This document discusses various switches and sensors for integrated control systems. It provides details on magnetic cylinders that use reed switches or magnetic sensors to detect piston positions. Reed switches are small, fast, and easy to install. Solid state proximity sensors can replace limit switches. The document describes the operating principles and specifications of reed switches, solid state sensors, inductive proximity sensors, and vacuum electric and solid state switches. It includes diagrams of typical connections and applications.
This document discusses various switches and sensors for integrated control systems. It provides details on magnetic cylinders that use reed switches or magnetic sensors to detect piston positions. Reed switches are small, fast, and easy to install. Solid state proximity sensors can replace limit switches. The document describes the operating principles and specifications of reed switches, solid state sensors, inductive proximity sensors, and vacuum electric and solid state switches. It includes diagrams of typical connections and applications.
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
Creative operations teams expect increased AI use in 2024. Currently, over half of tasks are not AI-enabled, but this is expected to decrease in the coming year. ChatGPT is the most popular AI tool currently. Business leaders are more actively exploring AI benefits than individual contributors. Most respondents do not believe AI will impact workforce size in 2024. However, some inhibitions still exist around AI accuracy and lack of understanding. Creatives primarily want to use AI to save time on mundane tasks and boost productivity.
Organizational culture includes values, norms, systems, symbols, language, assumptions, beliefs, and habits that influence employee behaviors and how people interpret those behaviors. It is important because culture can help or hinder a company's success. Some key aspects of Netflix's culture that help it achieve results include hiring smartly so every position has stars, focusing on attitude over just aptitude, and having a strict policy against peacocks, whiners, and jerks.
PEPSICO Presentation to CAGNY Conference Feb 2024Neil Kimberley
PepsiCo provided a safe harbor statement noting that any forward-looking statements are based on currently available information and are subject to risks and uncertainties. It also provided information on non-GAAP measures and directing readers to its website for disclosure and reconciliation. The document then discussed PepsiCo's business overview, including that it is a global beverage and convenient food company with iconic brands, $91 billion in net revenue in 2023, and nearly $14 billion in core operating profit. It operates through a divisional structure with a focus on local consumers.
Content Methodology: A Best Practices Report (Webinar)contently
This document provides an overview of content methodology best practices. It defines content methodology as establishing objectives, KPIs, and a culture of continuous learning and iteration. An effective methodology focuses on connecting with audiences, creating optimal content, and optimizing processes. It also discusses why a methodology is needed due to the competitive landscape, proliferation of channels, and opportunities for improvement. Components of an effective methodology include defining objectives and KPIs, audience analysis, identifying opportunities, and evaluating resources. The document concludes with recommendations around creating a content plan, testing and optimizing content over 90 days.
How to Prepare For a Successful Job Search for 2024Albert Qian
The document provides guidance on preparing a job search for 2024. It discusses the state of the job market, focusing on growth in AI and healthcare but also continued layoffs. It recommends figuring out what you want to do by researching interests and skills, then conducting informational interviews. The job search should involve building a personal brand on LinkedIn, actively applying to jobs, tailoring resumes and interviews, maintaining job hunting as a habit, and continuing self-improvement. Once hired, the document advises setting new goals and keeping skills and networking active in case of future opportunities.
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
The search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
It’s important that you’re ready to implement new strategies in 2024.
Check this out and learn the top trends in paid search advertising that are expected to gain traction, so you can drive higher ROI more efficiently in 2024.
You’ll learn:
- The latest trends in AI and automation, and what this means for an evolving paid search ecosystem.
- New developments in privacy and data regulation.
- Emerging ad formats that are expected to make an impact next year.
Watch Sreekant Lanka from iQuanti and Irina Klein from OneMain Financial as they dive into the future of paid search and explore the trends, strategies, and technologies that will shape the search marketing landscape.
If you’re looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
From their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the world’s most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world.
With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
The article “5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its Speakers”, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage.
Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience.
See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
Everyone is in agreement that ChatGPT (and other generative AI tools) will shape the future of work. Yet there is little consensus on exactly how, when, and to what extent this technology will change our world.
Businesses that extract maximum value from ChatGPT will use it as a collaborative tool for everything from brainstorming to technical maintenance.
For individuals, now is the time to pinpoint the skills the future professional will need to thrive in the AI age.
Check out this presentation to understand what ChatGPT is, how it will shape the future of work, and how you can prepare to take advantage.
The document provides career advice for getting into the tech field, including:
- Doing projects and internships in college to build a portfolio.
- Learning about different roles and technologies through industry research.
- Contributing to open source projects to build experience and network.
- Developing a personal brand through a website and social media presence.
- Networking through events, communities, and finding a mentor.
- Practicing interviews through mock interviews and whiteboarding coding questions.
Google's Just Not That Into You: Understanding Core Updates & Search IntentLily Ray
1. Core updates from Google periodically change how its algorithms assess and rank websites and pages. This can impact rankings through shifts in user intent, site quality issues being caught up to, world events influencing queries, and overhauls to search like the E-A-T framework.
