This document discusses the implications of current and projected imprisonment rates, as well as security issues, for Australian prison systems. It notes that imprisonment rates in Australia have been steadily increasing and are projected to continue rising. This expansion is unsustainable and alternatives should be explored. The document also examines how the "war on terror" and high-profile terrorism trials have politicized criminal justice processes and affected prison conditions and regimes. Terrorist inmates are often held in highly restrictive "supermax" prisons, which raises human rights concerns around isolation, mental health, and fair trial rights. Overall, the document argues for reversing imprisonment trends through evidence-based crime prevention and for reviewing restrictive prison conditions for terrorism inmates.
The document discusses the benefits of crime statistics. It begins by defining crime statistics as numerical data on crime incidents obtained through systematic collection and analysis of raw crime data. It then lists 12 benefits of crime statistics, including that they define a society's moral values and law and order; illustrate the efficacy of the criminal justice system; help identify crime-prone areas; inform the magnitude of crime rises; and are useful for social research. Specific examples are provided for some benefits.
Juvenile Incarceration and Crime after Releasecontenidos-ort
Evidence from a Harsher Law. Coautores: Néstor Gandelman (Universidad ORT Uruguay) e Ignacio Munyo (Universidad de Montevideo)
La presentación del Dr. Néstor Gandelman se realizó en la XXI Jornadas de Economía del Banco Central del Uruguay el 19 de agosto del 2016. En el estudio se propone una estimación basada en un quasi-experimento natural producido por la ley 19.055.
Se encuentra que el incremento en el tiempo de reclusión de menores infractores está asociado a una menor reincidencia criminal post liberalización.
Crime data can come from four main sources: police records, court records, victim reports, and offender reports. Each source has advantages and limitations in providing information about crime rates and characteristics. The document then reviews several key data collection systems, including the Uniform Crime Report (UCR), National Incident Based Reporting System (NIBRS), Offender-Based Transaction Statistics (OBTS), National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS), Drug Use Forecasting (DUF), and National Youth Study (NYS). It discusses the methods, strengths, and limitations of each approach.
The Factors which Influence National Crime_5ATal Fisher
This document discusses several factors that influence national crime rates. It summarizes several studies that examined the relationship between crime and macroeconomic conditions, minimum school dropout ages, and immigration. One study found that higher inflation, lower manufacturing employment, and rising stock market returns were correlated with higher property crime rates. Another study found that higher minimum dropout ages reduced juvenile arrest rates by 9.7-11.5% for 16-17 year olds. A third study evaluated the influence of immigration on crime in urban areas between 1990-2000.
SLSA 2013 - Using vps to identify vulnerable and intimidated victimsLouise Taylor
PowerPoint slides from my conference paper delivered with Jo Boylan-Kemp at the Criminal Law and Criminal Justice stream of the SLSA Annual Conference 2013.
This document provides a summary of an independent review of the case management of Damien Hanson and Elliot White by the London Probation Area. The review was requested by the Home Secretary after Hanson and White, who were both under probation supervision, murdered a man in 2004.
The review identified four principal findings: 1) London Probation Area failed to properly manage the risk posed by Hanson and White, 2) There was a lack of clarity and continuity of lead responsibility for the cases, 3) There was a lack of clarity around updating parole board decisions if circumstances changed, and 4) National targets and organizational structures sometimes hindered effective risk of harm work.
The review also provided five key recommendations, including that probation must
Tom Sorell, University of Warwick. partnership for conflict, crime and securi...NordForsk
1. The document outlines themes around conflict, cybersecurity, organized crime, and leadership activities and research related to the Partnership on Crime, Conflict and Security and the My GULF program.
2. It discusses criteria for what constitutes a serious crime, including the level of harm, public interest in prevention, and severity of punishment, and gives examples like terrorism, drug trafficking, and domestic abuse.
3. The concept of serious crime is expanded to include crimes that frustrate the purpose or conduct of institutions designed to reduce harm, such as courts, prisons, police forces, and regulated markets.
The document discusses the benefits of crime statistics. It begins by defining crime statistics as numerical data on crime incidents obtained through systematic collection and analysis of raw crime data. It then lists 12 benefits of crime statistics, including that they define a society's moral values and law and order; illustrate the efficacy of the criminal justice system; help identify crime-prone areas; inform the magnitude of crime rises; and are useful for social research. Specific examples are provided for some benefits.
Juvenile Incarceration and Crime after Releasecontenidos-ort
Evidence from a Harsher Law. Coautores: Néstor Gandelman (Universidad ORT Uruguay) e Ignacio Munyo (Universidad de Montevideo)
La presentación del Dr. Néstor Gandelman se realizó en la XXI Jornadas de Economía del Banco Central del Uruguay el 19 de agosto del 2016. En el estudio se propone una estimación basada en un quasi-experimento natural producido por la ley 19.055.
Se encuentra que el incremento en el tiempo de reclusión de menores infractores está asociado a una menor reincidencia criminal post liberalización.
Crime data can come from four main sources: police records, court records, victim reports, and offender reports. Each source has advantages and limitations in providing information about crime rates and characteristics. The document then reviews several key data collection systems, including the Uniform Crime Report (UCR), National Incident Based Reporting System (NIBRS), Offender-Based Transaction Statistics (OBTS), National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS), Drug Use Forecasting (DUF), and National Youth Study (NYS). It discusses the methods, strengths, and limitations of each approach.
The Factors which Influence National Crime_5ATal Fisher
This document discusses several factors that influence national crime rates. It summarizes several studies that examined the relationship between crime and macroeconomic conditions, minimum school dropout ages, and immigration. One study found that higher inflation, lower manufacturing employment, and rising stock market returns were correlated with higher property crime rates. Another study found that higher minimum dropout ages reduced juvenile arrest rates by 9.7-11.5% for 16-17 year olds. A third study evaluated the influence of immigration on crime in urban areas between 1990-2000.
