The document compares and contrasts the literary genres of the short story and the novel. It discusses their histories and key differences. The short story focuses on one plot, character, and theme, while the novel can tackle multiple plots and themes with various characters. The short story explores human loneliness and social alienation according to Frank O'Connor, while the novel emphasizes reader identification with characters. Mikhail Bakhtin viewed the novel as embracing diversity through heteroglossia, or many voices, unlike other genres.
Mikhail Bakhtin analyzed the novel form and identified several key concepts, including carnival, heteroglossia, polyphony, dialogic vs monologic, and chronotope. Carnival refers to a medieval tradition where social hierarchies were temporarily inverted through role reversals, mockery of authority, and laughter. Bakhtin argued carnival elements in literature are subversive as they disrupt authority and introduce new perspectives.
aim of this paper is to study and analyse various aspects of the historical novel, i.e., need for fiction in a historical narrative, the defining features of historical fiction and the rise of the historical novel etc.
This includes the definition of literature from different sources, significance of studying literature, examples of literature, literary approaches, literary standards, differences and similarities of prose and poetry, and the genres of literature.
The document discusses the rise of the English novel in the 18th century. It notes that while earlier forms of stories and romances existed, the novel emerged as a new art form for the growing middle class and commercial publishing. The novel focused on realistic depictions of ordinary life rather than the unrealistic escapism of previous romances. This realism developed alongside the breakdown of feudalism and rise of individual freedom brought by the English revolution in the 17th century. The great 18th century English novelists like Defoe, Richardson, Fielding and Sterne helped establish the novel by attempting to combine realistic stories with moral significance.
The document discusses some key features of the early novel as identified by Ian Watt. It notes that early novelists like Defoe, Richardson, and Fielding rejected traditional plots found in earlier works and instead focused on individual experiences. Their novels also placed characters in specific environments and time periods, gave characters realistic names, and paid great attention to individualizing characters and backgrounds. This reflected a growing cultural value on originality and independent thought over conformity to tradition.
Ian Watt's The Rise of the Novel examines the emergence of the novel as a new literary form in the 18th century. Watt argues that the novel was characterized by its quality of realism, seen in its depth of description and attempts to portray human experience scientifically and from the perspective of individuals. Watt analyzes exemplary early novels like Robinson Crusoe and Pamela to show how they reflected contemporary ideologies like individualism and changing views of private life and social relationships. Watt also discusses how later 18th century novels by Richardson and Fielding further developed the psychological realism and complexity of the novel as a mature literary form.
The document discusses the concept of "suspension of disbelief" which refers to a reader's willingness to accept fantastical elements in a story. It was coined by Samuel Taylor Coleridge who said readers would suspend judgement of implausible narratives if the writer infused human interest and truth. In the 20th century, the phrase was used more loosely to imply it was the reader's responsibility. Coleridge introduced the concept to explain how modern audiences could enjoy stories involving the supernatural.
The document discusses the history and evolution of the novel genre. It notes that the term "novel" originated from Italian and French words used to describe short tales in the medieval period. Over time, novels grew longer and became a way to depict realistic human characters and explore life's problems. The novel genre later incorporated elements from other forms like letters, dialogues, and poetry. Major novel types discussed include epistolary, picaresque, gothic, historical, and stream of consciousness novels. Key authors mentioned who helped advance the genre include Daniel Defoe, Henry Fielding, Laurence Sterne, and Virginia Woolf.
Mikhail Bakhtin analyzed the novel form and identified several key concepts, including carnival, heteroglossia, polyphony, dialogic vs monologic, and chronotope. Carnival refers to a medieval tradition where social hierarchies were temporarily inverted through role reversals, mockery of authority, and laughter. Bakhtin argued carnival elements in literature are subversive as they disrupt authority and introduce new perspectives.
aim of this paper is to study and analyse various aspects of the historical novel, i.e., need for fiction in a historical narrative, the defining features of historical fiction and the rise of the historical novel etc.
This includes the definition of literature from different sources, significance of studying literature, examples of literature, literary approaches, literary standards, differences and similarities of prose and poetry, and the genres of literature.
The document discusses the rise of the English novel in the 18th century. It notes that while earlier forms of stories and romances existed, the novel emerged as a new art form for the growing middle class and commercial publishing. The novel focused on realistic depictions of ordinary life rather than the unrealistic escapism of previous romances. This realism developed alongside the breakdown of feudalism and rise of individual freedom brought by the English revolution in the 17th century. The great 18th century English novelists like Defoe, Richardson, Fielding and Sterne helped establish the novel by attempting to combine realistic stories with moral significance.
The document discusses some key features of the early novel as identified by Ian Watt. It notes that early novelists like Defoe, Richardson, and Fielding rejected traditional plots found in earlier works and instead focused on individual experiences. Their novels also placed characters in specific environments and time periods, gave characters realistic names, and paid great attention to individualizing characters and backgrounds. This reflected a growing cultural value on originality and independent thought over conformity to tradition.
Ian Watt's The Rise of the Novel examines the emergence of the novel as a new literary form in the 18th century. Watt argues that the novel was characterized by its quality of realism, seen in its depth of description and attempts to portray human experience scientifically and from the perspective of individuals. Watt analyzes exemplary early novels like Robinson Crusoe and Pamela to show how they reflected contemporary ideologies like individualism and changing views of private life and social relationships. Watt also discusses how later 18th century novels by Richardson and Fielding further developed the psychological realism and complexity of the novel as a mature literary form.
The document discusses the concept of "suspension of disbelief" which refers to a reader's willingness to accept fantastical elements in a story. It was coined by Samuel Taylor Coleridge who said readers would suspend judgement of implausible narratives if the writer infused human interest and truth. In the 20th century, the phrase was used more loosely to imply it was the reader's responsibility. Coleridge introduced the concept to explain how modern audiences could enjoy stories involving the supernatural.
The document discusses the history and evolution of the novel genre. It notes that the term "novel" originated from Italian and French words used to describe short tales in the medieval period. Over time, novels grew longer and became a way to depict realistic human characters and explore life's problems. The novel genre later incorporated elements from other forms like letters, dialogues, and poetry. Major novel types discussed include epistolary, picaresque, gothic, historical, and stream of consciousness novels. Key authors mentioned who helped advance the genre include Daniel Defoe, Henry Fielding, Laurence Sterne, and Virginia Woolf.