2. There are many possible user intents beyond just transactional, navigational and informational. Identifying intent shifts is important during core updates. Sites may need to optimize for new intents through different content types and sections.
3. Responding effectively to core updates requires analyzing "before and after" data to understand changes, identifying new intents or page types, and ensuring content matches appropriate intents across video, images, knowledge graphs and more.
A brief introduction to DataScience with explaining of the concepts, algorithms, machine learning, supervised and unsupervised learning, clustering, statistics, data preprocessing, real-world applications etc.
It's part of a Data Science Corner Campaign where I will be discussing the fundamentals of DataScience, AIML, Statistics etc.
Time Management & Productivity - Best PracticesVit Horky
Here's my presentation on by proven best practices how to manage your work time effectively and how to improve your productivity. It includes practical tips and how to use tools such as Slack, Google Apps, Hubspot, Google Calendar, Gmail and others.
The six step guide to practical project managementMindGenius
The six step guide to practical project management
If you think managing projects is too difficult, think again.
We’ve stripped back project management processes to the
basics – to make it quicker and easier, without sacrificing
the vital ingredients for success.
“If you’re looking for some real-world guidance, then The Six Step Guide to Practical Project Management will help.”
Dr Andrew Makar, Tactical Project Management
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
Creative operations teams expect increased AI use in 2024. Currently, over half of tasks are not AI-enabled, but this is expected to decrease in the coming year. ChatGPT is the most popular AI tool currently. Business leaders are more actively exploring AI benefits than individual contributors. Most respondents do not believe AI will impact workforce size in 2024. However, some inhibitions still exist around AI accuracy and lack of understanding. Creatives primarily want to use AI to save time on mundane tasks and boost productivity.
Organizational culture includes values, norms, systems, symbols, language, assumptions, beliefs, and habits that influence employee behaviors and how people interpret those behaviors. It is important because culture can help or hinder a company's success. Some key aspects of Netflix's culture that help it achieve results include hiring smartly so every position has stars, focusing on attitude over just aptitude, and having a strict policy against peacocks, whiners, and jerks.
PEPSICO Presentation to CAGNY Conference Feb 2024Neil Kimberley
PepsiCo provided a safe harbor statement noting that any forward-looking statements are based on currently available information and are subject to risks and uncertainties. It also provided information on non-GAAP measures and directing readers to its website for disclosure and reconciliation. The document then discussed PepsiCo's business overview, including that it is a global beverage and convenient food company with iconic brands, $91 billion in net revenue in 2023, and nearly $14 billion in core operating profit. It operates through a divisional structure with a focus on local consumers.
Content Methodology: A Best Practices Report (Webinar)contently
This document provides an overview of content methodology best practices. It defines content methodology as establishing objectives, KPIs, and a culture of continuous learning and iteration. An effective methodology focuses on connecting with audiences, creating optimal content, and optimizing processes. It also discusses why a methodology is needed due to the competitive landscape, proliferation of channels, and opportunities for improvement. Components of an effective methodology include defining objectives and KPIs, audience analysis, identifying opportunities, and evaluating resources. The document concludes with recommendations around creating a content plan, testing and optimizing content over 90 days.
How to Prepare For a Successful Job Search for 2024Albert Qian
The document provides guidance on preparing a job search for 2024. It discusses the state of the job market, focusing on growth in AI and healthcare but also continued layoffs. It recommends figuring out what you want to do by researching interests and skills, then conducting informational interviews. The job search should involve building a personal brand on LinkedIn, actively applying to jobs, tailoring resumes and interviews, maintaining job hunting as a habit, and continuing self-improvement. Once hired, the document advises setting new goals and keeping skills and networking active in case of future opportunities.
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
The search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
It’s important that you’re ready to implement new strategies in 2024.
Check this out and learn the top trends in paid search advertising that are expected to gain traction, so you can drive higher ROI more efficiently in 2024.
You’ll learn:
- The latest trends in AI and automation, and what this means for an evolving paid search ecosystem.
- New developments in privacy and data regulation.
- Emerging ad formats that are expected to make an impact next year.
Watch Sreekant Lanka from iQuanti and Irina Klein from OneMain Financial as they dive into the future of paid search and explore the trends, strategies, and technologies that will shape the search marketing landscape.
If you’re looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
From their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the world’s most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world.
With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
The article “5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its Speakers”, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage.
Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience.
See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
Everyone is in agreement that ChatGPT (and other generative AI tools) will shape the future of work. Yet there is little consensus on exactly how, when, and to what extent this technology will change our world.
Businesses that extract maximum value from ChatGPT will use it as a collaborative tool for everything from brainstorming to technical maintenance.
For individuals, now is the time to pinpoint the skills the future professional will need to thrive in the AI age.