SLSA 2013 - Using vps to identify vulnerable and intimidated victimsLouise Taylor
PowerPoint slides from my conference paper delivered with Jo Boylan-Kemp at the Criminal Law and Criminal Justice stream of the SLSA Annual Conference 2013.
This document provides a summary of an independent review of the case management of Damien Hanson and Elliot White by the London Probation Area. The review was requested by the Home Secretary after Hanson and White, who were both under probation supervision, murdered a man in 2004.
The review identified four principal findings: 1) London Probation Area failed to properly manage the risk posed by Hanson and White, 2) There was a lack of clarity and continuity of lead responsibility for the cases, 3) There was a lack of clarity around updating parole board decisions if circumstances changed, and 4) National targets and organizational structures sometimes hindered effective risk of harm work.
The review also provided five key recommendations, including that probation must
Tom Sorell, University of Warwick. partnership for conflict, crime and securi...NordForsk
1. The document outlines themes around conflict, cybersecurity, organized crime, and leadership activities and research related to the Partnership on Crime, Conflict and Security and the My GULF program.
2. It discusses criteria for what constitutes a serious crime, including the level of harm, public interest in prevention, and severity of punishment, and gives examples like terrorism, drug trafficking, and domestic abuse.
3. The concept of serious crime is expanded to include crimes that frustrate the purpose or conduct of institutions designed to reduce harm, such as courts, prisons, police forces, and regulated markets.
Making the Victim Central to the Criminal Justice SystemSenthil Sparks
Ideas on the status of the crime victim and advocating a victim justice system that takes care of the need for service and justice to victims of crime.
The document provides an overview of the criminal justice system including definitions of crime, models of how societies determine criminal acts, types of crimes, goals of the criminal justice system, levels of law enforcement, corrections systems, and models of the criminal justice process. It describes crime as acts that violate criminal law and are punishable by criminal sanctions.
This chapter discusses the nature and meaning of crime. It defines a crime as an act punishable by law that violates social norms. Societal factors help determine what is considered a criminal act, and the definition of crimes can change over time as new offenses emerge. Criminal law aims to protect communities by imposing sanctions on offenders through the court system. For an accused person to be found guilty, the prosecution must generally prove they committed the act and intended to commit it.
This document is Houston Community College's 2018 Annual Clery Security Report which provides crime statistics and safety policies for the college as required by law. It summarizes crime data for 2017, including crimes on or near each of HCC's six college campuses like assault, burglary, vehicle theft, and incidents of dating violence and stalking. The report defines Clery Act crimes and outlines policies for reporting crimes, making timely warnings, preparing annual disclosures, and general campus security procedures around access to facilities, identification requirements, and emergency response protocols.
The document discusses young offenders in the criminal justice system. It outlines several key points:
1. It identifies common reasons why young people engage in criminal behavior such as poor parental supervision, drug/alcohol abuse, and negative peer influences.
2. Young people are treated differently than adults in order to protect their welfare and prevent exploitation, as well as protect others from unfair treatment due to their minor status.
3. The minimum age of criminal responsibility in NSW is 10 years old based on the presumption of doli incapax, though there are debates around possibly lowering this age. Alternative diversionary programs and a focus on rehabilitation over punishment are emphasized for young offenders.
This document discusses intermediate sanctions, which are punishment options that are more restrictive than probation but less restrictive than incarceration. It describes various types of intermediate sanctions like drug courts, intensive supervision probation, community service, and remote monitoring. The goals of intermediate sanctions are to better match punishment severity to crime seriousness, promote rehabilitation, and reduce incarceration costs. Research suggests intermediate sanctions can reduce recidivism rates compared to traditional probation or incarceration.
Monitoring and evaluating trust in Justice in EuropeМЦМС | MCIC
Bulgaria has the lowest levels of public trust in the police and courts compared to other EU member states. A 2010 survey in Bulgaria found only 35.8% and 34% of respondents believed the police and courts, respectively, did a good job. Low trust stems from high corruption perceptions and a lack of coordination between criminal justice institutions. The study developed indicators to better measure public trust and legitimacy in order to improve policymaking and reform efforts. Recommendations include adopting a system to regularly monitor trust, improving public information and awareness, and enhancing coordination between criminal justice bodies.
This chapter provides an overview of the field of criminology. It discusses how criminology uses scientific methods to study criminal behavior and the criminal justice system. The chapter also summarizes what criminologists do, including measuring crime, developing theories of crime causation, studying punishment methods, and examining victims. It explores the history of criminology and how definitions of crime have evolved over time to reflect societal values. The chapter concludes by discussing some ethical issues criminologists face in their work.
The document provides an overview of the history and current state of corrections in the United States. It discusses how corrections has evolved from the colonial period, through the development of penitentiaries in the 18th-19th centuries, and the reformatory and community corrections models of the 20th century. It also summarizes that the corrections population has grown substantially since the 1970s, with over 7 million Americans now in the correctional system, and reviews the main components of the modern U.S. corrections system.
The document discusses the goals of punishment in relation to the death penalty. It analyzes whether the death penalty achieves the goals of retribution, deterrence, incapacitation, rehabilitation, and restoration. It also provides an overview of the death penalty in Malaysia, including the offenses that carry the death penalty and recent proposals to reform it. While the death penalty can achieve retribution and deterrence, its ability to further incapacitation and rehabilitation is debated. Restoration is incompatible with the death penalty. The document concludes by noting public support for the death penalty in Malaysia but acknowledges reforms remain at the government's discretion.
