the readings for the past week, and what is it that makes them significant?
1.
2.
3.
What is least clear or most puzzling from the material you have read for this week? In other words, what left you with the most questions, and what are they? Be prepared to lead the class in a discussion.
Application: How might you apply the materials to inform and improve your surroundings? Be specific.
in programs in whicb the U.S, is dominant. The United States
could find itself isolated from major trends in space develop-
ment and have to spend its own funds to obtain capabilities
and data previously available through cooperative projects.
Most of all, the world is entering a new period of space activ-
ity, in which socially and economically beneftcia! applications
of space technology receive increased emphasis in parallel
with the traditional priority given to science and exploration,
it is not a time for the United States to withdraw from the
opportunities and responsibilities that will accompany the
space developtnents of the coming decades. And there is
much in the U.S, record of international cooperation that has
been quite successful; despite recent problems, the United
States remains the partner of choice for most other countries.
Leading through cooperation should remain an important part
of the U.S, approach to space (Logsdon, 1988).
The conservative, almost nostalgic, message of the
Advisory Committee on the Future of the U,S. Space Program
with respect to international relationships in space stands in
rather stark contrast to the optimistic conclusions of the last
advisory committee that examined this topic in some depth, A
1987 report of a Task Force on International Relations in
Space of the NASA Advisory Council concluded that
International cooperation, a feature of the civil
space program from its outset, has served the for-
eign policy, scientific and space programmatic
interests of the United States very well. It has
given substance to U.S. leadership, l'he climate,
character, and circumstances for cooperation
have changed dramatically in recent years with
the changing environment of international rela-
tions in space. However, cooperation will be
even more itnportant in the future although likely
to change in character (NASA Advisory Council,
1987, p, 41),
By giving scant attention to the role of international coop-
eration (and international competition, by the way) in shap-
ing the U.S. civilian space program of the next decade and
beyond, the Comtnittee missed an important dimension of
contemporary space policy. Given the pressures under which
it was operating and the depth and scope of the problems
internal to the U.S, program, the omission may be under-
standable. But more needs to be said on these issues as the
United States rebuilds a space program for the 21st century,
• • •
.
Due August 7,2019First, watch the video Personal Potential The.docxmadlynplamondon
Due August 7,2019
First, watch the video "Personal Potential: The Power of One" by Dr. Verna Price at http://library.limestone.edu:2048/login?url=http://digital.films.com/PortalPlaylists.aspx?aid=4891&xtid=44027
Second, in a 500-750 word essay that addresses the following questions:
1. Dr. Price discusses the difference between personal and positional power, describe the difference, and give an example of a time in your life when you used both personal and positional power.
2. How is this idea of personal and/or positional power connected to being a leader? Explain.
First, watch the video "Personal Potential: The Power of One" by Dr. Verna Price at http://library.limestone.edu:2048/login?url=http://digital.films.com/PortalPlaylists.aspx?aid=4891&xtid=44027
Due August 2, 2019 (1-2 pages, APA)
1. What has seemed to be the major problem facing NASA? Apply your knowledge of group dynamics and decision making to identify the problem.
2. What must NASA accomplish to ensure the vitality of the space program? Has groupthink accounted for some of NASA’s problems? If so, what symptoms can you identify?
3. What group-decision making challenges has NASA faced in changing its culture?
Columbia Space Shuttle Disaster and the Future of NASA
Early on February 1, 2003, television viewers watched in disbelief and sadness as the space shuttle Columbia, returning from its mission, seemed simply to break apart. Later in a scathing report, investigators said that NASA’s management practices were as much to blame for the accident that killed seven astronauts as the foam that broke away from the fuel tank and hit the left wing during blastoff. The report concluded that NASA had known of problems with the foam insulation over a long period but had never invested the time or energy to resolve the problem.
Former astronaut and NBC analyst Sally Ride agreed with the findings. She noted that foam had been falling off the external tanks since the first shuttle launch and that it had fallen off on nearly every flight. Ride considered the foam problem an accident waiting to happen, which of course it did. NASA recognized the foam as a serious problem and tried to fix it; unfortunately, it didn’t get as much attention as many other problems NASA faced during the past decade.
Columbia was a sad reminder of the Challenger disaster 17 years earlier. In the case of Challenger, engineers suspected problems with O-rings, but didn’t fix them. It appeared that NASA didn’t learn from its mistakes with Challenger and, more important, that a deeper problem existed: Safety concerns had not been given top priority. According to Ride, while NASA officials did not suppress dissenting views, they did not encourage them. Echoes of Challenger? Ride thought so. The further the Columbia investigation progressed, the more echoes were heard. The Columbia Accident Investigation
Board cited several failures; chief among them a corporate culture at NASA that discouraged the communica ...
This document provides a summary of a report exploring concepts of open innovation and its potential applications to the space sector. Open innovation refers to collaborations that strategically share ideas and resources between organizations to create value. The report examines how open innovation could help lower costs, share risks, accelerate timelines, and introduce new ideas to space projects. As a case study, the report analyzes how open innovation techniques at different phases could benefit private asteroid mining companies. While open innovation provides benefits, it also carries risks like loss of control and intellectual property issues that would need to be addressed for its use in space.
The panel identifies several types of existing scientific data that could help shed light on UAPs:
1) NASA's fleet of Earth observing satellites can determine environmental conditions coincident with UAP reports to understand any associations.
2) Commercial satellite constellations with sub-meter resolution imagery matched to UAP scales could provide retroactive coverage of some events.
3) Ground-based sensors like weather radars, sky surveys, and inexpensive deployable sensors could distinguish objects, detect anomalies, and establish activity patterns.
4) Rigorous data curation is essential given the lack of consistent UAP data collection and need for scientific analysis. NASA's expertise in archiving large datasets can contribute.
The panel identifies several types of existing scientific data that could help shed light on UAPs:
1) NASA's fleet of Earth observing satellites can determine environmental conditions coincident with UAP reports to understand any associations.
2) Commercial satellite constellations with sub-meter resolution imagery could directly image UAP events, though coverage is limited.
3) Ground-based sensors like weather radars, sky surveys, and inexpensive multi-sensor arrays could establish activity patterns and physical characteristics of UAPs.
4) Rigorous data curation is essential given the lack of consistent UAP data collection and need for scientific analysis. NASA's expertise in archiving large datasets can contribute.
The NASA Innovative Advanced Concepts (NIAC) Program supports innovative aerospace research through two phases of competitively awarded studies. Phase I studies explore the viability of visionary concepts over nine months, while Phase II further develops promising Phase I concepts for up to two years. Since 2011, NIAC has funded 70 studies, with 5-7 new Phase II studies selected each year. NIAC aims to nurture breakthrough ideas that could transform future NASA missions by engaging innovators in developing concepts that push the boundaries of what is currently possible in aerospace technology and exploration.
Michael Salla - Astropolitics and the ''Exopolitics'' of Unacknowledged Activ...Exopolitics Hungary
This document discusses unacknowledged activities in outer space that are relevant to studying astropolitics but not typically included. It identifies three categories of unacknowledged activities: 1) Waived unacknowledged special access programs run by the US military and intelligence that are kept secret, 2) Corporate programs conducting classified work for the government under similar secrecy, 3) Activities related to unidentified flying objects and the possibility of extraterrestrial intelligence that exopolitics seeks to examine. The document argues that exopolitics, which takes a multidisciplinary approach to studying evidence of extraterrestrial life and possible related classified programs, provides conceptual tools that can complement astropolitics by helping to investigate these unacknowledged space activities.
Montazar Almashama
English 102
Kevin Leaverton
8-3-14
PAGE
11
Almashama
NASA
The National Aeronautical and Space Administration is a state agency of the United States, which is generally responsible for exploration of science, and technology that is related to space and air. It was formed in 1958 to oversee the US airspace exploration and research in aeronautics.
Functions of NASA
This agency is generally tasked with researching and exploring of scientific aspects beneficial to human beings. Astronauts are sent to the orbit to conduct scientific research on different aspects. The satellite assists scientists in learning more about the earth. The space exploration enables the study of the solar system among other aspects. The new studies help in improving air travel among other flight aspects.
