This document describes three types of anaerobic composting: the Bangalore method, Coimbatore method, and Chinese pit method. The Bangalore method involves layering organic refuse and night soil in trenches, covering with soil, and leaving undisturbed for 6-8 months. The Coimbatore method layers farm wastes in pits under shade for 1 month before turning and aerobic decomposition over 4 months. The Chinese pit method alternates layers of materials in pits, maintains a water layer, and turns the materials over 3 months to produce compost.
Este documento lista los requisitos para obtener un permiso de funcionamiento para una planta de elaboración de alimentos. Estos incluyen una autorización municipal, comprobante de pago de servicios, planos de la planta e instalaciones sanitarias, descripción de procesos de elaboración, listado de materias primas, y sistemas de control de calidad y eliminación de desechos.
The document summarizes the key points from a seminar presentation on the role of vermicompost in crop production. Some key points:
- Vermicompost is a nutrient-rich organic fertilizer produced by earthworms feeding on organic waste. It improves soil properties and increases crop yields.
- Different types of earthworms are used for vermicomposting. Eisenia foetida is commonly used as it grows quickly and produces many cocoons.
- Vermicompost has higher nutrient content than other organic fertilizers. Studies show it increases crop yields more than chemical fertilizers alone over successive seasons.
- Application of vermicompost improves soil properties like nutrients,
This document discusses methods for analyzing microbial diversity in soil without culturing. It notes that while culturing methods have provided access to some microbes, they represent only about 1% of soil microbes due to physiological constraints. Molecular methods like 16S rRNA gene sequencing reveal far greater phylogenetic diversity in soil. The document reviews various culture-independent methods like DNA-DNA hybridization, PCR amplification, and gene expression cloning that provide insights into the phylogenetic and functional diversity of uncultured soil microbes, opening possibilities for discovering novel products. It suggests both culturable and unculturable microbes likely contribute to untapped natural product resources.
This document discusses the importance of soil health and the soil food web for plant and soil health. It provides information on the different microorganisms found in soil and their roles in nutrient cycling, holding soil carbon, and other functions. The document advocates for managed grazing practices like adaptive multi-paddock grazing to improve soil health by increasing organic matter and microbial diversity. It presents data showing higher soil carbon and improved pasture productivity on farms using adaptive grazing compared to conventional continuous grazing.
This document discusses the impacts of climate change on insect pests, weeds, and plant diseases. It notes that rising temperatures will extend growing seasons, accelerate insect lifecycles, and allow some pests and weeds to expand their ranges. Increased carbon dioxide can benefit some invasive weeds and make plants less nutritious for insects. Disease forecasting models may need to be adjusted for climate change. Adapting management practices and prioritizing research on key threats will help agriculture adapt to these impacts.
This document provides a summary of soil microorganisms and their functions in 3 sentences or less:
Soil is teeming with life including bacteria, fungi, protists, and animals that carry out essential functions like decomposing organic matter, fixing nitrogen, and forming symbiotic relationships with plant roots. There can be thousands of species of microbes like bacteria and fungi, and dozens of species of larger organisms like earthworms, mites and nematodes in a single handful of healthy soil. These diverse soil microorganisms interact and carry out critical processes in the soil ecosystem that support plant growth and agricultural production.
This document describes three types of anaerobic composting: the Bangalore method, Coimbatore method, and Chinese pit method. The Bangalore method involves layering organic refuse and night soil in trenches, covering with soil, and leaving undisturbed for 6-8 months. The Coimbatore method layers farm wastes in pits under shade for 1 month before turning and aerobic decomposition over 4 months. The Chinese pit method alternates layers of materials in pits, maintains a water layer, and turns the materials over 3 months to produce compost.
Este documento lista los requisitos para obtener un permiso de funcionamiento para una planta de elaboración de alimentos. Estos incluyen una autorización municipal, comprobante de pago de servicios, planos de la planta e instalaciones sanitarias, descripción de procesos de elaboración, listado de materias primas, y sistemas de control de calidad y eliminación de desechos.