Overview and analysis on the economics model of crime by Becker (1968). Including a case study on the Three Strikes Law in California, USA, using differences in differences methodology
This document summarizes a report on investigating victims' viewpoints on the police response to domestic abuse. It includes an acknowledgements section, executive summary, introduction, research methods, literature review, findings from primary research interviews with 27 victims, mini case studies, and conclusions. The research found that although mandatory arrest is the current protocol, domestic abuse is too diverse for a single response and policies around mandatory arrest need to change. Victims had different experiences with police and there needs to be minimum standards of communication and demeanor, but beyond that the response should be individualized.
This document is a 2012 report from the Kansas Bureau of Investigation analyzing domestic violence, stalking, and rape incidents reported to law enforcement agencies in Kansas. It finds that the average domestic violence victim is a white female aged 20-24, while the average offender is a white male aged 20-29 who is often the victim's spouse or partner. The report contains data on domestic violence and sexual assault trends, characteristics of victims and offenders, protective order filings, and statistics reported by law enforcement agencies to help address and prevent these crimes in Kansas. It was funded by a federal grant through the Governor's Office to study and combat violence against women.
This document discusses police patrol operations. It covers the organization and delivery of patrol, including allocating officers based on workload formulas and time of day. Patrol is primarily done by automobile and includes both reactive responses to calls as well as proactive enforcement. Research on patrol effectiveness is mixed, with some studies finding little impact on crime but positive impacts on community perceptions from foot patrol. The majority of an officer's time on patrol is spent on uncommitted activities rather than crime prevention.
This article was downloaded by[Florida International Universi.docxhowardh5
This article was downloaded by:[Florida International University]
On: 22 July 2008
Access Details: [subscription number 788824511]
Publisher: Routledge
Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954
Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK
Justice Quarterly
Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information:
http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/title~content=t713722354
“Striking out” as crime reduction policy: The impact of
“three strikes” laws on crime rates in U.S. cities
Tomislav V. Kovandzic a; John J. Sloan III a; Lynne M. Vieraitis a
a University of Alabama at Birmingham,
Online Publication Date: 01 June 2004
To cite this Article: Kovandzic, Tomislav V., Sloan III, John J. and Vieraitis, Lynne
M. (2004) '“Striking out” as crime reduction policy: The impact of “three strikes”
laws on crime rates in U.S. cities', Justice Quarterly, 21:2, 207 — 239
To link to this article: DOI: 10.1080/07418820400095791
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07418820400095791
PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE
Full terms and conditions of use: http://www.informaworld.com/terms-and-conditions-of-access.pdf
This article maybe used for research, teaching and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction,
re-distribution, re-selling, loan or sub-licensing, systematic supply or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly
forbidden.
The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be
complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae and drug doses should be
independently verified with primary sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims, proceedings,
demand or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or
arising out of the use of this material.
http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/title~content=t713722354
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07418820400095791
http://www.informaworld.com/terms-and-conditions-of-access.pdf
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A R T I C L E S
" S T R I K I N G OUT" A S C R I M E
R E D U C T I O N P O L I C Y :
T H E I M P A C T O F " T H R E E S T R I K E S "
I.AWS O N C R I M E R A T E S I N U . S . C I T I E S
TOMISLAV V. KOVANDZIC*
J O H N J. SLOAN, III**
L Y N N E M. VIERAITIS***
U n i v e r s i t y of Alabama at B i r m i n g h a m
During t h e 1990s, i n response to public dissatisfaction over w h a t were
perceived as ineffective crime reduction policies, 25 states and Congress
passed t h r e e strikes laws, designed to d e t e r criminal offenders by
m a n d a t i n g significant sentence e n h a n c e m e n t s for those w i t h prior
convictions. F e w large-scale e v a l u a t i o n s of t h e i m p a c t of t h e s .
1) If criminal justice policy was based on evidence of cost-effectiveness, there would be less spending on prisons and more on police, resulting in fewer serious crimes and less total harm to society while also reducing threats of state bankruptcy.
2) Evidence shows prisons have unknown effects on deterrence and rehabilitation but waste resources by incarcerating many low-risk offenders, while policing high-crime areas and high-risk offenders and individuals can more cost-effectively reduce crime.
3) Adopting risk-based policies could make the criminal justice system more cost-effective by allocating prison, police, and probation/parole resources according to offenders' risks of committing serious or frequent crimes.
This document provides an overview of comparative police systems and globalization's effects on law enforcement. It discusses key concepts like transnational crime, terrorism, and weapons of mass destruction. It also summarizes several major police models from countries like Japan, Singapore, and Australia. Furthermore, it outlines United Nations conventions and organizations that promote international cooperation against transnational criminal threats.
This document discusses police and probation partnerships as a strategy to reduce recidivism. It begins by outlining the problems of increased incarceration and high recidivism rates in Massachusetts. It then discusses how partnerships between police and probation officers can help address issues like lackluster supervision and weak enforcement policies among probation officers. Examples are given of successful programs in Boston, Texas, and California where probation officers partnered with police officers for intensive supervision of high-risk offenders, which reduced crime and recidivism rates. The benefits and potential challenges of such partnerships are also examined.
The field of corrections, which will be the topic in this next set.docxtodd771
The field of corrections, which will be the topic in this next set of three chapters, encompasses county and state jails, prisons, community corrections, including probation and parole, and various correctional programs. Correctional professionals, like law enforcement and legal professionals, have a great deal of discretion and power over the lives of offenders.
As you may know, the United States has about 2.1 million people in jails and prisons. We incarcerate many more people per capita than other western, industrialized countries. At a rate of about 700 per 100,000, the United States incarcerates about seven times more people than Norway (72), France (98), or Canada (118) and a little less than five times more people than the United Kingdom (147) (Wagner and Walsh, 2016).