Check out this presentation to understand what ChatGPT is, how it will shape the future of work, and how you can prepare to take advantage.
The document provides career advice for getting into the tech field, including:
- Doing projects and internships in college to build a portfolio.
- Learning about different roles and technologies through industry research.
- Contributing to open source projects to build experience and network.
- Developing a personal brand through a website and social media presence.
- Networking through events, communities, and finding a mentor.
- Practicing interviews through mock interviews and whiteboarding coding questions.
Google's Just Not That Into You: Understanding Core Updates & Search IntentLily Ray
1. Core updates from Google periodically change how its algorithms assess and rank websites and pages. This can impact rankings through shifts in user intent, site quality issues being caught up to, world events influencing queries, and overhauls to search like the E-A-T framework.
2. There are many possible user intents beyond just transactional, navigational and informational. Identifying intent shifts is important during core updates. Sites may need to optimize for new intents through different content types and sections.
3. Responding effectively to core updates requires analyzing "before and after" data to understand changes, identifying new intents or page types, and ensuring content matches appropriate intents across video, images, knowledge graphs and more.
A brief introduction to DataScience with explaining of the concepts, algorithms, machine learning, supervised and unsupervised learning, clustering, statistics, data preprocessing, real-world applications etc.
It's part of a Data Science Corner Campaign where I will be discussing the fundamentals of DataScience, AIML, Statistics etc.
Time Management & Productivity - Best PracticesVit Horky
Here's my presentation on by proven best practices how to manage your work time effectively and how to improve your productivity. It includes practical tips and how to use tools such as Slack, Google Apps, Hubspot, Google Calendar, Gmail and others.
The six step guide to practical project managementMindGenius
The six step guide to practical project management
If you think managing projects is too difficult, think again.
We’ve stripped back project management processes to the
basics – to make it quicker and easier, without sacrificing
the vital ingredients for success.
“If you’re looking for some real-world guidance, then The Six Step Guide to Practical Project Management will help.”
Dr Andrew Makar, Tactical Project Management
2. ددوو ععاامملل ممههمم ددرر ممننااببعع
ججرريياانن ::
-1 مقاومت خروجي بسيار زياد باشد .
I I V O = +
R
بيشتر باشد ، جريان خروجـي منبع جريان كمتر تحت تأثير R • هر چه
ولتاژ مدار قرار
مي گييرد .
2 - جريان خروجي ثابت باشد و تحت تأثير عوامل طبيعي و
ولتاژ منبع قرار نگيرد .
• براي اينكه جريان داراي خروجي ثابت باشد ، بايد مدار سازنده جريان
در منطقه فعال باياس شود . Iref مرجع
3. انواع منابع جريان:
current source : -1 جريان ده
current sink : -2 جريان خور
براي باياس ترانزيستور در منطقه فعال :
: BJT • ترانزيستور
CE BE CEsat V = V > V
بنابراين در ناحيه فعال باياس شده است .
4. : MOSFET • ترانزيستور
: ( PMOS و NMOS شرط ناحيه اشباع ( براي
: NMOS در
: PMOS در
: (NMOS) در اين مدار
VDS ³ VGS -VT
DS GS T V ³ V -V
DS GS T V £ V -V
T
V =
V
V ³ V - V GS Þ DS 0
³ -
V DS GS T
5. ييكك ممننببعع ججرريياانن
سسااددهه ::
• در منابع جريان بايد نقطه كـار ترانزيستورهـا در ناحيه فعـال واقع
شـود ( بيس به كلكتور وصل شود ) . در اين ناحيه جريان خروجي
نيست . DC ثابت است و تابع ولتاژ
در ناحيه فعال است ، T در اين مدار علوه بر اينكه 1
T 2 . نيز بايد در ناحيه فعال باشد
6. Vout • در صورتي كه ترانزيستور خروجي به يك مدار با ولتاژ
وصل شود ، شرط واقع شدن در ناحيه اشباع به صورت زير
بدست مي آيد :
DD SG GG V = V +V
Þ = - (I) GS GG DD V V V
از طرفي :
DD SD out SS V = V +V +V
Þ = + - (II) DS out SS DD V V V V
7. شرط ناحيه اشباع :
: PMOS براي
<0
) و شرط ناحيه اشباع II ) و ( I بنابرايـن بـا توجـه بـه روابـط (
خواهيم داشت :
متصل PMOS شرط اينكه ترانزيستور
به مدار در ناحيه اشباع باشد :
DS GS T V ³ V -V
DS GS T
V
DS GS T Or V V V V V V T £ - Þ £ +
out SS DD GG DD T V +V -V £ V -V + V
out GG SS T V £ V -V + V
8. : RO محاسبه
در اين حالت ولتاژ بدنه به سورس صفر است .