This document provides an introduction to the study of literature. It defines literature and discusses reasons for studying literature, particularly Philippine literature. It outlines the historical periods of Philippine literature in English and describes characteristics of different genres, including prose, poetry, and literary compositions that have influenced the world. The document is an overview of key concepts in the study of literature.
biography of s.t coleridge
introduction to biographia literaria
synopsis of chap 14
critical analysis
literary devices
objections and defence
fancy and imagination
primary and secondary imagination
The document is an introduction to literature that defines literature as the faithful expression of human experiences and emotions through beautiful language. It discusses why the study of Philippine literature is important to understand cultural heritage and traditions. The document also outlines different genres of literature such as fiction, non-fiction, drama, and poetry. Criteria for good literature include artistic quality, suggestiveness, and permanence.
Coleridge provides a summary and critique of Wordsworth's views on poetic diction as expressed in the preface to Lyrical Ballads. He objects that not all of Wordsworth's characters are truly from low and rustic life, and their language cannot be attributed solely to their environment. Additionally, the language of rustics is too limited to form the basis of poetic language, as it lacks ideas, thoughts, and vocabulary derived from reflection. While Wordsworth aimed to use natural language, Coleridge argues the best parts of language come from thinking on noble concepts, not the direct expressions of rustics. Their views thus differ on the proper sources and qualities of language suitable for poetic works.
The document provides an overview of the history and development of the novel genre. It begins by outlining some key parameters of novels, including their use of prose fiction and extended length to achieve verisimilitude. Notable early novels are then discussed from various regions, such as Murasaki Shikibu's Tale of Genji in 11th century Japan. The rise of the English novel in the 17th-18th centuries is covered, along with influential authors like Daniel Defoe, Samuel Richardson, Henry Fielding, and the Brontë sisters. The document concludes by describing various novel types/styles that emerged over time, such as Gothic, historical, realist/naturalist, and social novels.
Matthew Arnold believed that for a poem to be of high quality, it must possess both "higher truth" and "higher seriousness." He did not fully define "high seriousness" but suggested it referred to an extreme level of seriousness in applying ideas to life. Arnold viewed poetry as having a high, moral purpose of interpreting life, and he judged poets based on whether their works achieved this high standard of truth and seriousness. While he praised poets like Milton, Shakespeare, and Homer as "classics," he believed Geoffrey Chaucer lacked the necessary high seriousness to be considered on their level, though he still recognized Chaucer's enduring popularity and power.
Wordsworth outlines three principles in the preface to the Lyrical Ballads: 1) the poetry concerns nature and country life, 2) it emphasizes poetry as an art form to enlighten readers on human emotion, and 3) clean, simple lines best capture the imagination rather than overly complicated styles. He chose rustic subjects and language to find a "plainer and more emphatic" way to communicate passions. Poetry combines feeling and thought as a spontaneous overflow of powerful emotions and ideas. The poet's duty is to produce pleasure and enlarge human capability. Wordsworth defends his choice of common subjects and language to better understand essential human passions.
English Literature | Senior Secondary SchoolSkiFi Designs
There are many types of fiction including literary fiction, commercial fiction, science fiction, animal fiction, adventure fiction, mystery, humorous fiction, fantasy, fable, allegory, parables, romance, folktales, and imaginative writings. Fiction is any form of literature, short stories, or poems that are made up rather than factual. Some key characteristics of fiction include featuring imaginary events and characters rather than facts.
T.S. Eliot was an American-born poet, playwright, and literary critic. He was born in 1888 in St. Louis, Missouri. He attended Harvard University where he received both undergraduate and graduate degrees. After college, he spent time touring Europe before moving to London in 1915. Some of his most famous works include The Waste Land and The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock. Eliot was heavily influenced by myths and used fragmentation in his works to reflect the modern experience. The Waste Land addresses themes of cultural fragmentation in the post-WWI period through its use of allusion and symbols.
- English poetry has evolved over historical periods from Old English to modern times, changing in form and themes.
- Old English poetry like Beowulf emphasized sorrow, fate, and Germanic values. Middle English incorporated romance.
- The Renaissance saw the rise of sonnets and metaphysical/cavalier poetry debating reason vs emotion.
- Later eras saw poetry focus on neoclassicism, nature, social issues and experimenting with tradition.
The document traces the historical divisions of literature from ancient Sumerian civilization through modern periods in Europe. It outlines the major genres and works produced during periods like ancient Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece, Rome, medieval Europe, Renaissance, early modern, and modern times. Key authors and literary works mentioned include the Epic of Gilgamesh, Homer's Iliad and Odyssey, Virgil's Aeneid, Geoffrey Chaucer's Canterbury Tales, William Shakespeare's sonnets and plays, and Miguel de Cervantes' Don Quixote.
The document provides an overview of the history of English poetry from Anglo-Saxon times to the present day. It summarizes the key characteristics of each major era, including the alliterative verse of Old English poetry, the heroic epics like Beowulf in the Anglo-Saxon period, the rise of rhyme and meter in Middle English, the sonnets and metaphysical poetry of the Renaissance, the neoclassical heroic couplet in the Restoration, the rise of Romanticism and emphasis on emotion, and modern poetry's turn toward experimentation and symbolism. The eras show poetry evolving in form and increasingly grappling with social and philosophical issues.
The document discusses different theories of poetry from classical philosophers like Plato and Aristotle and poets like Wordsworth. It traces concepts of poetry from its banishment by Plato as morally corrupting to Aristotle's view of it as using fictional examples to purify emotions. Wordsworth's definition of poetry as the "spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings" is also examined, along with his view of the poetic process. The document concludes that Wordsworth redefined poetry by going back to its origins while building on concepts from Coleridge and classical philosophers.