The reason our imprisonment rate is so much higher is not because of higher crime, but, because of our inclination to punish with incarceration rather than any other sentencing alternative (Raphael and Stoll, 2008). A careful analysis of sentencing patterns by Pfaff (2011) shows that the dramatic increase in
incarceration rates that began in the 1980s was largely due to the decision of prosecutors to seek prison terms for convicted individuals, and, to a lesser extent, increased sentence length and changes in parole release and revocation.
Further, we were roughly comparable to other countries in our punishment practices until the 1980s, at which time the incarceration rates increased dramatically every year. Recently, the rate and numbers in prison have plateaued, and many states, have even showed decreases in the number incarcerated (Kaeble and Glaze, 2016; Pollock, 2016). The number incarcerated in jail or prison decreased by 2.3 percent from 2014 and was its lowest level since 2004 (Kaeble and Glaze, 2016). Some states have created double-digit declines since 1999, including New Jersey, New York, Rhode Island, and California. Interestingly, states’ decrease or increase in the number of people imprisoned does not seem to show any correlation with whether the state’s crime rate has increased or decreased (Pew Research Center, 2016).
While the incarceration rate per 100,000 is 466 for white men, it is 1,130 for Hispanic men and an amazing 2,791 for black men. Women are incarcerated at a much lower rate: 51 per 100,000 white women are incarcerated, compared to 65 for Hispanic women and 113 per 100,000 for black women (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2015). At year-end 2015 an estimated 6,741,400 persons were supervised by U.S. adult correctional systems (prison, jail, probation, or parole). This is a decrease of about 115,600 persons from year-end 2014 and represents almost 3 percent of the total adult population. The interested reader can go to the Bureau of Justice Statistics (https://bjs.gov/) to see how imprisonment patterns have changed over the years.
It is important to emphasize that the imprisonment patterns we see are a function of individual discretion on the par.
1. Key elements of research design include causation, units of analysis, and time. Researchers seek to explain the causes of phenomena by studying individuals, groups, organizations, or artifacts.
2. There are two main models of explanation - ideographic, which lists unique factors behind an action, and nomothetic, which lists the most important variables to best explain general patterns of cause and effect.
3. Threats to validity must be considered, including internal validity threats from confounding variables, external validity threats from lack of generalizability, and statistical conclusion validity threats from small sample sizes.
This document defines key concepts related to crime, deviance, and social control. It discusses how definitions of deviance can vary across cultures and over time. Crime is defined as acts against the law, while deviance breaks social norms and values. Deviance can be situational, historical, or cross-cultural. Formal social control is exercised through government institutions like police and courts, while informal control comes from groups like family, education, and peer networks. Explanations of crime focus on factors like social class, gender roles, racism, and lack of opportunities that may lead some groups to commit crimes at higher rates.
Making the Victim Central to the Criminal Justice SystemSenthil Sparks
Ideas on the status of the crime victim and advocating a victim justice system that takes care of the need for service and justice to victims of crime.
The document provides an overview of the criminal justice system including definitions of crime, models of how societies determine criminal acts, types of crimes, goals of the criminal justice system, levels of law enforcement, corrections systems, and models of the criminal justice process. It describes crime as acts that violate criminal law and are punishable by criminal sanctions.
This chapter discusses the nature and meaning of crime. It defines a crime as an act punishable by law that violates social norms. Societal factors help determine what is considered a criminal act, and the definition of crimes can change over time as new offenses emerge. Criminal law aims to protect communities by imposing sanctions on offenders through the court system. For an accused person to be found guilty, the prosecution must generally prove they committed the act and intended to commit it.
This document is Houston Community College's 2018 Annual Clery Security Report which provides crime statistics and safety policies for the college as required by law. It summarizes crime data for 2017, including crimes on or near each of HCC's six college campuses like assault, burglary, vehicle theft, and incidents of dating violence and stalking. The report defines Clery Act crimes and outlines policies for reporting crimes, making timely warnings, preparing annual disclosures, and general campus security procedures around access to facilities, identification requirements, and emergency response protocols.
The document discusses young offenders in the criminal justice system. It outlines several key points:
1. It identifies common reasons why young people engage in criminal behavior such as poor parental supervision, drug/alcohol abuse, and negative peer influences.
2. Young people are treated differently than adults in order to protect their welfare and prevent exploitation, as well as protect others from unfair treatment due to their minor status.
3. The minimum age of criminal responsibility in NSW is 10 years old based on the presumption of doli incapax, though there are debates around possibly lowering this age. Alternative diversionary programs and a focus on rehabilitation over punishment are emphasized for young offenders.
This document discusses intermediate sanctions, which are punishment options that are more restrictive than probation but less restrictive than incarceration. It describes various types of intermediate sanctions like drug courts, intensive supervision probation, community service, and remote monitoring. The goals of intermediate sanctions are to better match punishment severity to crime seriousness, promote rehabilitation, and reduce incarceration costs. Research suggests intermediate sanctions can reduce recidivism rates compared to traditional probation or incarceration.
Monitoring and evaluating trust in Justice in EuropeМЦМС | MCIC
Bulgaria has the lowest levels of public trust in the police and courts compared to other EU member states. A 2010 survey in Bulgaria found only 35.8% and 34% of respondents believed the police and courts, respectively, did a good job. Low trust stems from high corruption perceptions and a lack of coordination between criminal justice institutions. The study developed indicators to better measure public trust and legitimacy in order to improve policymaking and reform efforts. Recommendations include adopting a system to regularly monitor trust, improving public information and awareness, and enhancing coordination between criminal justice bodies.