Þ
= 0 bs V m ds m = g r
= + (1+m) O ds S R r R
بيشتر PMOS از NMOS به دل يل اي نكه مقدار موبيلي ته ترانزيستور
است بنابرا ين به ازاي يك جريان و ابعاد ثا بت مقاو مت خروجي
بيشتر است و به همين دليل منبع جريان ايد ها لتر و NMOS
تقويت كنند هه ائي با بهره بيشتر مي توان ساخت.
يادآوري : مدار معادل ترانزيستور
باشد ، يكي از منبع جريان ها مدار باز مي شود . Vbs= وقتي 0
9. : RO محاسبه
: ac در حالت
از قبل داشتيم :
m ds m = g r
ولي در اين مدار :
بنابراين :
bs gs V = V
( ) m mbs ds m ¢ = g + g r
= + (1+m¢) O ds S R r R
<< Þ @ + (1+ m ) mbs m O ds S if g g R r R
10. ::((CCaassCCooddee)) ممننببعع ججرريياانن ككااسسككوودد
از ايـن منبـع جريان جايـي اسـتفاده م يشود كه
مي خواهيـم مقاومـت خروجـي بال داشته باشيـم و مثل
اين است كه دو آئينه جريان روي هم وصل شده باشند .
11. در اين مدار فرض مي شود كه :
æ = ÷ø
W
ö çè
æ = ÷ø
W
ö çè
æ = ÷ø
W
ö çè
÷ø
و ترانزيستورها داراي يكسان باشند .
نيز ب هصورت زير تعريف مي شود : VGS همچنين
و به اين معني است كه :
1 2 3 4
W
çè
æ
ö L
L
L
L
GS T GS T V = V + DV or DV = V -V
K¢
12. در ناحيه اشباع داريم :
¢
I K W -
( )2
D GS T V V
GS T DV = V -V
1
2
L
=
¢
I K W D D
1 V
2
با توجه به فرض خواهيم داشت :
2
L
=
W
• درصورتي كه دو ترانزيستور با نسبت هاي مختلف با همديگر
سري باشند :
K W V K W
÷ø
D 1 ¢æ
1
V
ö çè
æ ¢ = D ÷ø
ö çè
L
I = I 2
D1 D2 2
بنابراين :
2
2
1
1 2
2
L
L
( )
( )1
2
Þ
V 1
=
D
2
L
L
W
W
D
V
DV W
L
• پس هر چه مقدار در ترانزيستورهاي سري افزايش يابد
مقدار
ب هصورت مجذور كاهش مي يابد .
13. W
• اگير ترانزيستور با نسبت مختلف با هم موازي باشند :
• پس :
= ¢æ 2
و
بنابراين :
GS1 GS 2 V = V 1 2 DV = DV
I K W D D ÷ø
1 V
2
1
1
1 2
ö L
çè
2
I K W D D ÷ø
1 V
2
2 2
ö L
çè
= ¢æ
( )
( )1
2
D 1
=
2
L
W
L
W
I
I
D
Þ
L
14. تتححللييلل ممدداارر ::
Mبا هم سري هستند پس : M 3 و 4
و چون پس :
از طرفي :
W V V V GS T = + D 3
æ = ÷ø
W
ö çè
÷ø
و
æ = ÷ø
W
ö çè
÷ø
پس :
بنابراين :
يا
V V V GS T = + D 4
4 3
çè
æ
ö L
L
D2 D3 I = I
2 3
W
çè
æ
ö L
L
2 3 DV = DV
V V V V out DS T = + + D 2
V V V V out DS T = + + D ,min 2,min
15. براي اينكه ترانزيستور در ناحيه اشباع واقع شود VDS • حداقل
Weak صفر است اما باععث مي شود ترانزيستور در ناحيه
قطععع) قرار گيرد . براي اطمينان از اينكه ) Inversion
ترانزيستور در ناحيه اشباع واقع شد هاست :
• بنابراين حداقل ولتاژ خروجي براي باياس منبع جريان در
ناحيه اشباع ب هصورت زير بدست مي آييد :
در ناحيه غير خطي (تريود) . M و 2 M1 : • ناحيه 1
تريود . M اشباع و 2 M1 : • ناحيه 2
در نزديكي اشباع قرار مي گيرند . M و 2 M1 : • ناحيه 3
V V DS = D ,min
V V V out T = + 2D ,min
16. از يك ترانزيستور ( Vout,min) • براي كاهش ولتاژ حداقل خروجي
با اندازه
استفاده كنيم .
W
4
L
1
17. در اين مدار فرض م يشود كه :
و
æ = ÷ø
W
ö çè
÷ø
بنابراين :
پس :
æ = ÷ø
W
ö çè
æ = ÷ø
W
ö çè
æ = ÷ø
W
ö çè
æ = ÷ø
W
ö çè
÷ø
1 2 3 5 6
W
çè
æ
ö L
L
L
L
L
1
4 1 4
W
çè
æ
ö L
L
V V V out DS = + D 2
V V V out DS = + D ,min 2,min
V V out = 2D ,min
18. ::((WWiillssoonn)) ممننببعع ججرريياانن ووييللسسنن
• منبععع جريان ويلسن داراي
مقاومت خروجي زيادي است.