The document summarizes the key points from a seminar presentation on the role of vermicompost in crop production. Some key points:
- Vermicompost is a nutrient-rich organic fertilizer produced by earthworms feeding on organic waste. It improves soil properties and increases crop yields.
- Different types of earthworms are used for vermicomposting. Eisenia foetida is commonly used as it grows quickly and produces many cocoons.
- Vermicompost has higher nutrient content than other organic fertilizers. Studies show it increases crop yields more than chemical fertilizers alone over successive seasons.
- Application of vermicompost improves soil properties like nutrients,
This document discusses methods for analyzing microbial diversity in soil without culturing. It notes that while culturing methods have provided access to some microbes, they represent only about 1% of soil microbes due to physiological constraints. Molecular methods like 16S rRNA gene sequencing reveal far greater phylogenetic diversity in soil. The document reviews various culture-independent methods like DNA-DNA hybridization, PCR amplification, and gene expression cloning that provide insights into the phylogenetic and functional diversity of uncultured soil microbes, opening possibilities for discovering novel products. It suggests both culturable and unculturable microbes likely contribute to untapped natural product resources.
This document discusses the importance of soil health and the soil food web for plant and soil health. It provides information on the different microorganisms found in soil and their roles in nutrient cycling, holding soil carbon, and other functions. The document advocates for managed grazing practices like adaptive multi-paddock grazing to improve soil health by increasing organic matter and microbial diversity. It presents data showing higher soil carbon and improved pasture productivity on farms using adaptive grazing compared to conventional continuous grazing.
This document discusses the impacts of climate change on insect pests, weeds, and plant diseases. It notes that rising temperatures will extend growing seasons, accelerate insect lifecycles, and allow some pests and weeds to expand their ranges. Increased carbon dioxide can benefit some invasive weeds and make plants less nutritious for insects. Disease forecasting models may need to be adjusted for climate change. Adapting management practices and prioritizing research on key threats will help agriculture adapt to these impacts.
This document provides a summary of soil microorganisms and their functions in 3 sentences or less:
Soil is teeming with life including bacteria, fungi, protists, and animals that carry out essential functions like decomposing organic matter, fixing nitrogen, and forming symbiotic relationships with plant roots. There can be thousands of species of microbes like bacteria and fungi, and dozens of species of larger organisms like earthworms, mites and nematodes in a single handful of healthy soil. These diverse soil microorganisms interact and carry out critical processes in the soil ecosystem that support plant growth and agricultural production.
This document contains a chapter from the textbook "Introduction to Engineering Thermodynamics" by Sonntag and Borgnakke. It provides the solution manual for chapter 4, which was authored by Claus Borgnakke. The chapter covers various thermodynamic concepts related to work, including poltropic processes, boundary work for multi-step processes, and rates of work. It includes over 70 example problems and their step-by-step solutions.
3 Things Every Sales Team Needs to Be Thinking About in 2017Drift
Thinking about your sales team's goals for 2017? Drift's VP of Sales shares 3 things you can do to improve conversion rates and drive more revenue.
Read the full story on the Drift blog here: http://blog.drift.com/sales-team-tips
This document contains a chapter from the textbook "Introduction to Engineering Thermodynamics" by Sonntag and Borgnakke. It provides the solution manual for chapter 4, which was authored by Claus Borgnakke. The chapter covers various thermodynamic concepts related to work, including poltropic processes, boundary work for multi-step processes, and rates of work. It includes over 70 example problems and their step-by-step solutions.
3 Things Every Sales Team Needs to Be Thinking About in 2017Drift
Thinking about your sales team's goals for 2017? Drift's VP of Sales shares 3 things you can do to improve conversion rates and drive more revenue.
Read the full story on the Drift blog here: http://blog.drift.com/sales-team-tips
2. Utilitatea diagramei
Gaze de ardere
Agent care se va incalzi
( )111 ,, tIm λ&
( )222 ,, tIm λ&
intrareagent t,m&
iesireagent t,m&
( ) ( )[ ]
( )intrareiesireagent
222111
ttcmQ
Wt,?It,?ImQ
−=
−=
&&
&&
3. Instalatii de cazane de abur
• Producerea aburului sau apei calde în scopuri
energetice, tehnologice, de încalzire sau mixte, se
realizeaza în cazane (CAF sau generatoare de abur).