This chapter provides an overview of the field of criminology. It discusses how criminology uses scientific methods to study criminal behavior and the criminal justice system. The chapter also summarizes what criminologists do, including measuring crime, developing theories of crime causation, studying punishment methods, and examining victims. It explores the history of criminology and how definitions of crime have evolved over time to reflect societal values. The chapter concludes by discussing some ethical issues criminologists face in their work.
The document provides an overview of the history and current state of corrections in the United States. It discusses how corrections has evolved from the colonial period, through the development of penitentiaries in the 18th-19th centuries, and the reformatory and community corrections models of the 20th century. It also summarizes that the corrections population has grown substantially since the 1970s, with over 7 million Americans now in the correctional system, and reviews the main components of the modern U.S. corrections system.
The document discusses the goals of punishment in relation to the death penalty. It analyzes whether the death penalty achieves the goals of retribution, deterrence, incapacitation, rehabilitation, and restoration. It also provides an overview of the death penalty in Malaysia, including the offenses that carry the death penalty and recent proposals to reform it. While the death penalty can achieve retribution and deterrence, its ability to further incapacitation and rehabilitation is debated. Restoration is incompatible with the death penalty. The document concludes by noting public support for the death penalty in Malaysia but acknowledges reforms remain at the government's discretion.
Overview and analysis on the economics model of crime by Becker (1968). Including a case study on the Three Strikes Law in California, USA, using differences in differences methodology
This document summarizes a report on investigating victims' viewpoints on the police response to domestic abuse. It includes an acknowledgements section, executive summary, introduction, research methods, literature review, findings from primary research interviews with 27 victims, mini case studies, and conclusions. The research found that although mandatory arrest is the current protocol, domestic abuse is too diverse for a single response and policies around mandatory arrest need to change. Victims had different experiences with police and there needs to be minimum standards of communication and demeanor, but beyond that the response should be individualized.
This document is a 2012 report from the Kansas Bureau of Investigation analyzing domestic violence, stalking, and rape incidents reported to law enforcement agencies in Kansas. It finds that the average domestic violence victim is a white female aged 20-24, while the average offender is a white male aged 20-29 who is often the victim's spouse or partner. The report contains data on domestic violence and sexual assault trends, characteristics of victims and offenders, protective order filings, and statistics reported by law enforcement agencies to help address and prevent these crimes in Kansas. It was funded by a federal grant through the Governor's Office to study and combat violence against women.
This document discusses police patrol operations. It covers the organization and delivery of patrol, including allocating officers based on workload formulas and time of day. Patrol is primarily done by automobile and includes both reactive responses to calls as well as proactive enforcement. Research on patrol effectiveness is mixed, with some studies finding little impact on crime but positive impacts on community perceptions from foot patrol. The majority of an officer's time on patrol is spent on uncommitted activities rather than crime prevention.
This article was downloaded by[Florida International Universi.docxhowardh5
This article was downloaded by:[Florida International University]
On: 22 July 2008
Access Details: [subscription number 788824511]
Publisher: Routledge
Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954
Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK
Justice Quarterly
Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information:
http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/title~content=t713722354
“Striking out” as crime reduction policy: The impact of
“three strikes” laws on crime rates in U.S. cities
Tomislav V. Kovandzic a; John J. Sloan III a; Lynne M. Vieraitis a
a University of Alabama at Birmingham,
Online Publication Date: 01 June 2004
To cite this Article: Kovandzic, Tomislav V., Sloan III, John J. and Vieraitis, Lynne
M. (2004) '“Striking out” as crime reduction policy: The impact of “three strikes”
laws on crime rates in U.S. cities', Justice Quarterly, 21:2, 207 — 239
To link to this article: DOI: 10.1080/07418820400095791
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07418820400095791
PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE
Full terms and conditions of use: http://www.informaworld.com/terms-and-conditions-of-access.pdf
This article maybe used for research, teaching and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction,
re-distribution, re-selling, loan or sub-licensing, systematic supply or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly
forbidden.
The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be
complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae and drug doses should be
independently verified with primary sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims, proceedings,
demand or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or
arising out of the use of this material.
http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/title~content=t713722354
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07418820400095791
http://www.informaworld.com/terms-and-conditions-of-access.pdf
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A R T I C L E S
" S T R I K I N G OUT" A S C R I M E
R E D U C T I O N P O L I C Y :
T H E I M P A C T O F " T H R E E S T R I K E S "
I.AWS O N C R I M E R A T E S I N U . S . C I T I E S
TOMISLAV V. KOVANDZIC*
J O H N J. SLOAN, III**
L Y N N E M. VIERAITIS***
U n i v e r s i t y of Alabama at B i r m i n g h a m
During t h e 1990s, i n response to public dissatisfaction over w h a t were
perceived as ineffective crime reduction policies, 25 states and Congress
passed t h r e e strikes laws, designed to d e t e r criminal offenders by
m a n d a t i n g significant sentence e n h a n c e m e n t s for those w i t h prior
convictions. F e w large-scale e v a l u a t i o n s of t h e i m p a c t of t h e s .
1) If criminal justice policy was based on evidence of cost-effectiveness, there would be less spending on prisons and more on police, resulting in fewer serious crimes and less total harm to society while also reducing threats of state bankruptcy.
2) Evidence shows prisons have unknown effects on deterrence and rehabilitation but waste resources by incarcerating many low-risk offenders, while policing high-crime areas and high-risk offenders and individuals can more cost-effectively reduce crime.
3) Adopting risk-based policies could make the criminal justice system more cost-effective by allocating prison, police, and probation/parole resources according to offenders' risks of committing serious or frequent crimes.
This document provides an overview of comparative police systems and globalization's effects on law enforcement. It discusses key concepts like transnational crime, terrorism, and weapons of mass destruction. It also summarizes several major police models from countries like Japan, Singapore, and Australia. Furthermore, it outlines United Nations conventions and organizations that promote international cooperation against transnational criminal threats.