There are two major types of literature: oral and written. Oral literature includes ballads, myths, jokes, folktales, and fables while written literature includes drama, novels, poetry, and nonfiction works. Literature exists in many genres across different cultures and languages such as English, Greek, Latin, African, Indian, American, French, Irish, Spanish, Chinese, Italian, Japanese, Persian, Sanskrit, Nepali, Russian, and Canadian works. Prose literature includes histories, journals, philosophies, fiction, fantasies, children's works, and scientific writings. Poetry genres include sonnets, ballads, lyrics, epics, allegories, odes, and elegies. Common fictional
The novel emerged in the 18th century, influenced by previous fictions but distinct in focusing on middle-class values and everyday life rather than aristocracy or the supernatural. Key to its development were rising literacy, print technology, notions of history/progress, capitalism, individualism, secularism, Protestant values, urbanization, women's rights, and increased mobility through industry, transport, and imperialism. The novel was well-suited to depicting individuals rather than groups and linear development rather than complexity. Main types included epistolary, picaresque, anti-novel, gothic, historical, satirical, and postmodernist, with magic realism drawing on earlier influences like Tristram Shand
Milton’s Samson Agonistes: A Renaissance Image of Man - مسرحية شمشون اقونيستس...Al Baha University
جون ميلتون يعتبر شاعرا اكثر من كونه كاتب مسرحي، لهذا السبب فان شعره قد اخذ حيزا كبيرا من الدراسة والتمحيص والتحليل و/أو النقد لكن لم يعطى ذلك الاهتمام في مسرحيته، تحاول هذه الدراسة إلقاء الضوء على "سامسون اقونيستس" لميلتون كمسرحية أكثر من كونها قصيدة شعرية، الدراسة تستخدم النهج التحليلي والفلسفي والأدبي لأحد أبرز الشخصيات الأدبية في العصر التطهيري البيروتاني، جون ميلتون ومسرحيته "سامسون اقونيستس" كصورة أو مفهوم رجل عصر النهضة التي كثيرون ينسبون ارتباط ميلتون كأخر شخصية ادبية لهذا العصر، يستهل البحث بموضوع المعرفة – سواء المعرفة السماوية أو البشرية (من وجهة نظر ميلتون) وردة فعل الانسان فيما يتعلق بتلك المعرفة، الدراسة تحاول في هدفها ان تؤكد وتبرز النقائص المألوفة و اللافتة للنظر مثل المعاناة وسوء الحظ، الزوجة الغير ملائمة، المهمة الفاشلة والورطة بين كل من ميلتون وبطل مسرحيته، "سامسون".
الدراسة هي عبارة عن عملية تتبعيه لعصر "ميلتون" وأفكاره المعكوسة في مسرحيته " سامسون اقونيستس"، تحاول الدراسة إلقاء الضوء على كيفية توظيف ميلتون تقنياته الأدبية النابغة في المسرحية الشعرية قيد الدراسة، تستهل الدراسة بمقدمة متبوعة بالفقرة الأولى مفهوم رجل عصر النهضة ثم تتطرق الى معاينة المعاناة وسوء الحظ وبعد ذلك يتبع بوصف لمرئيات ميلتون نفسه حول المرأة كنتيجة لبغضه زوجته التي لم تعش معه، في القسم التالي تتبع تحليلي لمفاهيم المهمة الفاشلة والمأزق المصور في ذهن ميلتون عن نفسه وبطل مسرحيته.
John Milton is a poet more than a dramatist, hence, his poetry is plentifully studied, examined, analyzed, and/or criticized but his drama is sparsely done. This study tries to shed light on Samson Agonistes as drama. It is an analytical, philosophical and literary approach of one important figure in The Puritan age, John Milton, and his play as an image of the Renaissance man. The study takes up the theme of knowledge—divine or human knowledge and man’s reaction apropos that. The current study tries in its aim to highlight the frequent remarkable demerits such as misfortunes and suffering, unfortunate wife, unsuccessful mission, and plight between Milton and Samson. It is a pursuing process for Milton's age, and thoughts reflected in his work, Samson Agonistes. The study also attempts to shed light on how Milton employs his genius literary techniques in this verse play. The study starts with an introduction followed by the concept of the Renaissance man. The paper deals with views of misfortunes and suffering thereafter, it depicts Milton’s views concerning women as a result of his hatred to his wife. The research pursues analytically the concepts of ineffective mission, and plight imaged by Milton about himself and Samson, his main character of the play.
Willing suspension of disbelief by samuel taylor coleridgeDayamani Surya
Willing suspension of disbelief is a term coined by Samuel Taylor Coleridge. It would mean suspend one's critical faculties and believe the unbelievable; sacrifice of realism and logic for the sake of judgement.
The document provides background information on Mary Shelley's novel Frankenstein. It discusses that the novel is considered an early example of scientific fiction and uses a frame narrative structure with stories within stories. It also analyzes how the novel draws from the myths of Prometheus and Narcissus, with the protagonist Victor Frankenstein taking on aspects of both figures through his scientific experiments that go too far and his narcissistic personality.
Stream of Consciousness is a narrative technique employed by writers to describe unspoken thoughts and feelings of their characters without resorting to conventional dialogue.
Prose is written or spoken language that follows the natural flow of speech in everyday grammatical structure, rather than a rhythmic structure like poetry. It comes in various forms like fiction, non-fiction, novels, short stories, memoirs, and autobiographies. Fiction is imaginative or made-up works, while non-fiction presents factual information. Short stories are brief works of around 1,000-20,000 words that focus on one main plotline. Novellas are longer at 20,000-50,000 words. Novels exceed 50,000 words and can have multiple plotlines. Autobiographies tell the author's life story from their perspective.
The document discusses the history and definition of novels. It notes that novels originated in the 18th century from Italian novellas and now are considered long works of prose fiction over 50,000 words that focus on character development. The first novel published in the Philippines was Ninay in 1885 by Pedro Paterno. Major novels during the American period examined cultural identity and featured works like Stories by Manuel Arguilla and N.V.M. Gonzales explored Mindoro's customs. Early 20th century Tagalog novelists included Ishmael Amado, Valeriano Hernandez Peña, Faustino Aguilar, Lope K. Santos and Lazaro Francisco.
This document provides an introduction to the study of literature. It defines literature and discusses reasons for studying literature, particularly Philippine literature. It outlines the historical periods of Philippine literature in English and describes characteristics of different genres, including prose, poetry, and literary compositions that have influenced the world. The document is an overview of key concepts in the study of literature.
biography of s.t coleridge
introduction to biographia literaria
synopsis of chap 14
critical analysis
literary devices
objections and defence
fancy and imagination
primary and secondary imagination
The document is an introduction to literature that defines literature as the faithful expression of human experiences and emotions through beautiful language. It discusses why the study of Philippine literature is important to understand cultural heritage and traditions. The document also outlines different genres of literature such as fiction, non-fiction, drama, and poetry. Criteria for good literature include artistic quality, suggestiveness, and permanence.