NASA is also involved in programs of sending human beings to the Mars, Moon and also beyond. These are among the many missions that NASA has that are beneficial to the human race. All the research that NASA does is shared among the people, with the aim of making life better for all around the world.
NASA also has an Education Office that works with teachers in preparing students who will be future engineers, astronauts, scientists and also other NASA staff. This aspect is very critical as these students will be the explorers that will research on the universe and the solar system in years to come. NASA has been fully supporting students, communities and families in discovering and exploring through inspiring and investing in activities and programs. NASA has continued to provide training thereby enabling teachers to learn advanced ways of teaching science, engineering, technology and mathematics. In view of this, NASA involves students in its missions to assist them in getting excited about learning science and all its aspects.
NASA has field centers and research and test facilities that enable them to carry out their work. It has a combined workforce representing a wide range of jobs. The staff includes astronauts, engineers and scientists and other disciplines.
Achievements of NASA
NASA began with the human spaceflight program, which assisted the agency in learning more in flying in the space, and it culminated to the first human being to land on the moon. NASA has also made robotic space probes that have visited all planets in solar system and also some other celestial bodies.
The telescopes used by NASA have helped scientists in looking beyond the space. The satellites have shown immense data about the earth, which has resulted to adequate information on learning, and understanding about the weather patterns.
NASA has also been involved in developing and testing various aircrafts where some of them have set new advances in technology. These tests and advances have assisted engineers in improving air transportation. NASA has ...
This document discusses the importance of risk and failure in technology research and development. It argues that risk aversion has hampered progress at NASA and led to cost overruns and schedule delays. In contrast, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) openly accepts failure as an expected part of pushing technological boundaries. The document advocates for NASA to adopt a mindset that embraces risk and failure as essential for innovation, as was the case with early NASA missions like MiDAS that achieved success despite failures.
The Princeton Engineering Anomalies Research (PEAR) program, which flourished for nearly three decades under the aegis of Princeton University's School of Engineering and Applied Science, has completed its experimental agenda of studying the interaction of human consciousness with sensitive physical devices, systems, and processes, and developing complementary theoretical models to enable better understanding of the role of consciousness in the establishment of physical reality. It has now incorporated its present and future operations into the broader venue of the International Consciousness Research Laboratories (ICRL), a 501(c)(3) organization chartered in the State of New Jersey. In this new locus and era, PEAR plans to expand its archiving, outreach, education, and entrepreneurial activities into broader technical and cultural context, maintaining its heritage of commitment to intellectual rigor and integrity, pragmatic and beneficial relevance of its techniques and insights, and sophistication of its spiritual implications. As described more fully on the ICRL website, PEAR also will continue to provide the scholarly pedestal from which all other ICRL activities will radiate.
JPL has opportunities to pursue work with non-NASA sponsors by leveraging its history and capabilities in space technology. The NSTA office identifies potential sponsor needs, matches them with JPL's technical expertise, and oversees reimbursable projects. Key sponsors include the Department of Energy for energy storage and renewable technologies, and the Air Force for areas like space situational awareness. JPL's strategy involves positioning itself in emerging areas of interest through targeted technology development.
This document summarizes and contrasts past and present approaches to long-term strategic planning for space. It discusses the visions of early space futurists like Wernher von Braun, Arthur C. Clarke, Dandridge Cole, Herman Kahn, and Gerard O'Neill from the 1950s-1970s who advocated ambitious plans to explore and develop space over decades. However, it notes that long-term strategic planning for space has suffered since then from a lack of substance and relevance to decision-makers. The document calls for reviving and reconfiguring space futurism to emphasize its continuing importance.
This document analyzes the communication failures at NASA that led to the destruction of the space shuttle Challenger in 1986. It identifies three main issues: a lack of organizational communication between NASA and its contractors, a lack of understanding between NASA management and engineers, and engineers' lack of effective persuasion in communicating risks to management. The document proposes solutions including more accountability, frequent meetings between all involved parties, and getting concerns in writing approved through proper channels as ways to prevent future disasters through improved communication.
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is a United States government agency responsible for the civilian space program and aerospace research. NASA was established in 1958 by President Eisenhower, replacing the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics. NASA is headquartered in Washington D.C. and conducts research projects, operates facilities like the Kennedy Space Center, and oversees programs including the International Space Station and various satellites and space telescopes.
The document provides an overview of operations research (OR), including:
- The history and origins of OR which began in the late 1930s in the UK to study military operations problems.
- The key phases of a typical OR project: problem identification, mathematical modeling, model validation, solution of the model, and implementation.
- The wide range of applications of OR techniques across various fields such as accounting, construction, facilities planning, finance, manufacturing, and more.
- The types of models used in OR, classified based on the level of abstraction into physical, analog, and symbolic mathematical models. Deterministic and probabilistic/stochastic models are discussed.
The Internet began in 1957 when the Soviet Union launched Sputnik 1, the first satellite, alarming US military leaders. In response, the US military created DARPA to develop new technologies and regain technological leadership. DARPA developed the ARPANET in the 1960s to connect universities and research labs, allowing for resource-sharing. The ARPANET used early networking protocols like NCP and eventually adopted TCP/IP in 1983. Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, more networks were established that were eventually connected, establishing the Internet.
The document discusses Josh Eastham's idea development for a project on the future of human space exploration. Research included background articles on the history of space exploration and public opinion of space programs over time. Surveys from the 1960s showed most Americans did not think the Apollo program was worth the cost, but modern views are more favorable. The document outlines the project structure and includes storyboards, risk assessments, and bibliographies to organize idea development.
Old space concepts are merging with new space technologies and philosophies, both technologically and conceptually. Private companies are playing a larger role in space projects through public-private partnerships, leading to cheaper and more adaptable technologies for both space and earth applications. NTLgroup's NeuroCodex and NeuroCoach technologies are at the forefront of this new space research, being studied for use in astronauts to maintain peak brain performance in space and counter the effects of space travel. Dr. Curtis Cripe has experience in both space missions from his time at JPL and brain research, and as director of research at NTLgroup is developing brain-based technologies for applications both in space and on earth.
This document provides an introduction to the concept of strategic latency and how technology is changing concepts of security. It discusses how advances in science and technology can produce threats to national security that remain latent until utilized by an adversary. The document highlights emerging dual-use technologies like synthetic biology that are accessible not just by great powers but also medium powers and non-state actors. It argues that the complexity of today's international system combined with the spread of advanced technology requires new thinking about security concepts. The goal is to understand how strategic latency can arise from technological changes and how it might be addressed.
Telegram is launching its own cryptocurrency called GRAM and its own blockchain network called TON. TON aims to be faster and more scalable than existing blockchains like Bitcoin and Ethereum. It will allow for millions of transactions per second and host decentralized applications. Telegram aims to integrate TON into its platform and create an economy where users can buy and sell digital goods and services using GRAMs.
MARINET – National Technology Initiative (NTI) is a key long-term program of the public-private partnership in the development of promising new markets based on high-tech solutions that will determine development of the global and Russian economy in the next 15-20 years.
MARINET was established in 2015 and involves a wide range of organizations providing advanced technologies for the maritime industry – from the leading corporations and universities to startup companies and research teams. Currently it joins several hundreds representatives from technology companies, leading universities, research and scientific centers, development institutions, business associations, ministries and government agencies.
PAD 502 Organization DynamicsReadings Themes Class Discussion.docxgerardkortney
PAD 502: Organization Dynamics
Readings Themes Class Discussion Worksheet
What are three of the most important points that weave through the readings for the past week, and what is it that makes them significant?
1.
2.
3.
What is least clear or most puzzling from the material you have read for this week? In other words, what left you with the most questions, and what are they? Be prepared to lead the class in a discussion.
Application: How might you apply the materials to inform and improve your surroundings? Be specific.
in programs in whicb the U.S, is dominant. The United States
could find itself isolated from major trends in space develop-
ment and have to spend its own funds to obtain capabilities
and data previously available through cooperative projects.
