Cyber security issue part b

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Cyber Security Issue- Part B

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International Cooperation in combating with cyber crime
In existing period of time, cyber crime has become one of major threats in front of the
government of different country. The Increasing severity of cyber crime has attracted the
significant attention of international community. As the nature and landscape of cyber crimes has
become quite changed in recent period of time as cyber crimes have become more organized.
Moreover the span of such kind of crimes has also become quite expanded at global level. Owing
to this reason, there is a need of an intensive cooperation of the entire international society.
In direction to have some significant and effective combat with cyber crime at
international level, international society is making some crucial and integrated efforts. In the
same series, International Criminal Police Organization – INTERPOL has started some crucial
efforts of combining strategies of different countries against cyber crime so that an effective and
universal problem can be found out. Among such efforts of INTERPOL, establishment of
INTERPOL Global Complex for Innovation (IGCI) in Singapore in 2014 is one of the most
mentionable efforts. The IGCI will work as the center of excellence for addressing different and
critical cyber crime across the globe. This complex will be directed to create an alliance with
internet security specialists from different nations and develop an international model for
ensuring the prevention of cyber crimes at international level. Moreover, administration of global
law and its enforcement is also one of the major responsibilities of this international complex1.
1
John E Dunn. Interpol should lead global cybercrime fight, says director. (Apr 2013)
<http://news.techworld.com/security/3438714/interpol-should-lead-global-cybercrime-fight-says-
director/>

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Unlike other types of crimes, prevention of cyber crimes requires an intensive amount of
technical efficiency and expertise, highly developed and updated infrastructure, and integration
of the strengths of different nations. From the perspective of international security, it is quite
essential to have better and effective exchange of information and technologies among different
nations. In such scenario, an intensive cooperation among countries at international level
becomes quite essential. Along with such reason, the international cooperation is also required to
have better and effective enforcement of law, prioritization of resources and buildings cross-
sectorial and cross-jurisdictional collaboration2.
Another crucial example of international cooperation for fighting against cyber crime can
be seen in the operational partnerships developed by the United States and the European Union
for developing an informal but effective model for cyber security. For the purpose of fighting
against cyber crime, in 2001, the Council of Europe has proposed a treaty, which is known as the
Budapest Convention on Cybercrime. This convention was ratified by the US and other 30
different nations later. The prime highlight of this treaty is that it prepares a unified legal
framework on which crucial information can be shared among member countries of the treaty so
that different types of critical cyber crimes such as network or computer breaches, copyright
infringement, Cyber spying, Hacking of data, and child pornography can be prevented in the
most effective manner. Since, the USA and European Union can be considered as major powers
2
Imran Awan,and Brian Blakemore. Policing Cyber Hate Cyber Threatsand Cyber Terrorism (Ashgate
Publishing, Ltd., 2012).

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in the context of information technologies across the world, this cooperation can be proved quite
effective and crucial for prevention of organized cyber crime at international level3.
Another crucial example of international cooperation for preventing cyber crimes is the
strategic partnership between the US and China. In the year, 2012, defense ministers of both the
nations become agreed on enhancing mutual coordination in the context of technical expertise so
that an effective framework for preventing cyber attacks and crimes related to national security
can be minimized in the most effective manner. As the US and China is the prime locations for
cyber criminals, this partnership may be prove quite potential from the perspective of
international cyber crime prevention. However, this partnership came after the political tension
between both the country regarding cyber attack and spying4.
In addition to this, the NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) has also undertaken
some of the critical steps for the purpose of ensuring cyber security across the globe. In the same
series, there are some countries, namely Bulgaria, Estonia, Poland, Slovakia, Turkey, the United
Kingdom, and the United States which has signed agreement with NATO to have international
cooperation for fighting against cyber crime. Among such efforts, the NATAO has strengthened
the powers and responsibilities of Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence. This center
is serving as a hub for different countries across the globe to integrate and apply their strengths
for controlling cyber crime in the most effective manner. Different European and Latin American
3
Richard Schaffer,Filiberto Agusti, and Beverley Earle. International BusinessLaw and Its Environment
South-Western legal studies in business(Cengage Learning,2008).
4
Cyber Espionage: The Chinese Threat (2010). CNBC < http://www.cnbc.com/id/47962225>

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countries such as Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania Spain, and the Netherlands are the
active partners of this center, which work together for improving cyber defense interoperability
among them5.
Although, there are some crucial examples available regarding international integration of
different countries for preventing cyber crimes, yet still such efforts are not quite enough. As the
span of the international cyber crime is too broad for such types of cooperation. There is a need
of having integrated and combined efforts from different communities across the world. In
existing period of time, although different countries and groups across the globe are making
alliances for fighting with such crimes, yet there is a lack proper organization and integration of
such efforts at international level. Moreover, it has also been evident that only developed
countries, which are more exposed towards the threat of cyber crime, are interested in such type
of integration of power and expertise. There is a lack of participation of developing and under
developed nation in such type of crucial international integration. This scenario can be proved
quite harmful in preparing a unified protection shield at international level against cyber threats.
In direction to this, the role of international organizations such as the United Nations,
International court or the WTO becomes quite vital in pursuing member countries including
developing and developed to integrate their strengths towards prevention of cyber security
crime6.
5
NATO opens new centre of excellence on cyber defence. (May 2008). NATO <
http://www.nato.int/docu/update/2008/05-may/e0514a.html >
6
Imran Awan, and Brian Blakemore. Policing Cyber Hate Cyber Threatsand Cyber Terrorism (Ashgate
Publishing, Ltd., 2012).