Coleridge provides a summary and critique of Wordsworth's views on poetic diction as expressed in the preface to Lyrical Ballads. He objects that not all of Wordsworth's characters are truly from low and rustic life, and their language cannot be attributed solely to their environment. Additionally, the language of rustics is too limited to form the basis of poetic language, as it lacks ideas, thoughts, and vocabulary derived from reflection. While Wordsworth aimed to use natural language, Coleridge argues the best parts of language come from thinking on noble concepts, not the direct expressions of rustics. Their views thus differ on the proper sources and qualities of language suitable for poetic works.
The document provides an overview of the history and development of the novel genre. It begins by outlining some key parameters of novels, including their use of prose fiction and extended length to achieve verisimilitude. Notable early novels are then discussed from various regions, such as Murasaki Shikibu's Tale of Genji in 11th century Japan. The rise of the English novel in the 17th-18th centuries is covered, along with influential authors like Daniel Defoe, Samuel Richardson, Henry Fielding, and the Brontë sisters. The document concludes by describing various novel types/styles that emerged over time, such as Gothic, historical, realist/naturalist, and social novels.
Matthew Arnold believed that for a poem to be of high quality, it must possess both "higher truth" and "higher seriousness." He did not fully define "high seriousness" but suggested it referred to an extreme level of seriousness in applying ideas to life. Arnold viewed poetry as having a high, moral purpose of interpreting life, and he judged poets based on whether their works achieved this high standard of truth and seriousness. While he praised poets like Milton, Shakespeare, and Homer as "classics," he believed Geoffrey Chaucer lacked the necessary high seriousness to be considered on their level, though he still recognized Chaucer's enduring popularity and power.
Wordsworth outlines three principles in the preface to the Lyrical Ballads: 1) the poetry concerns nature and country life, 2) it emphasizes poetry as an art form to enlighten readers on human emotion, and 3) clean, simple lines best capture the imagination rather than overly complicated styles. He chose rustic subjects and language to find a "plainer and more emphatic" way to communicate passions. Poetry combines feeling and thought as a spontaneous overflow of powerful emotions and ideas. The poet's duty is to produce pleasure and enlarge human capability. Wordsworth defends his choice of common subjects and language to better understand essential human passions.
English Literature | Senior Secondary SchoolSkiFi Designs
There are many types of fiction including literary fiction, commercial fiction, science fiction, animal fiction, adventure fiction, mystery, humorous fiction, fantasy, fable, allegory, parables, romance, folktales, and imaginative writings. Fiction is any form of literature, short stories, or poems that are made up rather than factual. Some key characteristics of fiction include featuring imaginary events and characters rather than facts.
T.S. Eliot was an American-born poet, playwright, and literary critic. He was born in 1888 in St. Louis, Missouri. He attended Harvard University where he received both undergraduate and graduate degrees. After college, he spent time touring Europe before moving to London in 1915. Some of his most famous works include The Waste Land and The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock. Eliot was heavily influenced by myths and used fragmentation in his works to reflect the modern experience. The Waste Land addresses themes of cultural fragmentation in the post-WWI period through its use of allusion and symbols.
- English poetry has evolved over historical periods from Old English to modern times, changing in form and themes.
- Old English poetry like Beowulf emphasized sorrow, fate, and Germanic values. Middle English incorporated romance.
- The Renaissance saw the rise of sonnets and metaphysical/cavalier poetry debating reason vs emotion.
- Later eras saw poetry focus on neoclassicism, nature, social issues and experimenting with tradition.
The document traces the historical divisions of literature from ancient Sumerian civilization through modern periods in Europe. It outlines the major genres and works produced during periods like ancient Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece, Rome, medieval Europe, Renaissance, early modern, and modern times. Key authors and literary works mentioned include the Epic of Gilgamesh, Homer's Iliad and Odyssey, Virgil's Aeneid, Geoffrey Chaucer's Canterbury Tales, William Shakespeare's sonnets and plays, and Miguel de Cervantes' Don Quixote.
The document provides an overview of the history of English poetry from Anglo-Saxon times to the present day. It summarizes the key characteristics of each major era, including the alliterative verse of Old English poetry, the heroic epics like Beowulf in the Anglo-Saxon period, the rise of rhyme and meter in Middle English, the sonnets and metaphysical poetry of the Renaissance, the neoclassical heroic couplet in the Restoration, the rise of Romanticism and emphasis on emotion, and modern poetry's turn toward experimentation and symbolism. The eras show poetry evolving in form and increasingly grappling with social and philosophical issues.
The document discusses different theories of poetry from classical philosophers like Plato and Aristotle and poets like Wordsworth. It traces concepts of poetry from its banishment by Plato as morally corrupting to Aristotle's view of it as using fictional examples to purify emotions. Wordsworth's definition of poetry as the "spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings" is also examined, along with his view of the poetic process. The document concludes that Wordsworth redefined poetry by going back to its origins while building on concepts from Coleridge and classical philosophers.
There are two major types of literature: oral and written. Oral literature includes ballads, myths, jokes, folktales, and fables while written literature includes drama, novels, poetry, and nonfiction works. Literature exists in many genres across different cultures and languages such as English, Greek, Latin, African, Indian, American, French, Irish, Spanish, Chinese, Italian, Japanese, Persian, Sanskrit, Nepali, Russian, and Canadian works. Prose literature includes histories, journals, philosophies, fiction, fantasies, children's works, and scientific writings. Poetry genres include sonnets, ballads, lyrics, epics, allegories, odes, and elegies. Common fictional
The novel emerged in the 18th century, influenced by previous fictions but distinct in focusing on middle-class values and everyday life rather than aristocracy or the supernatural. Key to its development were rising literacy, print technology, notions of history/progress, capitalism, individualism, secularism, Protestant values, urbanization, women's rights, and increased mobility through industry, transport, and imperialism. The novel was well-suited to depicting individuals rather than groups and linear development rather than complexity. Main types included epistolary, picaresque, anti-novel, gothic, historical, satirical, and postmodernist, with magic realism drawing on earlier influences like Tristram Shand
Milton’s Samson Agonistes: A Renaissance Image of Man - مسرحية شمشون اقونيستس...Al Baha University
جون ميلتون يعتبر شاعرا اكثر من كونه كاتب مسرحي، لهذا السبب فان شعره قد اخذ حيزا كبيرا من الدراسة والتمحيص والتحليل و/أو النقد لكن لم يعطى ذلك الاهتمام في مسرحيته، تحاول هذه الدراسة إلقاء الضوء على "سامسون اقونيستس" لميلتون كمسرحية أكثر من كونها قصيدة شعرية، الدراسة تستخدم النهج التحليلي والفلسفي والأدبي لأحد أبرز الشخصيات الأدبية في العصر التطهيري البيروتاني، جون ميلتون ومسرحيته "سامسون اقونيستس" كصورة أو مفهوم رجل عصر النهضة التي كثيرون ينسبون ارتباط ميلتون كأخر شخصية ادبية لهذا العصر، يستهل البحث بموضوع المعرفة – سواء المعرفة السماوية أو البشرية (من وجهة نظر ميلتون) وردة فعل الانسان فيما يتعلق بتلك المعرفة، الدراسة تحاول في هدفها ان تؤكد وتبرز النقائص المألوفة و اللافتة للنظر مثل المعاناة وسوء الحظ، الزوجة الغير ملائمة، المهمة الفاشلة والورطة بين كل من ميلتون وبطل مسرحيته، "سامسون".