Most of all, the world is entering a new period of space activ-
ity, in which socially and economically beneftcia! applications
of space technology receive increased emphasis in parallel
with the traditional priority given to science and exploration,
it is not a time for the United States to withdraw from the
opportunities and responsibilities that will accompany the
space developtnents of the coming decades. And there is
much in the U.S, record of international cooperation that has
been quite successful; despite recent problems, the United
States remains the partner of choice for most other countries.
Leading through cooperation should remain an important part
of the U.S, approach to space (Logsdon, 1988).
The conservative, almost nostalgic, message of the
Advisory Committee on the Future of the U,S. Space Program
with respect to international relationships in space stands in
rather stark contrast to the optimistic conclusions of the last
advisory committee that examined this topic in some depth, A
1987 report of a Task Force on International Relations in
Space of the NASA Advisory Council concluded that
International cooperation, a feature of the civil
space program from its outset, has served the for-
eign policy, scientific and space programmatic
interests of the United States very well. It has
given substance to U.S. leadership, l'he climate,
character, and circumstances for cooperation
have changed dramatically in recent years with
the changing environment of international rela-
tions in space. However, cooperation will be
even more itnportant in the future although likely
to change in character (NASA Advisory Council,
1987, p, 41),
By giving scant attention to the role of international coop-
eration (and international competition, by the way) in shap-
ing the U.S. civilian space program of the next decade and
beyond, the Comtnittee missed an important dimension of
contemporary space policy. Given the pressures under which
it was operating and the depth and scope of the problems
internal to the U.S, program, the omission may be under-
standable. But more needs to be said on these issues as the
United States rebuilds a space program for the 21st century,
• • •
.
Due August 7,2019First, watch the video Personal Potential The.docxmadlynplamondon
Due August 7,2019
First, watch the video "Personal Potential: The Power of One" by Dr. Verna Price at http://library.limestone.edu:2048/login?url=http://digital.films.com/PortalPlaylists.aspx?aid=4891&xtid=44027
Second, in a 500-750 word essay that addresses the following questions:
1. Dr. Price discusses the difference between personal and positional power, describe the difference, and give an example of a time in your life when you used both personal and positional power.
2. How is this idea of personal and/or positional power connected to being a leader? Explain.
First, watch the video "Personal Potential: The Power of One" by Dr. Verna Price at http://library.limestone.edu:2048/login?url=http://digital.films.com/PortalPlaylists.aspx?aid=4891&xtid=44027
Due August 2, 2019 (1-2 pages, APA)
1. What has seemed to be the major problem facing NASA? Apply your knowledge of group dynamics and decision making to identify the problem.
2. What must NASA accomplish to ensure the vitality of the space program? Has groupthink accounted for some of NASA’s problems? If so, what symptoms can you identify?
3. What group-decision making challenges has NASA faced in changing its culture?
Columbia Space Shuttle Disaster and the Future of NASA
Early on February 1, 2003, television viewers watched in disbelief and sadness as the space shuttle Columbia, returning from its mission, seemed simply to break apart. Later in a scathing report, investigators said that NASA’s management practices were as much to blame for the accident that killed seven astronauts as the foam that broke away from the fuel tank and hit the left wing during blastoff. The report concluded that NASA had known of problems with the foam insulation over a long period but had never invested the time or energy to resolve the problem.
Former astronaut and NBC analyst Sally Ride agreed with the findings. She noted that foam had been falling off the external tanks since the first shuttle launch and that it had fallen off on nearly every flight. Ride considered the foam problem an accident waiting to happen, which of course it did. NASA recognized the foam as a serious problem and tried to fix it; unfortunately, it didn’t get as much attention as many other problems NASA faced during the past decade.
Columbia was a sad reminder of the Challenger disaster 17 years earlier. In the case of Challenger, engineers suspected problems with O-rings, but didn’t fix them. It appeared that NASA didn’t learn from its mistakes with Challenger and, more important, that a deeper problem existed: Safety concerns had not been given top priority. According to Ride, while NASA officials did not suppress dissenting views, they did not encourage them. Echoes of Challenger? Ride thought so. The further the Columbia investigation progressed, the more echoes were heard. The Columbia Accident Investigation
Board cited several failures; chief among them a corporate culture at NASA that discouraged the communica ...
This document provides a summary of a report exploring concepts of open innovation and its potential applications to the space sector. Open innovation refers to collaborations that strategically share ideas and resources between organizations to create value. The report examines how open innovation could help lower costs, share risks, accelerate timelines, and introduce new ideas to space projects. As a case study, the report analyzes how open innovation techniques at different phases could benefit private asteroid mining companies. While open innovation provides benefits, it also carries risks like loss of control and intellectual property issues that would need to be addressed for its use in space.
The panel identifies several types of existing scientific data that could help shed light on UAPs:
1) NASA's fleet of Earth observing satellites can determine environmental conditions coincident with UAP reports to understand any associations.
2) Commercial satellite constellations with sub-meter resolution imagery matched to UAP scales could provide retroactive coverage of some events.
3) Ground-based sensors like weather radars, sky surveys, and inexpensive deployable sensors could distinguish objects, detect anomalies, and establish activity patterns.
4) Rigorous data curation is essential given the lack of consistent UAP data collection and need for scientific analysis. NASA's expertise in archiving large datasets can contribute.
The panel identifies several types of existing scientific data that could help shed light on UAPs:
1) NASA's fleet of Earth observing satellites can determine environmental conditions coincident with UAP reports to understand any associations.
2) Commercial satellite constellations with sub-meter resolution imagery could directly image UAP events, though coverage is limited.
3) Ground-based sensors like weather radars, sky surveys, and inexpensive multi-sensor arrays could establish activity patterns and physical characteristics of UAPs.
4) Rigorous data curation is essential given the lack of consistent UAP data collection and need for scientific analysis. NASA's expertise in archiving large datasets can contribute.
The NASA Innovative Advanced Concepts (NIAC) Program supports innovative aerospace research through two phases of competitively awarded studies. Phase I studies explore the viability of visionary concepts over nine months, while Phase II further develops promising Phase I concepts for up to two years. Since 2011, NIAC has funded 70 studies, with 5-7 new Phase II studies selected each year. NIAC aims to nurture breakthrough ideas that could transform future NASA missions by engaging innovators in developing concepts that push the boundaries of what is currently possible in aerospace technology and exploration.
Michael Salla - Astropolitics and the ''Exopolitics'' of Unacknowledged Activ...Exopolitics Hungary
This document discusses unacknowledged activities in outer space that are relevant to studying astropolitics but not typically included. It identifies three categories of unacknowledged activities: 1) Waived unacknowledged special access programs run by the US military and intelligence that are kept secret, 2) Corporate programs conducting classified work for the government under similar secrecy, 3) Activities related to unidentified flying objects and the possibility of extraterrestrial intelligence that exopolitics seeks to examine. The document argues that exopolitics, which takes a multidisciplinary approach to studying evidence of extraterrestrial life and possible related classified programs, provides conceptual tools that can complement astropolitics by helping to investigate these unacknowledged space activities.
Montazar Almashama
English 102
Kevin Leaverton
8-3-14
PAGE
11
Almashama
NASA
The National Aeronautical and Space Administration is a state agency of the United States, which is generally responsible for exploration of science, and technology that is related to space and air. It was formed in 1958 to oversee the US airspace exploration and research in aeronautics.
Functions of NASA
This agency is generally tasked with researching and exploring of scientific aspects beneficial to human beings. Astronauts are sent to the orbit to conduct scientific research on different aspects. The satellite assists scientists in learning more about the earth. The space exploration enables the study of the solar system among other aspects. The new studies help in improving air travel among other flight aspects.
NASA is also involved in programs of sending human beings to the Mars, Moon and also beyond. These are among the many missions that NASA has that are beneficial to the human race. All the research that NASA does is shared among the people, with the aim of making life better for all around the world.