مقاومعت خروجعي ايعن منبع
جريان بيشتعر از آيئينه جريان
به M اسععت. چون گيععت 2
درين اش متصعل اسعت جهت
از روش انعكاس ROut محاسبه
امپدانس نمي توان استفاده كرد
. بنابرايععن از روش تحليل
سعيگنال كوچعك اين مدار را
بررسي مي كنيم .
20. (1) out ds1 out 1 gs1 ds2 out 2 gs2 V = r I -m V + r I -m V
و
از روابط ( 1) و ( 2) و ( 3) و ( 4) نتيجه م يگيريم :
از طرفي :
(2) gs1 gs2 ds3 ref 3 gs3 V +V = r I -m V
(4) ref out (3) I = I gs1 gs2 V = V
( ) gs gs ds out V V r I 1 3 3 3 + 1+ m =
V V r I V V V r ds
I
gs gs ds out gs gs gs ( ) out
2
2
m
2 3 2 2 2 2 3 1 +
m
= = - Þ = =
21. بنابراين :
m ( )
ö
= - +
1
m
3
همچنين :
يا
ö
æ
V r r I r r I r m
2 2
I
out ds ds out ds ds out از طرفي :
بنابراين :
( 1
+
)
V +
3
r I =
r I gs 1 ( 1 +
m
2
) ds 2 out ds 3
out ( )÷ ÷ø
æ
ç çè
+
2
1 3 2 1
m
gs out ds ds Þ V I r r
( ) out ds ds out gs out gs out V r r I V I V I 1 2 1 1 2 2 = + -m -m
( ) ( )
ds
m
3
+
( ) ( ) out
2
1 2 1 3 1 2 1 1
2
1
m
m
m m
+
- ÷ ÷ø
ç çè
+
= + + - +
out
R = V
out
out I
( )
2
2
m
2
m +
m
1 2 1 3 1 2
1
1 3
2
1
out ds ds ds ds ds R r r r r r
m
m
m
+
-
+
= + - +
22. با فرض :
, 1 2 3 m m >>
خواهيم داشت :
2
m m
R r r 1 3
r
out ds1 1 ds3 ds m
2
@ - m +
l
• درصعورتي كه مقدار مقدار ناچيزي نباشعد ، بعه دليل
در (VDS) وابستگي جريان خروجي به ولتاژ درين سورس
آينها با هم يكسان است نمي توان VGS دو ترانزيستوري كه
جريان دري نها را برابر گرفت .
I = K¢W - 1+l
1 2
( ) D GS DS I = f V ,V
( ) ( ) D GS T DS V V V
L
2
23. براي حل مشكل اين مدار مدار را ب هصورت زير در مي آيورند :
ترانزيستورها است . VDS در اين مدار برابر كردن M نقش 4
24. در اين مدار :
چون :
GS 4 DS 3 GS1 GS 2 V +V = V +V
D1 D2 D3 D4 I @ I @ I @ I
و
W
ö çè
æ = ÷ø
W
ö çè
æ = ÷ø
W
ö çè
æ = ÷ø
W
ö çè
÷ø
L
L
L
1 2 3 4
بنابراين :
GS1 GS 4 V = V
æ
L
DS 3 GS 2 DS 2 V = V = V
ها هم طبق مدار با هم برابر VGS ها با هم برابر و VDS • چون
است مي توان گفت دقيقا :
D2 D3 I = I
25. ععوواامملل ممههمم ددرر تتغغييييرر ججرريياانن
خخررووججيي ممننااببعع ججرريياانن ::
( VDD يا VCC ) -1 وابستگي به ولتاژ منبع
-2 وابستگي به درجه حرارت
26. ووااببسستتگگيي ببهه ووللتتااژژ ممننببعع ::
I
V
I
I
= ¶
D
I
V V
CC
CC
D
ò =
CC ¶
V
CC
V
CC
I
• هر چه حساسيت كمتر باشد منابع جريان از عوامل مداري مستقل تررند .