الدراسة هي عبارة عن عملية تتبعيه لعصر "ميلتون" وأفكاره المعكوسة في مسرحيته " سامسون اقونيستس"، تحاول الدراسة إلقاء الضوء على كيفية توظيف ميلتون تقنياته الأدبية النابغة في المسرحية الشعرية قيد الدراسة، تستهل الدراسة بمقدمة متبوعة بالفقرة الأولى مفهوم رجل عصر النهضة ثم تتطرق الى معاينة المعاناة وسوء الحظ وبعد ذلك يتبع بوصف لمرئيات ميلتون نفسه حول المرأة كنتيجة لبغضه زوجته التي لم تعش معه، في القسم التالي تتبع تحليلي لمفاهيم المهمة الفاشلة والمأزق المصور في ذهن ميلتون عن نفسه وبطل مسرحيته.
John Milton is a poet more than a dramatist, hence, his poetry is plentifully studied, examined, analyzed, and/or criticized but his drama is sparsely done. This study tries to shed light on Samson Agonistes as drama. It is an analytical, philosophical and literary approach of one important figure in The Puritan age, John Milton, and his play as an image of the Renaissance man. The study takes up the theme of knowledge—divine or human knowledge and man’s reaction apropos that. The current study tries in its aim to highlight the frequent remarkable demerits such as misfortunes and suffering, unfortunate wife, unsuccessful mission, and plight between Milton and Samson. It is a pursuing process for Milton's age, and thoughts reflected in his work, Samson Agonistes. The study also attempts to shed light on how Milton employs his genius literary techniques in this verse play. The study starts with an introduction followed by the concept of the Renaissance man. The paper deals with views of misfortunes and suffering thereafter, it depicts Milton’s views concerning women as a result of his hatred to his wife. The research pursues analytically the concepts of ineffective mission, and plight imaged by Milton about himself and Samson, his main character of the play.
Willing suspension of disbelief by samuel taylor coleridgeDayamani Surya
Willing suspension of disbelief is a term coined by Samuel Taylor Coleridge. It would mean suspend one's critical faculties and believe the unbelievable; sacrifice of realism and logic for the sake of judgement.
The document provides background information on Mary Shelley's novel Frankenstein. It discusses that the novel is considered an early example of scientific fiction and uses a frame narrative structure with stories within stories. It also analyzes how the novel draws from the myths of Prometheus and Narcissus, with the protagonist Victor Frankenstein taking on aspects of both figures through his scientific experiments that go too far and his narcissistic personality.
Stream of Consciousness is a narrative technique employed by writers to describe unspoken thoughts and feelings of their characters without resorting to conventional dialogue.
Prose is written or spoken language that follows the natural flow of speech in everyday grammatical structure, rather than a rhythmic structure like poetry. It comes in various forms like fiction, non-fiction, novels, short stories, memoirs, and autobiographies. Fiction is imaginative or made-up works, while non-fiction presents factual information. Short stories are brief works of around 1,000-20,000 words that focus on one main plotline. Novellas are longer at 20,000-50,000 words. Novels exceed 50,000 words and can have multiple plotlines. Autobiographies tell the author's life story from their perspective.
The document discusses the history and definition of novels. It notes that novels originated in the 18th century from Italian novellas and now are considered long works of prose fiction over 50,000 words that focus on character development. The first novel published in the Philippines was Ninay in 1885 by Pedro Paterno. Major novels during the American period examined cultural identity and featured works like Stories by Manuel Arguilla and N.V.M. Gonzales explored Mindoro's customs. Early 20th century Tagalog novelists included Ishmael Amado, Valeriano Hernandez Peña, Faustino Aguilar, Lope K. Santos and Lazaro Francisco.
The document discusses the rise of the novel as a literary genre. It provides definitions of a novel and traces its origins from 17th century England. The novel rose to prominence due to social and economic changes associated with the rise of the middle class. Early novels experimented with different styles and subgenres like the epistolary, realistic, philosophical, and Bildungsroman novels. Major early novels included Robinson Crusoe, Gulliver's Travels, Tom Jones, and Tristram Shandy. Theorists have analyzed the novel's development in terms of formal realism, progressive narrative, and specific narrative features. The novel became the dominant genre of world literature by the 19th century.
The document summarizes the history and development of the novel genre. It discusses how novels originated in the 18th century with the emergence of the middle class and focus on human characters. It then describes the rise of historical novels in the 19th century led by writers like Walter Scott. The document also outlines the major developments in the English novel from the 18th-20th centuries, including the influence of romanticism, Victorian novelists focusing on middle and working class stories, and 20th century novels reflecting world events like wars and political issues.
The document provides an overview of short stories, including:
- Short stories are usually works of fiction written in prose and focus on a few characters and mood over plot. They are typically shorter than novels.
- Definitions of short stories vary based on length, but they are often considered to be between 1,000-20,000 words.
- The history of short stories dates back to oral traditions but the modern form emerged in the late 18th/early 19th centuries with writers like Poe, Hawthorne, and Pushkin popularizing the format.
Umberto Eco was an influential Italian author and academic known for his novels and scholarly works. He gained international fame for his bestselling novel The Name of the Rose. As a semiotician, Eco studied signs and symbols in culture. He was a professor who helped change academia's approach to popular culture. Eco authored many acclaimed novels that blended philosophy, history and fiction. He passed away in 2016 at the age of 84 after a battle with cancer. Eco made major contributions to literary and cultural studies through both his fiction and non-fiction works.
