The document discusses mortality statistics in Afghanistan based on the 2010 Afghanistan Mortality Survey (AMS). Some key findings from the AMS include an infant mortality rate of 77 per 1000 live births, an under-five mortality rate of 97 per 1000 live births, and a pregnancy-related mortality ratio of 327 per 100,000 live births. The lifetime risk of pregnancy-related death is four times higher in rural versus urban areas. The AMS also estimated life expectancies of approximately 64 years for both sexes in Afghanistan. Causes of death are discussed for females and males of all ages based on AMS data.
Pleural effusions can be transudative or exudative based on the ratio of fluid to serum proteins and lactate dehydrogenase levels. Common causes include congestive heart failure, cirrhosis, pneumonia, and malignancy. Diagnosis involves physical exam, imaging like chest x-ray, and thoracentesis to analyze fluid characteristics. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may include drainage, antibiotics for infection, or pleurodesis for recurrent malignant effusions.
More Related Content
Similar to Cushing syndrome Pashto Dr Akhtar Totakhail
The document discusses mortality statistics in Afghanistan based on the 2010 Afghanistan Mortality Survey (AMS). Some key findings from the AMS include an infant mortality rate of 77 per 1000 live births, an under-five mortality rate of 97 per 1000 live births, and a pregnancy-related mortality ratio of 327 per 100,000 live births. The lifetime risk of pregnancy-related death is four times higher in rural versus urban areas. The AMS also estimated life expectancies of approximately 64 years for both sexes in Afghanistan. Causes of death are discussed for females and males of all ages based on AMS data.
Pleural effusions can be transudative or exudative based on the ratio of fluid to serum proteins and lactate dehydrogenase levels. Common causes include congestive heart failure, cirrhosis, pneumonia, and malignancy. Diagnosis involves physical exam, imaging like chest x-ray, and thoracentesis to analyze fluid characteristics. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may include drainage, antibiotics for infection, or pleurodesis for recurrent malignant effusions.
1) Complications of myocardial infarction (MI) include recurrent chest pain, arrhythmias, left ventricular (LV) failure, right ventricular infarction, mechanical complications like myocardial rupture, cardiogenic shock, pericarditis, and hypovolemia.
2) Common arrhythmias after MI are ventricular premature beats, ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, atrial fibrillation, and AV block.
3) LV failure involves remodeling of the LV and structural/functional changes to the heart due to loss of myocardium and increased wall stress.
Acute coronary syndrome describes conditions caused by reduced blood flow to the heart and includes STEMI, NSTEMI, and unstable angina. It causes chest pain and other symptoms. Risk factors include age, sex, family history, hypertension, diabetes, smoking, dyslipidemia, and obesity. Treatment involves hospitalization, medications like antiplatelets, anticoagulants, beta blockers, and calcium channel blockers, and sometimes revascularization. Lifestyle changes and controlling lipids are important for long term management.
This document describes two standard echocardiography views - the parasternal long axis (PSLA) view and parasternal short axis (PSSA) view. The PSLA view provides an initial assessment of the heart including ejection fraction and ventricular sizes. It is obtained by placing the probe at the 4th intercostal space toward the right shoulder. The PSSA view is obtained by rotating the probe 90 degrees from the PSLA view toward the left shoulder. This view shows the heart at three levels - mid-papillary, mitral valve, and aortic valve levels - and provides information on ejection fraction, ventricular function, and wall motion abnormalities. Key structures visualized include the ventricles
This document provides an overview of various ultrasound modes and functions. It discusses the near and far field gains, time gain compensation, focus, freeze function, and calipers. The basic B-mode and M-mode are described. Advanced Doppler modes including color Doppler, pulse wave Doppler, continuous wave Doppler, and tissue Doppler imaging are explained. Each mode's purpose and capabilities are concisely outlined.
Echocardiography, also known as cardiac ultrasound, is a non-invasive procedure that uses ultrasound to image the heart. There are two main types: transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) which images the heart through the chest wall, and transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) which uses a probe inserted into the esophagus. Echocardiography is used to assess conditions like heart function, chest pain, murmurs, and cardiac arrest. The ultrasound technician positions the patient and machine, then uses different probe movements like sliding, tilting, and rotating to obtain various views and images of the heart. Settings like gain are adjusted to optimize image quality.
Echocardiography, also known as cardiac ultrasound, is a non-invasive procedure that uses ultrasound to image the heart. There are two main types: transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) which images the heart through the chest wall, and transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) which uses a probe inserted into the esophagus. Echocardiography is used to assess conditions like heart function, chest pain, murmurs, and cardiac arrest. The ultrasound technician positions the patient and machine, then uses different probe movements like sliding, tilting, and rotating to obtain various views and images of the heart. Settings like gain are adjusted to optimize image quality.
Ischemic heart diseases and chronic renal function insufficiency are often comorbid conditions. Patients with end-stage renal disease have high risk of cardiovascular disease due to traditional risk factors exacerbated by the uremic environment. Management involves aggressive control of risk factors and revascularization if indicated based on stress testing. Contrast agents are used cautiously in angiography due to risks of worsening renal function, with non-ionic low-osmolar agents preferred.