Presentation powerpoint -Danube Delta .The greater part of the Danube Delta lies in Romania (Tulcea county), while its northern part, on the left bank of the Chilia arm, is situated in Ukraine (Odessa Oblast). The approximate surface area is 4,152 km², and of that, 3,446 km² are in Romania. With the lagoons of Razim-Sinoe (1,015 km² with 865 km² water surface), located south of the main delta, the total area of the Danube Delta reaches 5,165 km². The Razelm - Sinoe lagoon complex is geologically and ecologically related to the delta proper and their combined territory is part of the World Heritage Sites.

1. Danube Delta
Student:Popa Elena-Alexandra
Group : 8219

2. The Danube Delta is the second
largest river delta in Europe,after
Volga Delta and is the best
preserved on the continent.

3. Geography and geology
• The modern Danube Delta began to
form after 4000 BCE in a bay of the Black
Ses, when the sea rose to its present
level. A sandy barrier blocked the
Danube bay where the river initially built
its delta. Upon filling the bay
with sediments, the delta advanced
outside this barrier-blocked estuary after
3500 BCE, building several successive
lobes: the St. George I (3500-1600 BCE),
the Sulina (1600-0 BCE), the St. George
II (0 BC-Present) and the Chilia or Kilia
(1600 CE to present). Several other
internal lobes were constructed in the
lakes or lagoons bordering the Danube
delta to the North (Chilia I and II) and
toward the South (Dunavatz).

4. Distributaries of the Danube
The Danube branches into three main distributaries into
the delta, Chilia, Sulina, and Sfântul Gheorghe (Saint George). The last two
branches form the Tulcea channel, which continues as a single body for
several kilometers after the separation from the Chilia. At the mouths of each
channel gradual formation of new land takes place, as the delta continues to
expand.
Danube Arm Length (km) Flow (m³/s)(1921–1990)
Chilia 120 3800
Sulina 64 1250
Sfântul Gheorghe(Saint
George)
70 1500

5. Climate
The climate of the Danube Delta is continental with
strong influences from the vicinity of the Black
Sea and its prevalent amphibian environment. It is the
driest and sunniest region of Romania. The mean
annual temperature is 11 °C (-1 °C in January and
22 °C in July), with mean precipitation between
400 mm/year and 300 mm/year, decreasing from west
to east. The evaporation is around 1000 mm/year,
amplified by the strong and frequent winds, resulting
in long periods of drought in the summer. The
northwest winds cause frequent storms in spring and
autumn. In the interior of the delta the continental
character of the climate is very pronounced.

6. Ecosystems of marshy and flooding
areas
This type of ecosystem is noted for
the variety and large populations of
birds, some of them very rare. The
most important are the tufted duck
(Aythya fuligula, red crested pochard
(Netta rufina), mallard (Anas
platyrhynchos), Greylag goose
(Anser anser), Pygmy cormorant
(Phalacrocorax pygmaeus), purple
heron (Ardea purpurea), Great white
egret (Egretta alba), little egret
(Egretta garzetta), Spoon bill
(Platalea leucorodia), White pelican
(Pelecanus onocrotalus), Dalmatian
pelican (Pelecanus crispus), Mute
swan (Cygnus olor), Glossy ibis
(Plegadis falcinellus). A recent and
welcomed spreading has the
pheasant (Phasianus colchicus)

8. History
• In 1991, the Romanian part of the Danube Delta became
part of the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites. Around
2,733 km² of the delta are strictly protected areas.
• In 1998, under UNESCO Programme on Man and the
Biosphere, the 6264.03 km² of Danube Delta were
established as Biosphere Reserve shared by Romania and
Ukraine.
• Historically, in Romania, part of Danube Delta was marked
as a reserve back in 1938.
• In Ukraine, the Danube branch of Black Sea State Reserve
was established in 1973. In 1981 it was reorganized into
Natural Reserve "Danube Fluxes", and in 1998 it was
extended into Danube Biosphere Reserve.

9. Recorded history first noted the
Delta under Dacian control before
being conquered by the Romans.
After invasion by the Goths the
region changed hands many times.
During the 15th century, the Danube
Delta became part of the Ottoman
Empire. In 1812, following the Russo-
Turkish War the borders of
Ottoman and Russian
Empires were set by Kilia and Old
Stambul Channels of Danube, and
in 1829 by St George Channel.
The Treaty of Paris of 1856, which
ended the Crimean War, assigned
the Danube Delta to the Ottoman
Empire and established an
international commission which
made a series of works to help
navigation. In 1878, following the
defeat of Ottoman Empire by
Russia and Romania, the border
between those two was set by the
Kilia and Old Stambul Channels.

10. Reed was intensively harvested
during the Communist era. The
regime had plans of transforming
the delta into a large agro-industrial
zone. Although the first modern
agricultural exploitation dates from
1939 (Ostrovul Tãtaru), only after 1960
were large areas drained and
converted, to the detriment of
wetlands. In 1991 agricultural land in
the delta surpassed 100,000 hectares,
and more than a third of its surface
has been affected by crop
cultivation, forest plantation,
or pisciculture arrangements. As a
result of these changes, as well as
the increasing pollution
and eutrophication of the Danube
waters, and decades of exploitation
and poor regulations of fishing, the
fish population has been visibly
reduced.

11. Environment and issues
• Large-scale works began in the Danube Delta as early as the
second half of the 19th century. First corrections of the Sulina
arm began in 1862, and they continued throughout the 20th
century. As a result, the length of the Sulina arm was reduced
from 92 to 64 km, and its flow more than doubled, thus making it
suitable for large-vessel navigation. Correcting the six
large meanders on its course thereby reduced the length of the
Sfântu Gheorghe from 108 km to 108, and its flow also increased
somewhat. Both these increases were made to the detriment of
the Chilia arm, which at present remains the most unspoiled arm
of the main three. These corrections, as well as the digging of
various secondary channels throughout the body of the delta,
have had a serious impact on the ecosystem. Natural
environments have been altered, the breeding pattern of fish
has been disrupted, and the flows in the main arms have
increased, with serious consequences regarding the discharge
of the alluvia and the erosion of the banks.

12. Bibiography
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danube_Delta
https://www.google.ro/#q=delta+dunarii+ima
gini
http://www.ddbra.ro/
http://www.deltadunarii.ro/istoric.html