The document discusses the rise of the novel as a genre in the 18th century. It provides definitions of the novel and traces its origins from prototypes in Elizabethan literature. The rise of the novel coincided with the rise of the middle class in Europe as printing technology advanced and literacy rates increased. Early novels took different forms such as epistolary, realistic, philosophical, and experimental novels. Major early novelists included Defoe, Fielding, Richardson, Sterne, and Swift. Theories on the rise of the novel discussed include formal realism, progressive narrative, and specific novelistic features before the formal establishment of the genre.
The document discusses the rise of the novel as a genre in the 18th century. It provides definitions of the novel and traces its origins from prototypes in Elizabethan literature. The rise of the novel coincided with the rise of the middle class in Europe as printing technology advanced and literacy rates increased. Early novels focused on middle-class protagonists and included elements of realism to engage readers. Major novelists like Defoe, Fielding, and Richardson helped establish the novel as a new legitimate form through styles like the epistolary, realistic, and philosophical novels.
The document discusses the definitions and characteristics of novels and different types of novels. It begins by defining a novel as a fictional prose narrative of considerable length that portrays characters and events representative of real life. It then discusses some key aspects of novels including their origins in the 11th century and popularity overtaking other forms of storytelling. The document also summarizes different genres of novels like mysteries, science fiction, romance, historical fiction, and realism. It concludes by outlining common novel structures such as chapters, timelines/points of view, and three-act structure.
Novellete, novel and romance (Rahmatullah Katawazai)Rahmat Katawazai
The document provides an introduction to novellas, novels, and romances, defining each term and discussing their origins and key elements. It examines the historical development of the novel and identifies some of the first novels written in different languages. The document also compares the typical lengths of short stories, novellas, novels, and romances.
Lecture 3Realism, Naturalism, and the Short StoryIntroduction.docxSHIVA101531
This document provides an overview of literary realism and naturalism in 19th century short stories. It discusses how realism emerged as a reaction against romanticism, emphasizing accurate depictions of ordinary life. Realist works are characterized by complex characters, detailed settings, objective narration. Major realist writers mentioned include Chekhov, Tolstoy, Maupassant, and later American writers like Jewett and Crane. Naturalism further emphasized deterministic views of humanity struggling against hostile environments. The document provides examples of realist and naturalist short stories and encourages analytical writing about them beyond merely summarizing plots.
Lecture 3Realism, Naturalism, and the Short StoryIntroductio.docxSHIVA101531
Lecture 3
Realism, Naturalism, and the Short Story
Introduction
Many readers see similarities between Melville's Bartleby and Gogol's clerk in "The Overcoat," and these two stories typify many of the traits we have come to associate with realism. As literary Romanticism began to give way to more realistic traits in writing, a group of French and European writers definitively overturned literary conventions and heralded a new way of writing fiction. Literary realism continued to flourish and dominate the literary scene in Europe and North America well into the 20th century. As writers began to experiment with this new type of fiction, they felt free from the constraints of traditional literary structures and began to incorporate other literary techniques such as impressionism, naturalism, and regionalism into their short stories. Often minimizing the very real biases they brought with them to their works, they enthusiastically embraced realism as a more objective way to convey the truth of human life through fiction.
Nineteenth Century Realism
Before and during the early 19th century, the short story form was generally considered to be formulaic and simplistic. Writers merely followed a pattern in which the plot rose dramatically to a crisis and then quickly resolved itself. Enlightenment and even Romantic writers often employed stock or flat characters, or presented characters who allegorically stood for character traits or who were extraordinary in some way. A literary movement developed in France in the mid-19th century that had writers championing the ordinary person as a fitting subject for literature. In 1857, the French novelist, Champfleury, wrote a description of the goals of this new movement, which he called "Le Realisme" (Drabble, 1996, p. 824). His title produced the term realism, which has been associated with these writers and the many British, European, and American writers who were influenced by them.
Literary works of realism are classified as such when they share most of the following characteristics:
They present the difficulties and daily experiences of the ordinary man or woman.
Their authors are more concerned with characterization than with other elements of fiction, as the human individual is their primary concern.
They are set in local, specific, and highly-detailed settings.
Their writers "stress 'sincerity' as opposed to the 'liberty' proclaimed by the romantics" (Drabble, 1996, p. 824).
Their authors view fiction writing almost as a form of journalistic documentation, in which they can convey a slice of life or snapshot of ordinary people and events accurately and as objectively as possible.
They contain accurate description and dialogue, including the use of local accents and speech patterns faithfully reproduced.
They explore all aspects of the common person's life, including situations and events that are sordid, unbecomi ...
The document discusses the origin and features of the essay form. It states that Michel de Montaigne is considered the father of the modern essay, as he first used the term "essais" to describe this type of informal writing. While essays vary in style and length, they are generally defined as brief compositions in prose on a particular subject. Key features of essays include limiting their scope, giving a sense of completeness despite covering only part of a subject, and having unlimited subject matter. The document then provides brief biographies of several influential English essayists like Charles Lamb, William Hazlitt, Thomas Carlyle, Thomas Love Peacock, and Thomas de Quincey.
This document provides an introduction to literature II which focuses on short stories, novels, and prose. It summarizes several short stories that will be covered including works by Oscar Wilde, O. Henry, Guy de Maupassant, Edgar Allan Poe, and Ernest Hemingway. It also provides definitions and strategies for reading short stories as well as biographies of the authors.
This document defines and distinguishes between different types of fiction, including short stories, novellas, and novels. It notes that fiction is a narrative that includes imaginary or invented events, in contrast to non-fiction which deals with factual information. Short stories are brief narratives that focus on a single event or idea, while novellas and novels are longer forms that can incorporate more complex plots, characters, and themes over a greater length. Novels are the longest form of fictional narrative.
The document provides an overview of the novel genre, including its origins and evolution over time. It defines a novel as a fictional prose narrative of considerable length that portrays characters and scenes representative of real life. Some key points made include:
- Novels originated in the 18th century in England and have evolved to mean works of prose fiction over 50,000 words that deal with human characters in social situations.
- Early novels developed from medieval romances and collections of ballads. The novel genre continued to take shape in the Elizabethan and 17th centuries with works like Euphues and Arcadia.
- Novels are distinguished from shorter works by their greater length, which allows for more complex plots
Literature for today's child includes vast array of stories written in language that he can understand. Wedged in between may be found the great classics of yesteryear and in addiction, there are excellent, beautifully illustrated books on nature, fascinating fiction, and highly educational, biographical profiles.