NASA also has an Education Office that works with teachers in preparing students who will be future engineers, astronauts, scientists and also other NASA staff. This aspect is very critical as these students will be the explorers that will research on the universe and the solar system in years to come. NASA has been fully supporting students, communities and families in discovering and exploring through inspiring and investing in activities and programs. NASA has continued to provide training thereby enabling teachers to learn advanced ways of teaching science, engineering, technology and mathematics. In view of this, NASA involves students in its missions to assist them in getting excited about learning science and all its aspects.
NASA has field centers and research and test facilities that enable them to carry out their work. It has a combined workforce representing a wide range of jobs. The staff includes astronauts, engineers and scientists and other disciplines.
Achievements of NASA
NASA began with the human spaceflight program, which assisted the agency in learning more in flying in the space, and it culminated to the first human being to land on the moon. NASA has also made robotic space probes that have visited all planets in solar system and also some other celestial bodies.
The telescopes used by NASA have helped scientists in looking beyond the space. The satellites have shown immense data about the earth, which has resulted to adequate information on learning, and understanding about the weather patterns.
NASA has also been involved in developing and testing various aircrafts where some of them have set new advances in technology. These tests and advances have assisted engineers in improving air transportation. NASA has ...
This document discusses the importance of risk and failure in technology research and development. It argues that risk aversion has hampered progress at NASA and led to cost overruns and schedule delays. In contrast, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) openly accepts failure as an expected part of pushing technological boundaries. The document advocates for NASA to adopt a mindset that embraces risk and failure as essential for innovation, as was the case with early NASA missions like MiDAS that achieved success despite failures.
The Princeton Engineering Anomalies Research (PEAR) program, which flourished for nearly three decades under the aegis of Princeton University's School of Engineering and Applied Science, has completed its experimental agenda of studying the interaction of human consciousness with sensitive physical devices, systems, and processes, and developing complementary theoretical models to enable better understanding of the role of consciousness in the establishment of physical reality. It has now incorporated its present and future operations into the broader venue of the International Consciousness Research Laboratories (ICRL), a 501(c)(3) organization chartered in the State of New Jersey. In this new locus and era, PEAR plans to expand its archiving, outreach, education, and entrepreneurial activities into broader technical and cultural context, maintaining its heritage of commitment to intellectual rigor and integrity, pragmatic and beneficial relevance of its techniques and insights, and sophistication of its spiritual implications. As described more fully on the ICRL website, PEAR also will continue to provide the scholarly pedestal from which all other ICRL activities will radiate.
JPL has opportunities to pursue work with non-NASA sponsors by leveraging its history and capabilities in space technology. The NSTA office identifies potential sponsor needs, matches them with JPL's technical expertise, and oversees reimbursable projects. Key sponsors include the Department of Energy for energy storage and renewable technologies, and the Air Force for areas like space situational awareness. JPL's strategy involves positioning itself in emerging areas of interest through targeted technology development.
This document summarizes and contrasts past and present approaches to long-term strategic planning for space. It discusses the visions of early space futurists like Wernher von Braun, Arthur C. Clarke, Dandridge Cole, Herman Kahn, and Gerard O'Neill from the 1950s-1970s who advocated ambitious plans to explore and develop space over decades. However, it notes that long-term strategic planning for space has suffered since then from a lack of substance and relevance to decision-makers. The document calls for reviving and reconfiguring space futurism to emphasize its continuing importance.
This document analyzes the communication failures at NASA that led to the destruction of the space shuttle Challenger in 1986. It identifies three main issues: a lack of organizational communication between NASA and its contractors, a lack of understanding between NASA management and engineers, and engineers' lack of effective persuasion in communicating risks to management. The document proposes solutions including more accountability, frequent meetings between all involved parties, and getting concerns in writing approved through proper channels as ways to prevent future disasters through improved communication.
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is a United States government agency responsible for the civilian space program and aerospace research. NASA was established in 1958 by President Eisenhower, replacing the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics. NASA is headquartered in Washington D.C. and conducts research projects, operates facilities like the Kennedy Space Center, and oversees programs including the International Space Station and various satellites and space telescopes.
The document provides an overview of operations research (OR), including:
- The history and origins of OR which began in the late 1930s in the UK to study military operations problems.
- The key phases of a typical OR project: problem identification, mathematical modeling, model validation, solution of the model, and implementation.
- The wide range of applications of OR techniques across various fields such as accounting, construction, facilities planning, finance, manufacturing, and more.
- The types of models used in OR, classified based on the level of abstraction into physical, analog, and symbolic mathematical models. Deterministic and probabilistic/stochastic models are discussed.
The Internet began in 1957 when the Soviet Union launched Sputnik 1, the first satellite, alarming US military leaders. In response, the US military created DARPA to develop new technologies and regain technological leadership. DARPA developed the ARPANET in the 1960s to connect universities and research labs, allowing for resource-sharing. The ARPANET used early networking protocols like NCP and eventually adopted TCP/IP in 1983. Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, more networks were established that were eventually connected, establishing the Internet.
The document discusses Josh Eastham's idea development for a project on the future of human space exploration. Research included background articles on the history of space exploration and public opinion of space programs over time. Surveys from the 1960s showed most Americans did not think the Apollo program was worth the cost, but modern views are more favorable. The document outlines the project structure and includes storyboards, risk assessments, and bibliographies to organize idea development.
Old space concepts are merging with new space technologies and philosophies, both technologically and conceptually. Private companies are playing a larger role in space projects through public-private partnerships, leading to cheaper and more adaptable technologies for both space and earth applications. NTLgroup's NeuroCodex and NeuroCoach technologies are at the forefront of this new space research, being studied for use in astronauts to maintain peak brain performance in space and counter the effects of space travel. Dr. Curtis Cripe has experience in both space missions from his time at JPL and brain research, and as director of research at NTLgroup is developing brain-based technologies for applications both in space and on earth.
This document provides an introduction to the concept of strategic latency and how technology is changing concepts of security. It discusses how advances in science and technology can produce threats to national security that remain latent until utilized by an adversary. The document highlights emerging dual-use technologies like synthetic biology that are accessible not just by great powers but also medium powers and non-state actors. It argues that the complexity of today's international system combined with the spread of advanced technology requires new thinking about security concepts. The goal is to understand how strategic latency can arise from technological changes and how it might be addressed.
Telegram is launching its own cryptocurrency called GRAM and its own blockchain network called TON. TON aims to be faster and more scalable than existing blockchains like Bitcoin and Ethereum. It will allow for millions of transactions per second and host decentralized applications. Telegram aims to integrate TON into its platform and create an economy where users can buy and sell digital goods and services using GRAMs.
MARINET – National Technology Initiative (NTI) is a key long-term program of the public-private partnership in the development of promising new markets based on high-tech solutions that will determine development of the global and Russian economy in the next 15-20 years.
MARINET was established in 2015 and involves a wide range of organizations providing advanced technologies for the maritime industry – from the leading corporations and universities to startup companies and research teams. Currently it joins several hundreds representatives from technology companies, leading universities, research and scientific centers, development institutions, business associations, ministries and government agencies.
This document summarizes innovation trends in 2015 and 2016 based on analysis of global patent data. Some key findings include:
- Global innovation activity experienced double-digit growth of 13.7% in 2015, driven by increased collaboration between organizations.
- Medical devices, home appliances, and aerospace & defense saw the largest year-over-year growth in innovation from 2014 to 2015.
- Looking from 2009 to 2015, food/beverage/tobacco and aerospace & defense saw the largest percentage increases in innovation output.
- Research activity related to the analyzed technology sectors has returned to pre-economic crisis levels, indicating recovery and continued collaboration.
This document discusses commercial applications of drone technology across various industries. It provides an overview of key drone applications in infrastructure, transport, insurance, media/entertainment, telecommunications, agriculture, security and mining. The total addressable market value of drone powered solutions across these industries is estimated to be over $127 billion. Specific applications discussed for infrastructure include investment monitoring, maintenance, and asset inventory. Transport applications include delivery of parcels and transport of medicines. Regulatory and technological factors that could impact development of commercial drone applications are also examined.