This document discusses police and probation partnerships as a strategy to reduce recidivism. It begins by outlining the problems of increased incarceration and high recidivism rates in Massachusetts. It then discusses how partnerships between police and probation officers can help address issues like lackluster supervision and weak enforcement policies among probation officers. Examples are given of successful programs in Boston, Texas, and California where probation officers partnered with police officers for intensive supervision of high-risk offenders, which reduced crime and recidivism rates. The benefits and potential challenges of such partnerships are also examined.
The field of corrections, which will be the topic in this next set.docxtodd771
The field of corrections, which will be the topic in this next set of three chapters, encompasses county and state jails, prisons, community corrections, including probation and parole, and various correctional programs. Correctional professionals, like law enforcement and legal professionals, have a great deal of discretion and power over the lives of offenders.
As you may know, the United States has about 2.1 million people in jails and prisons. We incarcerate many more people per capita than other western, industrialized countries. At a rate of about 700 per 100,000, the United States incarcerates about seven times more people than Norway (72), France (98), or Canada (118) and a little less than five times more people than the United Kingdom (147) (Wagner and Walsh, 2016).
The reason our imprisonment rate is so much higher is not because of higher crime, but, because of our inclination to punish with incarceration rather than any other sentencing alternative (Raphael and Stoll, 2008). A careful analysis of sentencing patterns by Pfaff (2011) shows that the dramatic increase in
incarceration rates that began in the 1980s was largely due to the decision of prosecutors to seek prison terms for convicted individuals, and, to a lesser extent, increased sentence length and changes in parole release and revocation.
Further, we were roughly comparable to other countries in our punishment practices until the 1980s, at which time the incarceration rates increased dramatically every year. Recently, the rate and numbers in prison have plateaued, and many states, have even showed decreases in the number incarcerated (Kaeble and Glaze, 2016; Pollock, 2016). The number incarcerated in jail or prison decreased by 2.3 percent from 2014 and was its lowest level since 2004 (Kaeble and Glaze, 2016). Some states have created double-digit declines since 1999, including New Jersey, New York, Rhode Island, and California. Interestingly, states’ decrease or increase in the number of people imprisoned does not seem to show any correlation with whether the state’s crime rate has increased or decreased (Pew Research Center, 2016).
While the incarceration rate per 100,000 is 466 for white men, it is 1,130 for Hispanic men and an amazing 2,791 for black men. Women are incarcerated at a much lower rate: 51 per 100,000 white women are incarcerated, compared to 65 for Hispanic women and 113 per 100,000 for black women (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2015). At year-end 2015 an estimated 6,741,400 persons were supervised by U.S. adult correctional systems (prison, jail, probation, or parole). This is a decrease of about 115,600 persons from year-end 2014 and represents almost 3 percent of the total adult population. The interested reader can go to the Bureau of Justice Statistics (https://bjs.gov/) to see how imprisonment patterns have changed over the years.
It is important to emphasize that the imprisonment patterns we see are a function of individual discretion on the par.
1. Key elements of research design include causation, units of analysis, and time. Researchers seek to explain the causes of phenomena by studying individuals, groups, organizations, or artifacts.
2. There are two main models of explanation - ideographic, which lists unique factors behind an action, and nomothetic, which lists the most important variables to best explain general patterns of cause and effect.
3. Threats to validity must be considered, including internal validity threats from confounding variables, external validity threats from lack of generalizability, and statistical conclusion validity threats from small sample sizes.
This document defines key concepts related to crime, deviance, and social control. It discusses how definitions of deviance can vary across cultures and over time. Crime is defined as acts against the law, while deviance breaks social norms and values. Deviance can be situational, historical, or cross-cultural. Formal social control is exercised through government institutions like police and courts, while informal control comes from groups like family, education, and peer networks. Explanations of crime focus on factors like social class, gender roles, racism, and lack of opportunities that may lead some groups to commit crimes at higher rates.
This document outlines research issues related to crime during the COVID-19 pandemic. It discusses potential impacts on different crime types like domestic violence and organized crime. Early data from New York City shows declines in most crimes as people stay home more. Compliance with lockdowns and surveillance raise normative questions. The author proposes a rapid response study using an existing longitudinal sample to examine pandemic impacts on well-being, substance use, family conflict, and compliance over time. Criminologists are challenged to provide high-quality research on this unprecedented event.
2.1 The Commencement of Criminal Justice ResearchThe first.docxvickeryr87
2.1 The Commencement of Criminal Justice Research
The first efforts to produce and fund wide-scale research on criminal justice came in 1968
with the passage of the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act (OCCSSA). This act
established the Law Enforcement Assistance Agency (LEAA), and within it the National
Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice (NILECJ). LEAA, the lead agency,
provided grants to law enforcement agencies to improve public safety (most often to
purchase new equipment and personnel) while NILECJ was the research center of the LEAA.
As the criminal justice research arm of the federal government, the NILECJ (since renamed
the National Institute of Justice [NIJ]) was created to “advance scientific research,
development, and evaluation to enhance the administration of justice and public safety”
(Wellford, Chemers, & Schuck, 2010, p.14). It accomplishes this mandate by awarding
federal grants and contracts to universities, public agencies, and private institutions engaged
in research and demonstration projects that expand our knowledge of “what works” in
preventing and controlling crime, and by disseminating those findings to researchers and
practitioners. It may be surprising to learn that prior to the establishment of the NILECJ in
1968, there was no national agency encouraging, conducting, or disseminating criminal
justice research. Research was conducted by a few small, independent agencies (such as
California Institute for the Study of Crime and Delinquency, National Council on Crime and
Delinquency, and the Vera Institute), but there was no unified research agenda nor concerted
effort to organize or circulate the findings (Wellford et al., 2010).