The document defines different types of novels including autobiographical novels, epistolary novels, social realism novels, historical novels, novels of manners, and mystery novels. It provides examples for each type, such as Charles Dickens' David Copperfield as an autobiographical novel and Samuel Richardson's Pamela and Clarissa as epistolary novels told through letters. The document also introduces Jane Austen as an English novelist known for her realistic portrayals of the landed gentry through works like Sense and Sensibility, Pride and Prejudice, Mansfield Park, Emma, Northanger Abbey, and Persuasion.
Introduction to contemporary translation studiesSachin Ketkar
Contemporary translation studies emerged as a discipline in the 1970s, moving beyond a focus on translation practices to examine broader questions about the relationship between translation and society. It views translation as operating within a cultural context and sees the target language and culture as influencing translation, rejecting the idea that translation is inferior to the original. Contemporary approaches examine translation's ideological role and how factors like politics and representation shape translations.
- Dr. Sachin Ketkar discusses the transition from an annual teacher-centric education system to a learner-centric continuous evaluation system in Gujarat.
- He tells a story of two stonecutters named Sachin - an older, cynical one and a younger, enthusiastic one. The younger one sees himself as building a hospital to help his community, while the older sees just breaking stones.
- Dr. Ketkar realized he could help develop student abilities rather than just imparting knowledge. He formed Netrutva, a community of over 1500 teachers, to discuss education issues and transform higher education and humanities.
The document provides biographical information about Rabindranath Tagore, a Bengali poet, novelist, musician, painter and playwright. It discusses his influence on Bengali and Indian literature. It notes he won the 1913 Nobel Prize in Literature and was knighted by the British but later returned the knighthood. It also summarizes some of his major works and accomplishments, including founding Visva-Bharati University.
The document discusses the register of research writing. It defines register as the language variety used in a particular situation based on field, mode, and tenor. The field of research is the area of knowledge and researcher's claim/position. The mode is that a thesis follows conventions of a genre. The tenor depends on the relationship between the researcher and intended audience/addressee, which should be other scholars in the field. The document emphasizes that acquiring English for research means internalizing Western ways of thinking while maintaining an awareness of one's own cultural identity and location.
The document summarizes the history of American poetry from its origins to modernism. It covers major poets like Anne Bradstreet, Walt Whitman, Emily Dickinson, and movements like Transcendentalism. Whitman's Leaves of Grass was influential in developing a distinct American poetic voice, while Dickinson's cryptic style was a contrasting idiom. Modernism in the 20th century, led by Ezra Pound and T.S. Eliot, moved poetry toward greater difficulty.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
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Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
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The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold Method
Cutting the long story short
1. CUTTING THE LONG STORY SHORT: THE NOVEL AND THE SHORT STORY AS LITERARY FORMS Dr. Sachin Ketkar Associate Professor Dept. of English Faculty of Arts, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara Dr. Anil Kapoor Associate Professor English Department Smt. R.R.H.PatelMahila Arts College Vijapur, Mehsana
2. THIS PRESENTATION WAS MADE FOR SANDHAN EDUSAT TV TELECAST,bhaskaracharya institute of space applications and geo informatics, gandhinagar, gujarat On 24 august 2011 BISAG SANDHAN PRESENTATION
3. OBJECTIVES OF THE PRESENTATION You will be able to better understand the notions of genre, narrative, fiction, the short story and the novel. You will be able to tell the similarity and the difference between a short story and a novel. You will also learn about important writers and texts in the course of the discussion.
4. WHAT ARE ‘GENRES’? The novel and the short story are two most popular literary ‘genres’. The word genre comes from the French (and originally Latin) word for 'kind' or 'class'. The term is widely used in rhetoric, literary theory, media theory, and more recently linguistics, to refer to a distinctive TYPE of text.
5. LITERARY GENRES In literature the broadest division is between poetry, prose and drama, within which there are further divisions, such as tragedy and comedy within the category of drama. The novel and the short story are two important types of prose fictional narratives.
6. NARRATIVE A narrative is a story that is created in a constructive format (as a work of speech, writing, song, film, television, video games, photography or theatre) that describes a sequence of fictional or non-fictional events.
7. FICTION Fiction is the form of any narrative or informative work that deals, in part or in whole, with information or events that are not factual, but rather, imaginary—that is, invented by the author.
8. FICTION VS.NON-FICTION Fiction also refers to theatrical, cinematic or musical work. Fiction contrast with non-fiction, which deals exclusively with factual (or, at least, assumed factual) events, descriptions, observations, etc. (e.g.: biographies, histories).
9. THE SHORT STORY The term ‘ short story’ tells us that it is a narrative ( story) and that it is ‘ short’. So ‘ short story’ means a short piece of narrative However, ‘short’ is a relative term( e.g. My brother is shorter than me, but I am shorter than my friend) and can only be understood in relation to other forms of prose narratives like ‘the novel’,’ ‘the novella’, ‘the novellette’ or ‘flash fiction’.
10. THE SHORT STORY The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language defines short story as , ‘A short piece of prose fiction, having few characters and aiming at unity of effect.’
11. THE SHORT STORY Because of the shorter length, a short story usually focuses on one plot, one main character (with a few additional minor characters), and one central theme, whereas a novel can tackle multiple plots and themes, with a variety of prominent characters.
12. HISTORY OF THE SHORT STORY William Boyd, in ‘ A Short History of the Short Story’ (2006) notes , “The short story had always existed as an informal oral tradition, but until the mass middle-class literacy of the 19th century arrived in the west, and the magazine and periodical market was invented to service the new reading public’s desires and preferences, there had been no real publishing forum for a piece of short fiction in the five to 50-page range.”
13. THE EARLY SHORT STORY Boyd says that Walter Scott’s story “The Two Drovers,” published in Chronicles of the Canongate in 1827 is the first modern short story. Scott influenced George Eliot and Thomas Hardy in Britain, Balzac in France, Pushkin and Turgenev in Russia and Fennimore Cooper and Hawthorne in America. These writers influenced Flaubert and Maupassant in France, Anton Chekhov in Russia , Poe and Melville in America.
14. ANTON CHEKHOV(1860-1904) A Russian short-story writer, playwright and physician, considered to be one of the greatest short-story writers in the history of world literature
15. POE ON THE SHORT STORY When Edgar Allan Poe read Hawthorne, he made the first real analysis of the difference between the short story and the novel, defining a short story quite simply as a narrative that “can be read at one sitting.” Boyd takes Poe’s definition further by saying, ‘a true, fully functioning short story should achieve a totality of effect that makes it almost impossible to encapsulate or summarize.’