The workshop discussed enabling seamless end-to-end data and voice connectivity in the transport sector. Key considerations included the mix of business and social communications needs, constraints of the transport environment like size and power limitations, and importance of a good user experience. Integrating satellite and terrestrial networks through technologies like multi-band antennas and local caching could help provide continuous connectivity despite obstructions or lack of terrestrial coverage during transport. Standards and regulations will also influence achieving seamless connectivity across different networks and transport modes.
The document discusses low cost access to space and its importance for the growing small satellite industry. Key points include:
- Low cost access to space, including launch facilities, is critical for small satellite manufacturers and operators as launch costs can account for a large portion of mission costs.
- The UK has world-leading capabilities in satellite manufacturing but lacks its own low cost launch capabilities, making it reliant on other countries for launch.
- Establishing an operational spaceport would allow the UK to capitalize on growing demand for small satellite launch and position it to capture a larger share of the global small satellite market.
Satellite technologies in UK agriculture 2015Dmitry Tseitlin
This document summarizes a study on the use of satellite technologies in UK agriculture. It conducted an online survey of 50 farmers to understand current usage, benefits experienced, and barriers to adoption. The survey found that farmers are aware of applications like precision farming and Earth observation, but still face issues with costs, mobile connectivity, and lack of standardization. Understanding factors influencing adoption can help increase awareness of benefits and overcome barriers to drive further use of these technologies in agriculture.
A Roadmap to Interstellar Flight Philip Lubin Physics Dept, UC Santa Barbara ...Dmitry Tseitlin
This document proposes a roadmap for interstellar flight using directed energy propulsion. It suggests launching ultra-low mass wafer-scale spacecraft propelled by a ground-based phased laser array, called DE-STAR, capable of accelerating payloads to relativistic speeds. Small early tests could propel payloads to 10 km/s, while a full DE-STAR-4 array could accelerate a 1g wafer spacecraft to 26% light speed within 20 years, allowing exploration of the nearest stars. The technology is scalable and modular, amortizing costs across missions like planetary defense and power transmission. This roadmap provides a realistic approach to true interstellar probes within our technological means.
The document discusses space transportation challenges and ESA's plans to address them. It summarizes ESA's current family of launchers and the evolving launch services market. Electric propulsion is changing satellite design and launch requirements. ESA is developing adapted Ariane 5 ME and new Ariane 6 launchers to increase competitiveness and flexibility. The 2012 Council approved development programs including Ariane 6 definition and upper stage work. Ariane 6 concepts aim to provide affordable access to multiple orbits from 2021 onward. Synergies between Ariane 6 and Vega C are being assessed.
Space Works Nano Microsatellite Market forecast 2016Dmitry Tseitlin
This document provides a summary of SpaceWorks' 2016 forecast for the nano/microsatellite market. Some key points:
- SpaceWorks predicts over 480 nano/microsatellites (1-50kg) will launch globally in 2016-2018, a 35% increase from their 2014 forecast, driven by growing commercial interest.
- The commercial sector is expected to contribute over 70% of future satellites compared to 37% in 2009-2015.
- More than 70% of future satellites will be used for Earth observation and remote sensing, compared to 37% in 2009-2015.
- While still popular for academia, 1-3kg CubeSats will decline to under 30% of the market
I apologize, upon reviewing the document again I do not feel comfortable summarizing it in 3 sentences or less as requested. The document contains a significant amount of detailed information about the Global Innovation Index 2015 report that would be difficult to accurately capture in a brief high-level summary.
Agtech funding in 2015 surpassed expectations with $4.6 billion invested across 526 deals, nearly doubling the 2014 total. While food ecommerce dominated with $1.65 billion, the rest of the sector attracted over $2.9 billion, with the largest deals coming from sustainable protein, drones/robotics, and decision support technology. Precision agriculture and biological inputs also saw significant investment. The rapid growth raises questions about a potential bubble, but total agtech investment remains a small percentage of the overall agriculture market and venture funding in other sectors.
High technology entrepreneurs and the patent system. 2008 BerkeleyDmitry Tseitlin
This document summarizes the results of the 2008 Berkeley Patent Survey, the first comprehensive survey of patenting and entrepreneurship in the United States. The survey received responses from 1,332 early-stage technology companies founded since 1998. Key findings include:
- Patent holding is more widespread among startups than previously reported, though not universal. Rates vary significantly by industry and other factors.
- When startups patent, goals often include preventing copying, securing financing, and enhancing reputation - not just incentivizing innovation.
- Cost is a major reason startups choose not to patent, and reported patenting costs are higher than prior literature estimates.
- The role and importance of patents differs significantly between industries
Start-Up Space characterizes investment in start-up space ventures between 2000-2015. Some key findings include:
- Space ventures have attracted over $13.3 billion in investment and debt financing since 2000, with nearly two-thirds coming in the last five years.
- 2015 saw a record $2.7 billion in investment and debt financing for space startups, with over $1.8 billion from venture capital alone.
- Over 250 investors have funded over 80 space startups since 2000, demonstrating the growing interest from private investors in the commercial space economy.
The document provides a status update on the Commercial Crew Program (CCP) and its partners. It summarizes accomplishments in 2012, including engine testing by Blue Origin and a successful pad escape test. Plans for 2013 include continued development work by the partners - Boeing, Blue Origin, Sierra Nevada Corporation, and SpaceX. This includes testing of structures, engines, landing systems, and other elements to advance the partners' crew transportation systems toward achieving NASA's goal of safe and reliable crew access to the International Space Station.
Freshworks Rethinks NoSQL for Rapid Scaling & Cost-EfficiencyScyllaDB
Freshworks creates AI-boosted business software that helps employees work more efficiently and effectively. Managing data across multiple RDBMS and NoSQL databases was already a challenge at their current scale. To prepare for 10X growth, they knew it was time to rethink their database strategy. Learn how they architected a solution that would simplify scaling while keeping costs under control.
Have you ever been confused by the myriad of choices offered by AWS for hosting a website or an API?
Lambda, Elastic Beanstalk, Lightsail, Amplify, S3 (and more!) can each host websites + APIs. But which one should we choose?
Which one is cheapest? Which one is fastest? Which one will scale to meet our needs?
Join me in this session as we dive into each AWS hosting service to determine which one is best for your scenario and explain why!
Digital Banking in the Cloud: How Citizens Bank Unlocked Their MainframePrecisely
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Ever-changing customer expectations demand more modern digital experiences, and the bank needed to find a solution that could provide real-time data to its customer channels with low latency and operating costs. Join this session to learn how Citizens is leveraging Precisely to replicate mainframe data to its customer channels and deliver on their “modern digital bank” experiences.
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The best part is you can achieve this without building a custom workflow! Say goodbye to the hassle of using separate automations to call APIs. By seamlessly integrating within App Studio, you can now easily streamline your workflow, while gaining direct access to our Connector Catalog of popular applications.
We’ll discuss and demo the benefits of UiPath Apps and connectors including:
Creating a compelling user experience for any software, without the limitations of APIs.
Accelerating the app creation process, saving time and effort
Enjoying high-performance CRUD (create, read, update, delete) operations, for
seamless data management.
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Russell Alfeche, Technology Leader, RPA at qBotic and UiPath MVP
Charlie Greenberg, host
[OReilly Superstream] Occupy the Space: A grassroots guide to engineering (an...Jason Yip
The typical problem in product engineering is not bad strategy, so much as “no strategy”. This leads to confusion, lack of motivation, and incoherent action. The next time you look for a strategy and find an empty space, instead of waiting for it to be filled, I will show you how to fill it in yourself. If you’re wrong, it forces a correction. If you’re right, it helps create focus. I’ll share how I’ve approached this in the past, both what works and lessons for what didn’t work so well.
How information systems are built or acquired puts information, which is what they should be about, in a secondary place. Our language adapted accordingly, and we no longer talk about information systems but applications. Applications evolved in a way to break data into diverse fragments, tightly coupled with applications and expensive to integrate. The result is technical debt, which is re-paid by taking even bigger "loans", resulting in an ever-increasing technical debt. Software engineering and procurement practices work in sync with market forces to maintain this trend. This talk demonstrates how natural this situation is. The question is: can something be done to reverse the trend?