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In addition to this, another critical problem faced by international players in maintaining
effective coordination towards cyber crime prevention is related with unclear and confusing role
of government in preventing such types of serious threats. In existing period of time, there is no
any clear rule defined in any of the law that can be able to define the role and responsibilities of
government of a country in the prevention of cyber crime. As per one view, internet can be taken
as private sector innovation on which there is no role of the government, while as per the other
view since the crimes committed on the internet are presenting some serious threat to the
national security, the intervention of the government becomes quite essential. Along with this,
cyber security sometime judged as job of the military while, sometime its nature advocates its
civil domain. This confusing role of the government has made the international integration of
different countries over preparing an effective and strategic partnership over prevention of cyber
crime7.
On the basis of the analysis of the findings of the essay, it can be revealed that there are
some of the critical threats related with cyber security at global level. In direction to this, there is
a need of having some intensive amount of international cooperation. In this context,
international society has undertaken some integrated steps which can be proved quite effective in
making the international arena free from cyber crimes. Although, there are some critical issues in
maintaining an effective environment for international security against cyber crime, yet different
7
Bernadette Hlubik Schell. The Internet and Society: A Reference Handbook. (ABC-CLIO,2007).

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efforts of international society for maintaining international cooperation can be proved quite
effective from the long term perspective.

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Government Control over Internet Content
In existing period of time Internet has been emerged as one of the major ways of
information exchange. Internet based applications have started to be used as the major means of
information creation, manipulation, up-gradation, transfer and dissemination among people.
Although there are a number of different security related threats such as distortion of the
information and hacking of important and confidential information, yet because of intensive
benefits of internet, usage of internet for information exchange has become quite popular.
However, because of different issues there is a need of keep control over contents published on
the internet so that maximum advantages of internet can be availed8.
In recent period of time, a number of different cases related with information leakage
from the internet have come into lime light, which has highlighted the requirement of scrutiny of
information and content available on internet. In direction to this, for the government of a nation,
it is quite essential to have some crucial guidelines for deciding the viability of the content
available on the internet so that misuse and misinterpretation of information cannot be possible.
As per the local law, the government of a particular country can ban any objectionable material
published on the internet, which can be proved harmful for financial, social, cultural or political
sovereignty of that country. As at international standards there no any specific guidelines or law
8
Jeremy Malcolm. Consumers in the Information Society: Access,Fairnessand Representation
(Consumers International 2007).

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that decides that what content on the internet should be banned or not, it all depends upon the
understanding and decision of the local government to ban any content available on internet9.
There are some common types of material that should be banned on the internet by the
government of different countries. In this context, all the websites and web based servers that
engage in spying on individual and other nations should be banned. Such type of contents directs
to leak some crucial and confidential information data regarding political, economic and defense
of a country. The nature of such information is quite exclusive as the misuse of such information
can harm the sovereignty and sustainability of the country. The open availability of such type of
information with the help of internet can be proved quite helpful for competitive or rival
countries to harm that country. Recently, the USA has alleged China for unauthorized access and
hacking of its highly confidential data. As per the USA official with the help of cyber spying,
China has acquired some crucial confidential information regarding economic status of the
country, which can present a significant threat to economic security of the country. This incident
presents some crucial example of the harmfulness of publishing country specific confidential
data on the internet10. In this way, it can be considered that availability of such type of crucial
information on the open network should be monitored and controlled by the government of the
country.
9
Jeremy Malcolm. Consumers in the Information Society: Access,Fairnessand Representation
(Consumers International 2007).
10
Cyber Espionage: The Chinese Threat (2010). CNBC < http://www.cnbc.com/id/47962225>

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In addition to this, the government should also ban the content available on the website
that can spread rumors and fear among common people. The availability of some provocative
speeches, literatures and contents including criminal activity or accidents and footage of real or
simulated violence can lead to ignite riots and civil mutiny within the society that can be proved
quite harmful from the perspective of the sustainability of the society. In this context it becomes
quite essential for the local government to control the availability of such type of harmful
contents on the internet. Many governments undertake such type of steps in the conditions of
political violence within the country. For instance, in the recent political crisis in Egypt, the
president has imposed ban on social media sites, such as Facebook, twitter for the purpose
controlling civil war. Moreover the government has banned websites that promotes and
intensively publishes extreme political views against the government as such views are generally
undertaken for the radicalizing of vulnerable members of the society and ignite riots and civil
war within the country11.
Moreover in the process of policy formulation by the government of a country, the
unauthorized access of some crucial information via internet can be proved quite harmful and
problematic. Sometime government publishes it strategic intentions and visions regarding some
particular project on the internet so that common public can also be aware about the actions of
the government regarding overall development and growth of the society. However, sometimes
availability of such type of strategic information can be proved quite harmful as hackers can
misuse such information to disturb the strategic planning of the government of that country. In
11
Michael Hatamoto. Egypt Internet Ban Lingers, Users Adjusting. (Feb 2011). Daily Tech
<http://www.dailytech.com/Egypt+Internet+Ban+Lingers+Users+Adjusting+/article20799.htm>