• Procesul de obtinere a aburului sau a apei calde se
realizeaza prin doua transformari energetice :
• Energia chimica a combustibilului se transforma în caldura în
procesul de ardere, rezultând gaze de ardere cu temperatura
ridicata.
• Procesul de încalzire si vaporizare a apei în cazan se desfasoara
la presiune constanta.
• În cazanele de apa fierbinte (CAF) apa este încalzita
la 95-150, la o presiune care exclude fierberea ei.
• În cazanele de abur caldura se transmite de la gazele
de ardere la suprafetele schimbatoare de caldura prin
radiatie si prin convectie.
4. Parti componente
• Întregul complex de utilaje, echipamente folosite
pentru obtinerea aburului, se numeste instalatie de
cazan.
• Spatial inchis in care are loc arderea combustibilului
se numeste focar.
• Un cazan de abur are urmatoarele elemente:
– focar
– supraîncalzitor
– preîncalzitorul de apa
– preîncalzitorul de aer
– tambur
– vaporizator
– economizor
– sistemul de alimentare cu combustibil
7. Parametri principali
• debitul nominal, care este debitul de abur pe care
cazanul trebuie sa-l asigure, la temperatura si
presiunea nominala a aburului;
• debitul minim reglat, care reprezinta debitul minim
de abur;
• debitul minim este debitul minim continuu de abur
pe care trebuie sa-l asigure cazanul la presiune
nominala;
• presiunea nominala pn este presiunea aburului la
iesirea din robinetul principal al cazanului;
• presiunea maxima pmax, este presiunea maxima
admisa a aburului în cazan;
• temperatura nominala este temperatura aburului la
iesirea din robinetul principal al cazanului;
8. Parametri principali
• temperatura de alimentare este temperatura apei de
alimentare la intrarea în cazan;
• randamentul cazanului reprezinta raportul dintre
caldura preluata de apa si abur în cazan si caldura
provenita din arderea combustibilului;
• suprafata de încalzire a cazanului este suprafata
masurata pe partea gazelor de ardere;
• debitul specific de abur reprezinta raportul dintre
debitul de abur al cazanului si suprafata lui de
încalzire;
9. Focar
• Partea din instalatia de cazan in care are loc arderea
combustibilului este denumita focar.
• O marime caracteristica a focarului este încarcarea
termica [kW/m3]:
• Debitul de combustibil;
• puterea calorica inferioara a combustibilului,
• volumul focarului;
f
ic
f
V
Hm
q
∗
=
&
10. Focarele
• Focarele pot fi :
• focare cu ardere în strat;
• focare cu ardere în suspensie sau în camera;
• La focarele cu arderea combustibilului în strat încarcarea
termica este [kW/m2]:
• suprafata gratarului
g
ic
s
A
Hm
q
∗
=
&
11. Clasificare dupa modul in care se
realizeaza circulatia apei în
sistemul fierbator
• cazane cu circulatie natural a apei
• cazane cu circulatie fortata a apei
• cazane cu volum mare de apa
• cazane cu volum mic de apa
12. Cazan cu circulatie naturala
1
D+Dp
Si
T
Ec
tc
2
Sf
tu
c
Dp
Circuitul apa-abur la un cazan
cu circulatie naturala
13. Tipuri de cazane cu volum mare
de apa si circulatie naturala
• cazane de abur cu tub de flacara;
• cazane de abur cu tub de flacara si tevi de fum;
• cazane de abur cu cutie de foc si tevi de fum.
• Agregatul bloc abur prezinta o îmbunatatire a
solutiei clasice de cazan orizontal cu tub de flacara
ondulat si trei drumuri de gaze , prin amplasarea
unei camere de întoarcere a gazelor de ardere de tip
ecran cu tevi sudate racite cu apa.