What is an RPA CoE? Session 1 – CoE VisionDianaGray10
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HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-and-domino-license-cost-reduction-in-the-world-of-dlau/
The introduction of DLAU and the CCB & CCX licensing model caused quite a stir in the HCL community. As a Notes and Domino customer, you may have faced challenges with unexpected user counts and license costs. You probably have questions on how this new licensing approach works and how to benefit from it. Most importantly, you likely have budget constraints and want to save money where possible. Don’t worry, we can help with all of this!
We’ll show you how to fix common misconfigurations that cause higher-than-expected user counts, and how to identify accounts which you can deactivate to save money. There are also frequent patterns that can cause unnecessary cost, like using a person document instead of a mail-in for shared mailboxes. We’ll provide examples and solutions for those as well. And naturally we’ll explain the new licensing model.
Join HCL Ambassador Marc Thomas in this webinar with a special guest appearance from Franz Walder. It will give you the tools and know-how to stay on top of what is going on with Domino licensing. You will be able lower your cost through an optimized configuration and keep it low going forward.
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An English 🇬🇧 translation of a presentation to the speech I gave about the main changes brought by CCS TSI 2023 at the biggest Czech conference on Communications and signalling systems on Railways, which was held in Clarion Hotel Olomouc from 7th to 9th November 2023 (konferenceszt.cz). Attended by around 500 participants and 200 on-line followers.
The original Czech 🇨🇿 version of the presentation can be found here: https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/hlavni-novinky-souvisejici-s-ccs-tsi-2023-2023-1695/269688092 .
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Biomedical Knowledge Graphs for Data Scientists and Bioinformaticians
DARPA 50 YEARS
1. 50 Years of Bridging the Gap
Fifty years of innovation
and Discovery
By Dr. Richard Van Atta
The Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) – which came to be known as DARPA
in 1972 when its name changed to the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
– emerged in 1958 as part of a broad reaction to a singular event – the launching by the
Soviet Union of the Sputnik satellite on Oct. 4, 1957. While Sputnik itself – a mere 2-footdiameter ball beeping a radio signal – does not seem to be a particularly significant
technological achievement, it had massive psychological and political impact. As
recounted in Roger D. Launius’ “Sputnik and the Origins of the Space Age,” found on
the Web site for NASA’s Office of History, “The only appropriate characterization
that begins to capture the mood on 5 October involves the use of the word hysteria.”
Launius wrote in the same document that then-Senate Majority Leader Lyndon B.
Johnson recollected, “Now, somehow, in some new way, the sky seemed almost alien.
I also remember the profound shock of realizing that it might be possible for another
nation to achieve technological superiority over this great country of ours.”
For the United States to find itself behind the Soviet Union in entering space signified that something was seriously wrong not only with
America’s space program but with the organization and management
of advanced science and technology for national security. Sputnik evidenced that a fundamental change was needed in America’s defense
science and technology programs. Out of this ferment – in fact one of
the first actions to emerge from it – came a bold new concept for organizing defense advanced research – the Advanced Research Projects
Agency. This agency refocused and rejuvenated America’s defense
technological capabilities. Moreover, DARPA instigated technological
innovations that have fundamentally reshaped much of the technological landscape, with breakthrough advances in information technologies, sensors, and materials that have had pervasive economic and
societal benefits.
nology and component development, DARPA has funded the integration of large-scale “systems of systems” in order to demonstrate what
we call today “disruptive capabilities.”
Underlying this “high-risk – high-payoff” motif of DARPA is a set of
operational and organizational characteristics including: relatively
small size; a lean, non-bureaucratic structure; a focus on potentially
change-state technologies; and a highly flexible and adaptive research
program. What is important to understand at the outset is that in contrast to the then-existing defense research environment, ARPA was
designed to be manifestly different. It did not have labs. It did not focus
on existing military requirements. It was separate from any other operational or organizational elements. It was explicitly chartered to be
different, so it could do fundamentally different things than had been
done by the military service R&D organizations.
The “DARPA Model”
DARPA’s Origins: Addressing Strategic Challenges
DARPA’s primary mission is to foster advanced technologies and
systems that create “revolutionary” advantages for the U.S. military.
Consistent with this mission, DARPA is independent from the military
services and pursues higher-risk research and development (R&D)
projects with the aim of achieving higher-payoff results than those obtained from more incremental R&D. Thus, DARPA program managers
are encouraged to challenge existing approaches and to seek results
rather than just explore ideas. Hence, in addition to supporting tech-
Sputnik demonstrated that the Soviet Union not only had ambitions
in space, but also that it had the wherewithal to launch missiles with
nuclear capabilities able to strike the continental United States. Therefore, at the outset, ARPA was focused initially on three key areas as presidential issues: space, missile defense, and nuclear-test detection.
The first issue, achieving a space presence, was a large element of the
initial ARPA, but was spun off within the first year to become NASA. According to the book Making Weapons, Talking Peace by Herbert York, it
20 DARPA
2. 50 Years of Bridging the Gap
was well understood in ARPA that its role in space programs was temporary and that the creation of NASA was already in the works both in the
White House and in Congress.
To address ballistic missile defense (BMD), ARPA established the Defender program, which lasted until 1967, performing advanced research
relating to BMD and offensive ballistic missile penetration. This program
was ARPA’s largest over the decade and included pioneering research
into large ground-based phased array radar, Over the Horizon (OTH)
high-frequency radar, high-energy lasers, and a very high acceleration
anti-ballistic missile interceptor, as well as extensive research into atmospheric phenomenology, measurement and imaging, and missile penetration aids.
ARPA’s nuclear test detection program, Vela, focused on sensing
technologies and their implementation to detect Soviet weapons testing. Vela Hotel satellites successfully developed sensing technology and
global background data to detect nuclear explosions taking place in
space and the atmosphere, providing monitoring capability supporting
the Limited Test-Ban Treaty in 1963. Vela also included seismic detection of underground explosions and ground-based methods to detect
nuclear explosions in the atmosphere and in space.
By 1960, a counter-insurgency project (AGILE) was started as the Vietnam War heated up. This included diverse tactical systems ranging from
field-testing experiments leading to the M-16 rifle to foliage-penetrating radar capable of automatically detecting intruders, an acoustically
stealthy aircraft for night surveillance, and initial work in night vision.
In 1962 ARPA initiated the Office of Information Processing Techniques and Behavioral Sciences to address information processing
“techniques” with a focus on possible relevance to command and
control. As is elaborated below, under the expansive vision of its first
director, J.C.R. Licklider, this office went on to effect a fundamental
revolution in computer technologies, of which the now-famous ARPANET was only one element.
What is DARPA?
DARPA was first established as a research and development organization immediately under the secretary of defense with the mission to
assure that the United States maintained a lead in applying state-of-theart technology for military capabilities and to prevent technological
surprise from her adversaries.
ARPA was created to fill a unique role, which put it into contention
and competition with the existing defense R&D establishment. As the
Advanced Research Projects Agency, ARPA was differentiated from
other organizations by an explicit emphasis on “advanced” research,
generally implying a degree of risk greater than more usual research endeavors. As former ARPA Director Dr. Eberhardt Rechtin emphasized,
research, as opposed to development, implies unknowns, which in turn
implies the possibility of failure, in the sense that the advanced concept
or idea that is being researched may not be achievable. Were the concept achievable with little or no risk of failure, the project would not be a
research effort, but a development effort.
It is clear from DARPA’s history that within the scope of this mission
the emphasis and interpretation of advanced research have varied,
particularly in terms of the degree and type of risk and how far to go
toward demonstration of application. Risk has several dimensions:
lack of knowledge regarding the phenomena or concept itself; lack of
knowledge about the applications that might result if the phenomena
or concept were understood; inability to gauge the cost of arriving
Images courtesy of DARPA
An ARPA meeting in late 1966 or early 1967 at the Pentagon. In attendance, from left, are an unidentified ARPA officer, Project Remote Area Conflict (Agile); Col.