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this regard, it can be considered that availability of such crucial type of strategic information
should also be restricted on the internet12.
Along with some crucial benefits, internet can also be proved as a source of different
issues of crimes related to monetary frauds and cheatings. In this context, there are a number of
websites available on the websites that engages in activities like online gaming, bidding, bating
and gambling. These websites entice innocent people by showing fake offers on websites. Under
the influence of such offers, people invest their hard earned money on such sites. In this way,
with the help of internet, such type of unlicensed, illegal and unauthorized websites cheat
innocent users easily. Due to such incidents, people have to bear some intensive amount of
monetary and non-monetary loss, which resulted to high degree of stress to the user. Owing to
this, reason, the government of the country should intervene in such conditions and undertake
some effective and applicable actions13. Among such actions, the ban on such type of
unauthorized, illegal and unlicensed websites of online gaming and gambling should be implied
so that the degree of financial frauds and cheating can be controlled in the most effective
manner.
Another crucial issue related to internet usage is related with the social degradation
because of unethical and objectionable contents widely and openly available on the different
12
Andrea Millwood Hargrave, and Sonia M. Livingstone. Harmand Offence in Media Content: A Review
of the Evidence (Intellect Books, 2009).
13
Should Offensive material be banned from the Internet? (May 2009). Eponymous. <
http://www.liamalexander.com/edublog/2009/05/should-offensive-material-be-banned-from-the-
internet/>

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websites. Among such content, pornography is one of the most objectionable material available
of different open websites on internet. In existing period of time, different sexually explicit and
adult contents are easily available on internet. Majority of users of such contents are children or
teenagers. Such type of contents leads to decrease the ethical and moral value of a person down
since from his childhood. From the perspective of sustainability of the society this situation can
be proved quite harmful. In addition to this, contents that support social differences on the basis
of race, religion, caste, sexual preference or other social/cultural factors can also leads the
society towards destruction14. The government should take some effective and focused efforts for
controlling such factors in the most effective manner. Imposition of ban over such contents can
be proved effective measures from the side of the government.
On the basis of findings of the entire paper it can be revealed that along with positive
impacts, there are some negative impacts of the internet over individual and society.
International society and local government is required to have significant intervention to keep
control over such issues.
14
Offensive or illegal content. (2013). Cyber Smart
<http://www.cybersmart.gov.au/Parents/Cyber%20issues/Offensive%20or%20illegal%20content.aspx>

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References
Imran Awan, and Brian Blakemore. Policing Cyber Hate Cyber Threats and Cyber Terrorism
(Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2012).
Richard Schaffer, Filiberto Agusti, and Beverley Earle. International Business Law and Its
Environment South-Western legal studies in business (Cengage Learning, 2008).
Bernadette Hlubik Schell. The Internet and Society: A Reference Handbook. (ABC-CLIO, 2007).
NATO opens new centre of excellence on cyber defence. (May 2008). NATO <
http://www.nato.int/docu/update/2008/05-may/e0514a.html >
John E Dunn. Interpol should lead global cybercrime fight, says director. (Apr 2013)
<http://news.techworld.com/security/3438714/interpol-should-lead-global-cybercrime-
fight-says-director/>
Offensive or illegal content. (2013). Cyber Smart
<http://www.cybersmart.gov.au/Parents/Cyber%20issues/Offensive%20or%20illegal%20
content.aspx>
Cyber Espionage: The Chinese Threat (2010). CNBC < http://www.cnbc.com/id/47962225>
Should Offensive material be banned from the Internet? (May 2009). Eponymous. <
http://www.liamalexander.com/edublog/2009/05/should-offensive-material-be-banned-
from-the-internet/>

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Michael Hatamoto. Egypt Internet Ban Lingers, Users Adjusting. (Feb 2011). Daily Tech <
http://www.dailytech.com/Egypt+Internet+Ban+Lingers+Users+Adjusting+/article20799
.htm>
Andrea Millwood Hargrave, and Sonia M. Livingstone. Harm and Offence in Media Content: A
Review of the Evidence (Intellect Books, 2009).
Jeremy Malcolm. Consumers in the Information Society: Access, Fairness and Representation
(Consumers International 2007).
Xiang Li, and Jianhua Li. Quality-Based Content Delivery over the Internet (Springer, 2011).

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