28. VCC حال مي خواهيم حساسيت جريان خروجي را نسبت به
بدست آيوريم :
æ
- ¶
I
¶
V
R I 2 Þ
R I 2 2 ÷ ÷ø
Þ
I
ò = ¶
I CC
V V
CC
I
V
CC ¶
ö
I ¶ I - I ¶
I
ref ref
( ) ÷ ÷ø
æ
ç çè
¶
=
¶
¶
CC
ref
t
CC I V
I
I
V
V
ö
ç çè
¶
¶
V
CC =
¶
¶
CC
ref
ref
CC
t
ref
I
I
I
V
I
V
ö
÷ ÷
ø
æ
R I 1 1
2
ç ç
è
I
- ¶
¶
I
¶
¶
=
¶
¶
ref
CC CC
ref
t
I
V I
V
CC V
V
ref
CC
V
t
ref
I
CC
R V
çè
t
ö I
¶
V
I
V
I
¶
=
¶
¶
÷ø
æ + 2
ö
÷ ÷
ø
æ ¶
V
V
I
I CC t
V V
ç ç
è
+
=
¶
¶
I R V
ö çè
÷ø
æ +
ò =
ref
CC
CC
ref
t
t
ref
CC
t
ref
I
I
R I V
V
I
V
I
V
CC 2
2
1
Þ ò ò
= ref
CC CC
R I 1 +
2
I
V
t
I
V
V
29. صرف نظر شود : VBE اگر در منبع جريان آئينه جريان از
بنابراين :
V
= ´ 1 = 1
در نتيجه :
V
CC
ref
V -
V
I = CC BE
1
@
ref R
ref
R
I
¶
ref V
I CC
V ¶
V
I R
ò =
CC
ref ref
ref
CC
ref
I
CC
1
+
ò =
CC R2 I 1
V
t
I
V
I = mA I = A R = KW ref 1 , 10 , 12 2 m
مثال : اگر خواهيم
داشت :
ò @0.18 I
VCC
30. چچنندد ننككتتهه ::
• منبع جريان ويدلر در مقايسه با منبع جريان آئينه اي
برخوردار است . VCC از حساسيت كمتري نسبت به
• درمنبع جريان آئينه اي حساسيت جريان خروجي به
Vبرابر يك است و اين مناسب نيست . CC
• منبمع جريانمي مناسمب اسمت كمه عواممل طبيعي و
مداري روي آن اثري نداشته باشد .
31. حال حساسيت در مدار زير را بررسي م يكنيم :
با صرف نظر از جريان بي سها :
V
t ref
ref
I
R I = V = V Þ =
2 1 ln ln
S
out BE t out
I
1 2 1
S
I
R
I
I
V
t S
out
V
I
¶
I VCC - VBE -
VBE V -
2
V
V
1 2 CC BE @
CC
ref R
R
R
=
1 1 1
=
ref
t
S
ref
ref
R I
I
I
I
R
I
2
1
1
2
1
= =
¶
1
ref =
¶
V R
1
I
CC
¶
32. بنابراين :
1
V
t
R I R
ref
2 1
V
I
I
ref
¶
V
I
¶
I
V
I
I
out
¶
V
V
I CC
V
I
CC
out
CC
out
ref
CC
out
CC
out
ò out
=
CC
=
¶
¶
=
¶
V
= =
V V out
I t
V
BE out
Þ ò = Þ ò = =
V I
BE ref
1
V R I
V R I
1 2 1 1
I CC t
V
V I R
BE ref
CC
CC ref
1 1 1 ln
S
I
out
CC
I
ln
• عدد بسيار بزرگي است . بنابراين حساسيت اين منبع
جريان به ولتاژ منبع ولتاژ بسيار كم است .
• كاملا وابسته به است و اين مشكل ساز است .
V
CC I out • I
I
out ref V I CC out براي اينكه كاملا مستقل از شود كاري مي كنيم كه را
بسازد. ( استفاده از منبع جريان آئينه جريان)
ref
I
1
S
ref I
• ب هدليمل رابطمه لگاريتممي حساسيت بما مقدار آمن نسبت به
مقدار قبلي خيلي كمتر است .
33. براي اينكه كاملا مستقل V
از شود از مدار زير استفاده
I CC out م يكنيم :
معروف است و متشكل Current Repeater اين مدار به مدار
است . ( Q و 4 Q از يك منبع جريان آئينه جريان ( 3
34. با صر فنظر از جريان بيس ها در منبع جريان خواهيم
داشت :
I
RI = V = V ref
V
Þ I =
t ref
از طرفي :
C BE t I
: ( با استفاده از روابط ( 1) و ( 2
(1) ref C2 I = I
ln ln (2)
1
2
1
2 1
S
C
S
I
R
I
2
1
I
V
t C
2 ln
S
C R
I
I =
35. I
V
I =
t ln
C
بنابراين دو نقطه كار براي پياده 2
سازي وجود
C 2 دارد .
R
I
S
1
نقطمه نزديمك جريان اشباع است كمه مطلوب نيست و 1 بايد
مداري به منبع جريان اضافه كرد كه بتولند منبع جريان را
2 در نقطه باياس كند .
گفته مي شود . ( Start Up ) به اين مدار ، مدار آغازش
37. ref I
بنابراين جريان اولي هاي كه باعث مي شود جريان
از نقطه اول عبور كند بايد شرط زير را داشته باشد :
S1
بايد
V
I = g >>
ref I
x
R
x R S1 I
• مقدار چندان مهم نيست و تنها بايد جريان عبوري از آن از
جريان
بيشتر باشد .