This changed when Congress passed the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of
1968 to provide federal monies to research criminal justice issues and to “provide more
accurate information on the causes of crime and the effectiveness of various means of
preventing crime” (Wellsford et al., 2010, p. 27). As a result of this funding, we expanded
our knowledge about crime control strategies and learned a great deal about policing
practices, and a few things about prison alternatives, drug treatment programs, and other
programs thought to prevent crime. Some of the well-known studies that you may be familiar
with that were funded as a result of this act include: the Kansas City Preventative Patrol
Experiment, the Newark and Flint Foot Patrol Experiments, as well as many other studies on
police response time, neighborhood watch programs, team policing strategies, crime
prevention through environmental design, fingerprinting, investigations, habitual criminals,
and plea bargaining (LEAA, 1978).
Only a few of the funded studies were methodologically rigorous by today’s standards. Still,
this was the first time that federal grant money was made available on a wide-scale for
criminal justice research, and the legislation was vitally important for the avenues of inquiry
it.
Report Objectives
1. To estimate the future size and cost of state and federal prison systems
2. To examine the reasons for projected growth
3. To highlight state efforts to control corrections spending
4. To outline the challenges ahead for state policy makers
http://www.inmatecountyjail.com
1) The document discusses a study that compares recidivism rates of prisoners released with and without parole supervision.
2) The study finds that prisoners released to mandatory and discretionary parole supervision generally do not have lower rearrest rates than those released unconditionally.
3) Certain groups, like females, lower-level offenders, and property offenders released through discretionary parole, appear to benefit most from supervision in terms of reduced recidivism. However, supervision seems to have little impact on higher-risk offenders.
MCJ 6530, Critical Analysis of Criminal Justice Public.docxShiraPrater50
This unit focuses on evaluating public policy approaches to criminal justice, including community-based crime prevention strategies like problem-oriented policing. It discusses theories like broken windows policing and their criticisms. The unit also examines approaches such as community courts, restorative justice, and third-party responsibility policies that aim to reduce crime and incarceration by addressing its root causes in communities. The overall goal is to help students understand and assess different criminal justice policies and how to balance punishment with rehabilitation and prevention.
MCJ 6530, Critical Analysis of Criminal Justice Public.docxadkinspaige22
MCJ 6530, Critical Analysis of Criminal Justice Public Policy 1
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit VIII
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
1. Evaluate various types of public policy ideologies.
1.1 Explain the controversies surrounding the death penalty.
2. Compare and contrast internal and external influences on criminal justice public policy.
3. Assess the role of criminal justice public policy.
4. Evaluate the impact of public opinion on criminal justice policies over the past 50 years.
4.1 Evaluate public opinion on criminal justice laws.
Course/Unit
Learning Outcomes
Learning Activity
1.1
Unit Lesson
Chapter 9
Final Exam
2 Final Exam
3 Final Exam
4.1
Unit Lesson
Chapter 9
Final Exam
Reading Assignment
Chapter 9: The Death Penalty
Unit Lesson
Introduction
First, thank you for your patience during the last seven units. Public policy related to criminal justice is a
difficult and often nerve-racking subject. The thing that makes policymaking in this arena so difficult is the
delicate balance that the stakeholders must navigate. It is a fact that the debate regarding whether to punish,
to treat and rehabilitate, or to demonstrate retribution has plagued the United States for over 200 years. Gau
(2019) states “One truism that should have emerged plainly in previous chapters is that purely punishment-
and control-based approaches do not reduce recidivism, prevent crime, or enhance public peace” (p. 242).
The criminal justice system is based in social control through law, and the police are the duly-appointed
representatives sworn to carry out that function. There are two questions that we must revisit. Initially, do we
have too many laws that prohibit behavior in the United States, and secondly, as has been asked before in
this course, do we incarcerate too many people for non-violent offenses? The answer to both questions is
yes. Therefore, what do we do to amend criminal codes across the United States, and how do we deter
crime?
UNIT VIII STUDY GUIDE
Community-Based Crime Control
MCJ 6530, Critical Analysis of Criminal Justice Public Policy 2
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
Community-Based Crime Control Strategies
Community-based initiatives begin and end with the involvement of those who live and work in a specific
geographic area. Bursik and Grasmick (as cited in Gau, 2019) stated, “Ultimately, the goal is social control.
Social control is the attempt to protect the area from threats that may undermine its regulatory ability” (p. 245).
To be successful, community-based strategies must begin with the family and the immediate circle of
associates in the neighborhood; this is a private method of control espoused by Hunter (as cited in Gau,
2019). Once the private method of control is demonstrated to be effective, control expands to a larger area
(parochial) that involves similar cooperation from the business community, commun.
Running head ASSIGNMENT 4 DATA COLLECTION .docxhealdkathaleen
Running head: ASSIGNMENT 4: DATA COLLECTION 1
ASSIGNMENT 4: DATA COLLECTION 3
Assignment 4: Data Collection
CRJ 499: Undergraduate Capstone in Criminal Justice
August 11, 2019
Assignment 4: Data Collection
Overcrowding in prisons or correction centers is one of the problems that have attracted the attention of many researchers. Several researchers have tried to explore this particular issue in detail. This paper, therefore, seeks to analyze the existing data concerning this specific issue to be able to review the problem after collecting reliable data.
The essential data that will aid my research is secondary data. I have already collected several secondary data. These data sources include charts and statistics. The statistics show that there have been increased cases of overcrowding in many prisons and correctional centers in the US. These data and statistics indicate the large estimated number of prisoners and offenders being held in US prisons over the past few years. The reports from various agencies such as the Bureau of Justice Statistics also concur with these findings. This indeed indicates that there is a problem of overcrowding in most prisons and correctional centers in the US.