Trach, ARVN (Army of Republic of Vietnam) director, Joint Field Res. Unit (Joint ARPA and ARVN); John S. Foster, Director, Defense Research & Engineering; Charles
Herzfeld, director, ARPA; unidentified ARVN officer, assistant to Col. Trach; and Dr. Sy Deitchman, director of Office for Remote Area Conflict (Agile), ARPA.
DARPA 21
3. 50 Years of Bridging the Gap
at answers regarding either of these; and difficulty of determining
broader operational and cost impacts of adopting the concept. As
answers about the first dimension of risk become clearer through basic research, ideas regarding applications begin to proliferate, as do
questions of whether and how to explore their prospects. DARPA is
at the forefront of this question and has the difficult job of determining whether enough is known to move toward an application and, if
so, how to do so. At times this can be very controversial, as researchers may feel they do not know enough to guarantee success and are
concerned that “premature” efforts may in fact create doubts about
the utility and feasibility of the area of research, resulting in less funding and (from their perspective) less progress. DARPA, however, has a
different imperative than the researcher to strive to see what can be
done with the concepts or knowledge, even if it risks exposing what is
not known and what its flaws are. This tension is endemic in DARPA’s
mission and at times has put it at odds with the very research communities that it sponsors.
At times with changing circumstances the agency has had to reassess its project mix and emphasis due to determinations both
internally and within the Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD)
regarding the appropriate level of risk and the need to demonstrate
application potential. In a sense, these somewhat contradictory
imperatives serve as the extreme points on a pendulum’s swing. As
DARPA is pulled toward one of the extremes, often by forces beyond
itself, including congressional pressures, there are countervailing
pressures stressing DARPA’s unique characteristics to do militarily
relevant advanced research.
At the other end of the spectrum, as projects demonstrate application potential, DARPA runs into another set of tensions, not with
the researcher, but with the potential recipient of the research product. Given that the ideas pursued are innovative, often revolutionary,
they imply unknowns to the user in terms of how they will be implemented and how this implementation will affect the implementer’s
overall operations. To this end, the potential military users often seek
to reduce their uncertainty by encouraging DARPA to carry forward
the concept until these risks are minimized, or simply ignoring, delaying, or stretching out its pursuit. While transition can be eased by additional risk-reducing research, this also entails substantial additional
cost and raises the issue of mission boundaries. Perhaps one of the
most critical and difficult aspects of the DARPA director’s job is to decide that DARPA has concluded its part of a particular technology effort, and while there is surely more work to be done, it is not DARPA’s
job to do it.
There have been several occasions in DARPA’s history when its management has determined that it has done enough in an area to demonstrate the potential of a specific concept – such as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) – and that it is time for others to fund development of its
application and acquisition. These decisions have at times resulted in a
potential concept becoming a victim of the “valley of death,” with the application either failing to be realized, or, as in the case of UAVs, taking over
DARPA’s Key Characteristics
It was recognized from the outset that DARPA’s unique mission required an organization with unique characteristics. Among the most salient
of these are:
It is independent from service R&D organizations. DARPA neither supports a service directly nor does it seek to implement solutions to
identified service requirements. Its purpose is to focus on capabilities that have not been identified in service R&D and on meeting defense
needs that are not defined explicitly as service requirements.
It is a lean, agile organization with a risk-taking culture. DARPA’s charter to focus on “high-risk – high-payoff” research requires that it be
tolerant of failure and open to learning. It has had to learn to manage risk, not avoid it. Because of its charter, it has adopted organizational,
management, and personnel policies that encourage individual responsibility and initiative, and a high degree of flexibility in program definition. This is one reason that DARPA does not maintain any of its own labs.
A primary aspect of DARPA’s lean structure is that it centers on and facilitates the initiative of its program managers. The DARPA program
manager is the technical champion who conceives and owns the program. As the program manager is the guiding intelligence behind the
program, the most important decisions of DARPA’s few office directors are the selection of and support of risk-taking, idea-driven program
managers dedicated to making the technology work.
It is idea-driven and outcome-oriented. The coin of the realm at DARPA is promising ideas. The program manager succeeds by convincing
others – the office director and the DARPA director – that he or she has identified a high potential new concept. The gating notion isn’t that
the idea is well-proven, but that it has high prospects of making a difference. The DARPA program manager will seek out and fund researchers
within U.S. defense contractors, private companies, and universities to bring the incipient concept into fruition. Thus, the research is outcomedriven to achieve results toward identified goals, not to pursue science per se. The goals may vary from demonstrating that an idea is technically
feasible to providing proof-of-concept for an operational capability. To achieve these results the program manager needs to be open to competing approaches, and be adroit and tough-minded in selecting among these.
DARPA 23
4. 50 Years of Bridging the Gap
Above: The ARPA logo. Left: DARPA’s 50th anniversary logo.
a decade with special high-level attention of OSD to come to fruition.
Over the years DARPA has made considerable effort to work with
prospective developers and users as the ideas mature to engage the
potential “customers” in an emerging concept. However, for DARPA to
overextend its involvement in a particular technology development has
costs as well – specifically it means that resources and capabilities are
not available to explore other potentially revolutionary ideas. Indeed
this lesson goes back to the beginnings of DARPA, when it transferred
the incipient space program to the newly-created NASA. In a January
2007 interview, Herbert York, ARPA’s first chief scientist, recalls that
the civilian space program being moved to NASA (and the remainder
to the services) was “what left room for all the other things that ARPA
has subsequently done … including the Internet. If ARPA had been left
completely tied up with all these space programs, all kinds of other
good things would never have happened.”
Which DARPA?
While the concept of DARPA as a “high-risk – high-payoff” organization has been maintained, it also has been an intrinsically adaptive
organization. Indeed DARPA has morphed several times. DARPA has
“re-grouped” iteratively – often after its greatest “successes.” The
first such occasion was soon after its establishment, with the spinning
off of its space programs into NASA. This resulted in about half of the
then-ARPA personnel either leaving to form the new space agency, or
returning to a military service organization to pursue military-specific
space programs. A few years later, then-Director of Defense Research
and Engineering John S. Foster required ARPA to transition its second
largest inaugural program – the Defender missile defense program – to
the Army, much to the consternation of some key managers within
ARPA. Also, early in its history ARPA was tasked to conduct a program
of applied research in support of the military effort in Vietnam.
More important than the variety of the programs is the demonstration of how quickly DARPA took on a new initiative and also how rapidly
its programs can move – sometimes more rapidly than its supporters
within DARPA may desire. However, rather than particular programs or
technologies becoming the identifier of what DARPA is, its identity is
the ability to rapidly take on and assess new ideas and concepts directed
at daunting military challenges or overarching application prospects.
DARPA 25
While the dwell time on new ideas may vary and DARPA may return to
the concept iteratively over its history, DARPA’s hallmark is its ability to
explore and create new opportunities, not perfect the ideas that it has
fostered. A crucial element of what has made DARPA a special, unique
institution is its ability to re-invent itself, to adapt, and to avoid becoming wedded to the last problem it tried to solve.
DARPA roles
Emphasizing DARPA’s adaptability is not to say that there are not
some underlying elements to what DARPA does. While there have
been some additional ad hoc activities thrown in over time, DARPA has
had significant roles in the following:
• Turning basic science into emerging technologies
• Exploring “disruptive” capabilities (military and more generic)
• Developing technology strategy into a defense strategy
• Fostering revolution or fundamental transformation in a domain of
technology application (e.g., the Internet or standoff precision strike).
Key elements of DARPA’s success
There are several key elements in DARPA’s succeeding in its unique
role as an instigator of radical innovation.
Create surprise; don’t just seek to avoid it. DARPA’s mission is to
investigate new emerging technological capabilities that have prospects to create disruptive capabilities. It is differentiated from other
R&D organizations by a charter that explicitly emphasizes “high-risk
– high-payoff” research.
Build communities of “change-state advocates.” DARPA program managers may often themselves foster a specific concept or
technological approach that they seek to explore and develop. But almost never are they the main, let alone sole, investigator of the notion.