• توجه داشته باشيد كه اگر اين مقاومت بزرگ باشد ، تلفات
حرارتي ب هوجودآمده در منبع جريان كاهش پيدا مي كند .
38. ننككتتهه :
نيز استفاده VBE Multiplier • به جاي ديودها مي توان از مدار
كرد .
جائيكه :
ö
æ
V V BE
R R V R
( ) ÷ ÷ø
ç çè
= + = +
1
2
1 2
BE
2
1
R
R
1 2 V = 4V , R = 3R g
• اما به دو دليل زير از اين مدار استفاده نمي شود :
زياد است و نياز به جريان بال ( R و 2 R -1 تلفات مقاومت ( 1
جهت را هاندازي دارد .
-2 ساخت مقاومت و ترانزيستور نسبت به ديودها هزين هبرتر
است .
ها با اين مشكلات مواجه نمي شويم بنابراين MOSFET • در
ها كاربرد دارد . MOSFET مدار بال در
40. بنابراين خواهيم داشت :
(1) 2 I I ref = (2) 2 GS1 RI = V
و
2
I
( ) 2
ref
(3)
I = I = V -V ÞV = +
D ref GS T GS V
1 1 T
2 1
b
از روابط ( 1) و ( 2) و ( 3) خواهيم داشت :
2 2
ref V RI I 2
V
2 2
در اين حالت مي توان گفت :
حساسيت ريشه دوم نسبت به لگاريتم ،
نسبت به تغييرات پارامترها بيشتر است .
b
T T
I
RI = + Þ = +
b b
41. ححسسااسسييتت (( تتغغييييرر)) ننسسببتت ببهه
ددررججهه ححررااررتت ::
I
I T
T ¶
ò = ¶
T
• براي اينكه با عامل دما سروكار نداشته باشيم براي بررسي
حساسيت جريان T
خروجي از استفاده مي CF شود .
I
= 1 ¶
TCF ¶
• در اين حالت تغيير دما عامل تعيين كننده است .
I
T
I
T Temperature Coefficient CF :
42. ر را بدست م يآوريم : TيC زF حال براي منبع جريان
43.
I VBE
C = 2
R
- ¶
¶
I V
V
BE BE
V R
2 1
T
R V
- ¶
¶
¶
R
- ¶
V
¶
I
¶
1 1 1
T BE
منفي حالت با تقويت چون نيست مناسب مدار اين
داريم
مثال
mV
VBE
¶
ppm
R
1 ¶ 1500
R °
مدار يك در اگر
نفوذي مقاومت براي و
T ppm CF °
اگر
داشت خواهيم
R
T
R
T
R R
T
T
BE
BE
C
¶
¶
¶ =
¶
=
¶
2 2
0 0
2
2
< <
¶
¶
=
¶
=
T
T R
T V
I
BE
C
C
CF
C
T
°
= -
¶
2
C
T
=
¶
V V BE = 0.6
C
@ -4800
44. با مدار را هانداز زير نيز MOSFET براي مدار متشكل از
خواهيم داشت :
45. ref 2I
T V
• معمول از لحاظ حرارتي نسبت به كمتر حساس
b
است و T
براي
CF بررسي حذف م يشود . بنابراين :
R
- ¶
V
¶
1 1
Þ CF
T =
T
@ Þ = 2 T 2 ¶
T
R
< <
T
¶
0 0
همچنين داريم :
ref V V
2
RI = + @
T T
I
b
2
RI V I VT
R
V
T
V ( T ) V ( T ) ( T T )
mV T T °
C
= - - = 2.3 0 0 a a
ppm
°
• هسر چسه درجسه حرارت افزايسش يابسد ولتاژ آسستانه 100
كاهش
T
C
CF مي يابد .
• براي داشتن يك منبع جريان مستقل از حرارت بايد حداكثر
47. و
بنابراين :
S
ref
Þ RI = V - out
Þ = ×
ref
I
V I
I
1 , 2 ln ln ln 2
نكته :
out t I
بنابراين :
out ref I = I
I
RI = V -V (1) ln C
(2)
out BE1 BE2 S
V = V
BE t I
( ) ( )
1
S
out
out t
S
t
S
I
I
RI V
I
I
2 1 2 S S I = I
I I RI V I Vt
S S out t out = Þ = Þ =
2 ln 2 ln 2 2 1 R
48. بنابراين :
úûù
I t t
ln 2 ln 2 é
1
R
V
- ¶
V
¶
ù
é
V R
- ¶
R ¶
V
T
R
- ¶
V
¶
I
¶
1 1 1
T t
¶
> <
¶
• مشاهده مي كنيم كه نسبت به مدار قبل خيلي كمتر
شده است .