• Plasarea acestei suprafete suplimentare la finele
drumului I de gaze în zona temperaturilor ridicate
determina coeficienti mari de transfer termic.
14. Cazane cu circulatie naturala a
apei, cu volum mic de apa
• FKLP EaWRUXO de caldura este format din
tevi în care circula apa, peretele exterior al
tevilor fiind spalat de gazele de ardere.
• Cazanele cu tevi de apa se împart în:
– cazane cu tevi de apa cu înclinare mica;
– cazane cu tevi de apa cu înclinare mare;
– cazane cu tevi de apa de radiatie
15. 1
D+Dp
S1
T
Ec
c
2
Sf
u
c
Dp
Circuitul apa-abur la un cazan
cu circulatie fortata multipla
Circuitul apa-abur la un cazan
cu circulatie fortata unica
Ec
S1
D Sf
1 D
C
Cazan cu circulatie fortata unica
si multipla
16. Bilantul termic
• Bilantul termic al unui cazan de abur reprezinta
relatia dintre caldura disponibila introdusa în focar
si caldura utila.
• fluxul de caldura introdus în focar [kW]
• fluxul de caldura util [kW]
• suma fluxurilor de caldura pierdute [kW]
• ecuatia bilantului termic se scrie:
• [kW]
.
1Q .
piSQ
ip1 QQQ &&& Σ+=
.
Q
17. Pe baza bilantului se poate
determina randamentul instalatiei
.
.
Q
Q1
=η
relativepierderilesunti
i
pipi
q
q1
Q
Q
1
Q
QQ
Σ−=−=
∑−
=η
∑
&
&
&
&&
Cale directa
Cale indirecta
18. Randament pe cale directa
i
pulvpurjepurje
BH
QiiDiiD &−−+−
=
)()( 225
η
T
s
1
2
3
4
5
6
i
th
BH
aer)comb,(pulvextsurseladecaldfluxpurjacaldfluxsiaburapapreluatcaldflux −+→
=η
i
pulv2purjeputje6725
th
HB
QiiDiiDiiD &−−+−+−
=η
)()()(
5
1
2
3 4
6
7
8
T
s
19. 1Q&
Randamentul pe cale indirecta
q2 pierdrea prin gazele
evacuate
q3 pierderile de caldura
prin ardere imperfecta
q4 pierderile de caldura
prin ardere incompleta
q5 pierderile de caldura
in mediul ambiant
q6 pierderile cu caldura
sensibila a zgurii si prin
apa de racire nerecup.
1Q&
20. Randamentul si excesul de aer
η= 100 - [ q2 + q3 + q4 + q5 + q6 ]
η
λλopt
B = const
teoretic
real
100 %
q2
Σqi
21. Tema de casa Nr 2
• Rezolvati la alegere, din orice culegere de probleme,
• cate doua probleme de ciclu motor format din trei tansformari
• trei probleme de ciclu Carnot (motor, generator)
• doua probleme de ciclu Otto
• o problema de ciclu Diesel
• o problema de ciclu Joule
• Conspectati din orice curs (manual) de Generatoare
de abur (autori Ungurenau C., Neaga N., Panoiu N.,
etc.) modul explicit de determinare a randamentului
la un cazan de abur
22. Temele se predau
• Inainte de sesiune, la
doamna asistenta,
pentru a putea avea
timp sa le corectam
• Se vor nota cu o
pondere de 30 % in
nota de pe parcurs
CARNET DE
STUDENT
Termotehnica
10 (zece)
![Diagrama I-t
1
2
I
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λ
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I2
λ2
t2
I1
t1
λ1
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![Utilitatea diagramei
Gaze de ardere
Agent care se va incalzi
( )111 ,, tIm λ&
( )222 ,, tIm λ&
intrareagent t,m&
iesireagent t,m&
( ) ( )[ ]
( )intrareiesireagent
222111
ttcmQ
Wt,?It,?ImQ
−=
−=
&&
&&](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)