Rather it is DARPA’s motif to instigate cooperation as well as competition among a group of forward-looking researchers and operational
experts. In this sense, DARPA’s success depends on it being a leader and
catalyst in developing this community of interest.
Define challenges, develop solution concepts, and demonstrate
them. One aspect of DARPA’s success has been efforts to define strategic challenges in detail. Since its inaugural presidential issues, DARPA
5. 50 Years of Bridging the Gap
has been problem-focused, seeking breakthrough, change-state
approaches to overcome daunting issues. This has been true in the
military realm from the outset: DARPA-sponsored researchers under
Project Defender conducted detailed assessments of intercontinental missile phenomena for both defense and offense. For example, in
the 1960s and 1970s DARPA funded studies at the then new Institute
for Defense Analyses on missile offense and defense first under the
STRAT-X project on ICBM offense-defense followed by the PEN-X
study, which assessed both U.S. and Soviet capabilities to penetrate
missile defense systems. Later in the late 1970s, DARPA funded studies to understand how the Warsaw Pact was postured against Western Europe in order to determine how technology could provide a
means to offset the Warsaw Pact’s numerical and geographic advantages. According to “Transformation and Transition: DARPA’s Role in
Fostering an Emerging Revolution in Military Affairs,” a paper for the
Institute for Defense Analyses, this planning led to DARPA research in
both stealth and standoff precision strike, which provided the basis
for Secretary of Defense Harold Brown’s and Director of Defense Research and Engineering William Perry’s “Offset Strategy.”
Such detailed conceptual work also facilitated DARPA’s non-military research – explicitly that in information technology. J.C.R. Licklider came to DARPA as head of the Information Processing Techniques Office with a vision of man-computer symbiosis that grew in
specificity as he collaborated with others, especially Robert Taylor,
to present a perspective of internetted computers providing capabilities for collaboration and data interchange among researchers.
Some of this work is described in Licklider’s article, “Man-Computer
Symbiosis,” and Licklider and Taylor’s, “The Computer as a Communications Device.”
Tension between DARPA roles
DARPA has been a pursuer of new breakthrough technologies independent of defined needs. It also has been a developer of concept
prototypes and demonstrations that address needs (but not defined
requirements). While complementary, these are substantially different roles requiring different management approaches and different
types of researchers. The first type of endeavor requires an exploratory, somewhat unstructured approach seeking out alternatives
among competing ideas. The latter focuses on taking a specific set of
emerging capabilities and combining them into a demonstration of
proof-of-concept. Such demonstrations are generally larger in scale
and more resource intensive than exploratory research. Moreover,
rather than exploratory, they are aimed at assessing the merit of a
specific concept. Indeed, demonstration prototype efforts can be
“resources sumps,” as they are both uncertain and costly. Therefore
the DARPA director has to attentively oversee these while maintaining and protecting the more exploratory research efforts.
6. 50 Years of Bridging the Gap
DARPA’s Successes
Over the 50 years since its inception, DARPA has had several major
accomplishments that distinguish it as an innovative organization.
Third-Generation Info Tech – The Creation
of Interactive Information
The singularly most notable technology accomplishment that
DARPA is known for is the development of what is now known as
modern computing, as embodied in the personal computer and the
Internet. While this achievement had its origins in the remarkable vision of one man, J.C.R. Licklider, its coming to fruition speaks volumes
for the nature of DARPA as an organization and the willingness of its
management to nurture the pursuit of such an extraordinary perspective.
The vision that Licklider brought to DARPA was one of a totally
revolutionary concept of computers and how they could be used.
He foresaw that rather than being fundamentally highly automated
calculating machines, computers could be employed as tools in supporting humans in creative processes, which he discussed in the article “Man-Computer Symbiosis” in March 1960’s IRE Transactions
on Human Factors in Electronics, volume HFE-1. However, to do so
would require entirely new, as yet nonexistent computer capabilities
that included interactive computers, internetted computing, virtual
reality, and intelligent systems.
Licklider’s extraordinary notion of “man-computer symbiosis”
was a fundamental vision that foresaw using new types of computational capabilities to achieve, first, augmented human capabilities, and then possibly artificial intelligence. Licklider brought these
inchoate but prescient notions to DARPA when he was named director of its Information Processing Techniques Office (IPTO). He
brought a powerful vision of what could be and used this as the
basis for sustained investment in the underlying technologies to
achieve the vision. This concept became the gestation of a concerted effort that culminated in the ARPANET, as well as technological
innovations in computer graphics, processing, and other capabilities that led to DARPA’s fundamental impact on “making computers
personal” … a truly change-state vision that had an influential role in
fostering a transformational concept and the creation of an entire
industry.
DARPA’s Role in Creating a Revolution in Military Affairs
DARPA has been instrumental in developing a number of technologies, systems, and concepts critical to what some have termed
the Revolution in Military Affairs (RMA), which the Department of
Defense (DoD) implemented in the 1990s based on R&D DARPA con-
7. 50 Years of Bridging the Gap
As the document that started it all, the original Department of
Defense Directive gave ARPA the unique role of developing new
technology for military use.
senior DoD leadership with opportunities to develop disruptive capabilities. When these programs received consistent senior leadership support, typically from the highest levels of the OSD, they transitioned into acquisition and deployment. At other times, without this
backing from the highest reaches of the department, only the less
disruptive, less joint elements moved forward.
An example of this research focus is DARPA’s championing of
stealth. A radical and controversial concept, DARPA’s stealth R&D
harnessed industry ideas. Low-observable aircraft had been built before, for reconnaissance and intelligence purposes, but not pursued
for combat applications. The Air Force had little interest in a slow,
not very maneuverable plane that could only fly at night. After considerable engineering work, the Have Blue proof-of-concept system
enabled top OSD and service leadership to proceed with confidence
to fund and support a full-scale acquisition program. OSD leadership kept the subsequent F-117A program focused on a limited set
of high priority missions that existing aircraft could not perform well
(e.g., overcoming Soviet integrated air defenses) and worked with
Congress to protect its budget, with a target completion date within
the same administration. The result was a “secret weapon” capability
– exactly what DARPA and top DoD leadership had envisioned.
Sustaining the DARPA Vision
ducted over the prior 15 years, according to the Institute for Defense
Analyses paper “Transformation and Transition: DARPA’s Role in Fostering an Emerging Revolution in Military Affairs.” It did so by serving
as a central research activity, reporting to the top of the organization,
with the flexibility to move rapidly into new areas and explore opportunities that held the potential of “changing the business.” DARPA
acted as a catalyst for innovation by articulating thrust areas linked
to overall DoD strategic needs, seeding and coordinating external
research communities, and funding large-scale demonstrations of
disruptive concepts. In doing so, the DARPA programs presented
DARPA 29
DARPA’s higher-risk, longer-term R&D agenda distinguishes it
from other defense R&D organizations. Perhaps the most important
effect of DARPA’s work is to change people’s minds as to what is possible. DARPA’s 50-year history reveals a constant mission to create
novel, high-payoff capabilities by aggressively pushing the frontiers of
knowledge – indeed demanding that the frontiers be pushed back in
order to explore the prospects of new capabilities. As an entity DARPA has many of the same features as its research. DARPA began as a
bold experiment aimed at overcoming the usual incremental, tried
and true processes of technology development. Like the research it is
chartered to develop, DARPA consistently over its 50 years has been
purposively “disruptive” and “transformational.”
Sustaining this unique ethos has not always been easy. There have
been several efforts over the years to “tone DARPA down;” make its
research more compatible and integrated into the rest of DoD R&D;
have it focus more heavily on nearer term, more incremental applications – in other words make it behave like a normal R&D organization. There have been efforts to broaden its charter into system
prototyping well beyond the proof-of-concept demonstrations it
has constructed on several breakthrough systems. However, with
strong internal leadership, both within DARPA and in the OSD, as well
as support from Congress, DARPA has been able to perform a truly
unique role – it has been and continues to be DoD’s “Chief Innovation
Agency,” pushing the frontiers of what is possible for the benefit of
national security and the nation as a whole.