R
= Þ = - ¶
: = Þ 1 1
• اگر :
êë
¶
¶
=
ú ú ú ú
û
ê ê ê ê
ë
¶
¶
=
¶
¶
T
R
T
R R
T
T
t
t
out
2 2
0 0
=
¶
=
T
T R
T V
I
t
out
out
CF
T
T R
¶
if V KT K
T
CF
q
V
T
q
t
t ¶
¶
T = 300°K
T ppm
1 ¶ 1500 1800
R CF °
C
ppm
C
R
T
Þ @
°
=
¶
49. :: MMOOSSFFEETT ببرراايي تتككننووللووژژيي
2 ref GS1 GS 2 I = I Þ V = V
V
( ) (n)
RI V V V n I t
BE BE t ln ln 2 1 2 2 = - = Þ =
R
بوجود مي آيد اما در تكنولوژي CMOS در تكنولوژي npn • ترانزيستور
اين ترانزيستور بوجود نمي آيد . NMOS يا PMOS
50. گگررااييشش ممسستتققلل اازز ححررااررتت ::
RI V V I VZ VBE
بنابراين :
= - Þ = -
R
out Z BE out
V V R
- ( - ¶ ÷ø
)
¶
-
¶
æ
Z BE
ö çèI Z BE
out ¶
R2
T
V
T
R V
T
T
¶
¶
=
¶
¶
V V R
- - ¶
( )
V
¶
V
¶
1 1 1
2
T
¶
out Z BE
T R
¶
-
T R
¶
T R
Z BE
0
> > <
0 0
=
I
¶
¶
Iout
¶
بنابراين مقدار به مقدار بستگي دارد .
T
R ¶
51. نسبت به درجه حرارت VBE و VZ در صورت يكه
داراي تغييرات مشابه نباشند :
• تفاوت اين مدار با مدار قبل اين است كه
تا ديود ويك منبع جريان بعد از مقاومت n
قرار گرفت هاست و اين قسمت به مدار قبلي
اضافه شده است .
52. با صر فنظر از جريان بيس ها :
V = V + nV + V + R I Z BE 3 g BE 1 2 out V = V = V BE 1 BE 3
g و
Þ
I VZ - ( n +
)
VBE
out
2
R
2
=
براي محاسبه تغييرات ب هصورت زير عمل مي كنيم :
R ، مدار مشابه مدار قبل است ولي به عامل كنترل علوه بر
عامل كنترل R نيز اضافه شده است . در مدار قبل تنها n
بود كسه تنظيسم آسن كار مشكلسي اسست و تغييسر آن روي
مستقل است . n پارامترهاي ديگر اثرگذار مي باشد ولي
( n ) V
( ( ) )
¶ +
V
¶
V n V R
1 1 2 1 2
¶
0
2
2
2
0
2
0
2
> > <
¶
- - +
¶
-
¶
=
I
¶
¶
T
T R
T R
T R
Z BE
out Z BE
53. Iout
¶
T
با n = 0
قراردادن مقدار
محاسبه مي شود : ¶
• در اين حالت سه حالت ممكن است پيش بيايد :
ديود n عدد صحيح مثبت حقيقي باشد ، به تعداد n 1 اگر .
قرار داده مي شود .
ديود n عدد صحيح منفي حقيقي باشد ، به تعداد n 2 اگر .
در زير ديود زنر قرار داده مي شود .
( VBE Multiplier) عدد اعشاري باشد ، ب هجاي ديد از n 3 اگر .
استفاده مي كنيم .(اين روش قبل توضيح داده شد )
54. CCuurrrreenntt ممدداارر بباا ااسستتففااددهه اازز ممننببعع ججرريياانن
:: MMiirrrroorr
• در اين مدار نيز از ترانزيستوري استفاده
م يكنيم كه دو اميتري است يعني جريان
اشباع آن دو برابر است .
با صرف نظر از جريان بيس ها :
ln 2
V V
1 2
2
1
1
I I I V
1 2 R
R
Vt
BE BE BE
out
-
= + = +
V
I VBE t
out Þ = +
1 ln 2
R
R
1 2
55. بنابراين :
ù
ú ú ú ú
û
é
ê ê ê ê
t
BE
I t
ë
V ¶
R
T
¶
-
V
¶
T
¶
V ¶
R
1
T
¶ +
-
R V
T
¶
¶
=
¶
out
T
¶
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
ln 2
R
R
R
BE
2
I V
V
R
¶
V
V
Þ
out BE BE t t 1 ln 2 ln 2
2
2
2
1
1
2
1
1
T R
1
R
¶
T
¶
-
T
¶
+
¶
T R
¶
-
T
¶
¶
R
R
0
< < > 0
<
0
0
=
¶
¶
V
¶
ln 2
• جمله بايد جبران جملت منفي را كند . براي اين
t
R
منظور ¶
T
بايد
2
كوچك باشد . R مقدار 2
باعث افزايش جريان خروجي و افزايش تلفات R • كاهش 2
مدار مي شود . بنابراين مدار فوق مدار مناسبي نم يباشد .