16. Edgar Allan Poe (1809 – 1849) Poe was an American author, poet, editor and literary critic, considered part of the American Romantic Movement. Poe was one of the earliest American practitioners of the short story.
17. THE SHORT STORY VS THE NOVEL Boyd notes, ‘ the effect of reading a good short story is quite different from the effect of reading a good novel. The great modern short stories possess a quality of mystery and beguiling resonance about them—a complexity of afterthought— that cannot be pinned down or analyzed..’
18. Frank O’Connor (1903 –1966) an Irish author of over 150 works, best known for his short stories and memoirs. His The Lonely Voice: (1963) is one of the most important theory of the short story.
19. THE SHORT STORY AS THE LONELY VOICE "There is in the short story at its most characteristic," Frank O Connor proposes, "something we do not often find in the novel - an intense awareness of human loneliness." The story deals especially with "submerged population groups consisting of "outlawed figures wandering about the fringes of society".
20. THE SHORT STORY AS THE LONELY VOICE One of the most important aspect of the short story as a ‘genre’ , according to Frank O Connor is its focus on the individual and his or her loneliness and social marginality or alienation. Connor also notes that the modern short story ‘began and continues to function as a private art intended to satisfy the standards of the individual, solitary , critical reader.” The novel on the other hand emphasizes the process of identification between the reader and the character.
21. THE NOVEL The novel is an extended prose fiction narrative of 50,000 words or more, which arose in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries and overtook verse narratives in popularity, eventually replacing them. Its roots go back to the medieval andearly modern romance and in the tradition of the novella. The latter supplied the present generic term in the late 18th century
22. THE ROMANCE Romance is a medieval narrative genre and a precursor of the novel. Written at first in verse (as in the works of Chretien de Troyes), and later in prose (Malory's Le MorteD'Arthur). Romances were popular in the aristocratic circles of High Medieval and Early Modern Europe. They were fantastic stories about marvel-filled adventures, often of a knight errant portrayed as having heroic qualities, who goes on a quest.
23. THE NOVEL The term for the novel in most European languages is roman, which suggests its closeness to the medieval romance. The English name is derived from the Italian novella, meaning "a little new thing." Romances and novelle, short tales in prose, were predecessors of the novel, as were picaresque narratives.
24. THE PICARESQUE NOVEL ‘Picaro’ is Spanish for "rogue," and the typical picaresque story is of the escapades of a rascal who lives by his wits. The development of the realistic novel owes much to such works, which were written to deflate romantic or idealized fictional forms.
25. DON QUIXOTE Cervantes' Don Quixote (1605-15), the story of an engaging madman who tries to live by the ideals of chivalric romance, explores the role of illusion and reality in life and was the single most important progenitor of the modern novel.
26. The novel is often said to have emerged with the appearance of Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe (1719) and Moll Flanders (1722). The first "novel of character" or psychological novel is Samuel Richardson's Pamela (1740-41), an epistolary novel (or novel in which the narrative is conveyed entirely by an exchange of letters). It is a work characterized by the careful plotting of emotional states. Another such work is Richardson's masterpiece Clarissa (1747-48).
27. BAKHTIN ON THE NOVEL Mikhail Mikhailovich Bakhtin (1895, –1975) was a Russian philosopher, literary critic, and scholar who worked on literary theory, ethics, and the philosophy of language.
28. BAKHTIN ON THE NOVEL In "Epic and Novel", Bakhtin points out the novel’s distinct nature by contrasting it with the epic. He shows that the novel is well-suited to the post-industrial civilization in which we live because it flourishes on diversity. It is this same diversity that the epic attempts to eliminate from the world.
29. BAKHTIN ON THE NOVEL The novel as a genre is unique in that it is able to embrace, ingest, and devour other genres while still maintaining its status as a novel. Other genres, however, cannot emulate the novel without damaging their own distinct identity.
30. HETEROGLOSSIA Any language, in Bakhtin's view, stratifies into many voices: "social dialects, characteristic group behavior, professional jargons, generic languages, languages of generations and age groups, tendentious languages, languages of the authorities, of various circles and of passing fashions.” This heterogeneous nature of language is what Bakhtin calls ‘ heteroglossia’.
31. BAKHTIN ON THE NOVEL The linguistic energy of the novel is in its expression of the conflict between voices through their adaptation to different elements in the novel's discourse. This diversity of voice is the defining characteristic of the novel as a genre.
32. THE NOVEL VS. THE SHORT STORY As both the forms are ‘prose narratives’, the basic elements of the narrative like characterization, plot, point of view and setting are common. However, comparing Bakhtin’s views on the novel and Frank O’Connor and William Boyd’s views on the short story, we realize that the difference between the two is not simply of length of the story.
33. THE NOVEL VS. THE SHORT STORY The overall emphasis and focus of the short story seems to towards the individual and his or her isolation , on the ‘The Lonely Voice’ -as Connor points out and the overall emphasis and the focus of the novel seems to be on the plurality and social diversity of conflicting voices as Bakhtin observes.
34. Boyd’s Distinction Between the Novel and the Short Story As William Boyd (Brief Encounters, 2004) notes , “Something occurs in the writing - and reading - of a short story that is on another level from the writing and reading of a novel. The basic issue, it seems to me, is one of compression versus expansion….we see that the ideas, the inspiration, that will drive a novel, however succinctly expressed, have to be capable of endless augmentation and elaboration….
35. William Boyd is a Scottish novelist and screenwriter. Boyd's novels include: A Good Man in Africa and Any Human Heart. William Boyd, CBE (born 7 March 1952)
36. Boyd on The Novel vs. The Short Story The essence of almost every short story, by contrast, is one of distillation, of reduction. It's not a simple question of length, either: there are 20-page short stories that are far more charged and gravid with meaning than 400-page novels.
37. Boyd on The Novel vs. The Short Story “We are talking about a different category of prose fiction altogether… to pin down the essence of the two forms - is poetry: to compare the epic with the lyric. Let us say that the short story is prose fiction's lyric poem, contrasted with the novel as its epic.”
38.
39. REFERENCES: M. M. Bakhtin, [1930s] Ed. Michael Holquist. Trans. CarylEmersThe Dialogic Imagination: Four Essays. on and Michael Holquist. Austin and London: University of Texas Press. 1981 Frank O'Connor. The Lonely Voice (1963) William Boyd ,”The Short History of the Short Story ”.2006 William Boyd , “Brief encounters”, 2004