The data sources, which include charts and statistics, are relevant to the problem in that they show the extent of overcrowding in the prisons and correctional centers. These data also show the negative impacts of overcrowding on inmates. The statistics are also relevant in that they show the trend of increase in the number of inmates being held in prison over the past few years.
Statistics indicate that the US has an approximate prison population of 2.1 million. This is according to the Bureau of Justice Statistics. This equates to approximately 481 people who are incarcerated per 99,000 of the population. The problem of overcrowding has become a serious issue in many U.S. prisons. Over 17 states reported that they were operating at over 100 percent capacity at the end of 2013 and 2014.
The data below indicates that the US is ranked number 113th in the world in terms of overcrowding in the prisons in the year 2018. The data also indicates that most of the US prisons were operating at an average capacity of 103.9%. This is according to statistics from Forbes.
The following charts are also useful in my research:
References
Gabriel, A. (2018). Nigeria and United States Prisons: A comparative Analysis of Mass Overcrowding. J Foren Psy, 3(129), 2.
Robinson, M. (2018). A Case Study of Overcrowding in a County Jail in the Southeast United States (Doctoral dissertation, Walden University).
Running head: ASSIGNMENT 3: TECHNOLOGY INFLUENCES 1
ASSIGNMENT 3: TECHNOLOGY INFLUENCES 2
Assignment 3: Technology Influences
CRJ 499: Undergraduate Capstone in Criminal Justice
August 03, 201 ...
This document introduces the Safety and Justice Challenge, which aims to reduce overreliance on jails in the US by selecting 20 jurisdictions committed to reform. It describes the 5 phase planning process these sites will undergo over the next 7 months, with help from partner organizations, to develop data-driven plans to safely reduce unnecessary incarceration while addressing racial disparities. The goal is for sites to create more just, effective and fiscally responsible criminal justice systems as part of a national effort to transform how America views and uses local jails.
The document discusses the politics of crime and the emergence of new "moral panics". It argues that while crime rates are dropping, fear of crime is being deliberately fostered and marketed for political gain. Politicians demonize certain groups, like homeless youth, to garner support and pass tough-on-crime laws that have little real impact but satisfy perceptions of wanting more safety and control. The document also summarizes a court case where medical use of marijuana was found to be a constitutionally protected choice.
Reducing the Cost without Compromising SafetyDavid Martin
This document discusses reducing the cost of corrections without compromising safety. It notes that the high costs are driven by high incarceration rates and high recidivism rates. New solutions are needed to reduce costs through measures like community-based programs for non-violent offenders and graduated responses to technical violations. Software solutions can help by streamlining operations to reduce transaction times and costs, and by providing reporting and analytics to agency management for strategic planning and justification of changes. Information sharing across justice agencies is also important to achieve cost reductions and improved outcomes.
This document discusses barriers faced by individuals with criminal records in obtaining employment, housing, education, and financial stability. It notes that between 70-100 million Americans have a criminal record, and communities of color are disproportionately affected. While policies aim to help with re-entry, further reforms are needed to ensure criminal records do not create lifelong barriers to economic opportunity and mobility. The document recommends policy changes to reduce barriers faced by individuals with criminal histories.
Comparative Criminal Justice
5th Edition
Chapter 1: Introduction
Adrianna Hughes
University of Scranton
Learning Objectives: Chapter 1Distinguish international criminal justice from comparative criminal justice
Describe the value of comparing systems and issues of criminal justice
Discuss globalization and its effects on crime and criminal justice
Explore how countries have adopted methods from other to change how they practice criminal justice
Describe the purpose of the historical- political approach
Comparative Criminal Justice Systems
5th Edition
Comparative Criminal JusticeInvestigates and evaluates a national system of justice in terms of other countries, cultures, or institutionsKey word: compareExamines strengths and weaknesses of different approaches to : crime, law, and justice around the world.Comparative criminology study of the causes and correlates of crime in two or more cultures.
Comparative Criminal Justice Systems
5th Edition
International & Transnational Crimes
InternationalCrimes against the peace and security of mankindBased on international agreements between countries, or legal precedentsEx’s: genocide, torture, and enslavement of population
TransnationalOffenses whose inception, acts, and impact involve more than one countryUsually involve provision of illicit goods or infiltration of business or government
Comparative Criminal Justice Systems
5th Edition
International & Transnational Crimes: Continued
InternationalThe International Criminal CourtFounded 2002; NetherlandsAdjudicates international crimesEx: President of Liberia: Charles TaylorAiding and abetting crimes
Transnational Occurring more frequently as global communication and interaction increase
Ex: guns used in criminal enterprises smuggled from Mexico to US- 2007-2011Counterfeit perfume sold in United States from China
See: Table 1.1 for most common transnational crimes
Comparative Criminal Justice Systems
5th Edition
International & Transnational Crimes: Continued
Comparative Criminal Justice Systems
5th Edition
Origins of Comparative Criminal JusticeApplies comparative methodologies used in law and political science to sociology and criminal justiceOrigins1700’s- “Age of Enlightenment”Cesare Beccaria- considered first criminologistCalled for changes in Western European criminal justiceSuch as elimination of torture, death penalty, and secret trials.
Comparative Criminal Justice Systems
5th Edition
Origins of Comparative Criminal Justice Continued1800’sOthers such as Jeremy Bentham and Emile Durkheim begin to conduct cross- national studies of crime
Criminal Justice Professionals start researching issue of cross-national crime
General Statistical Congress, International Congress on the Prevention and Repression of Crime, and First International Police Congress
First large scale attempts to collect data on international crime.
Comparative Criminal Justice Systems
...
Similar to Current imprisonment rates, future forecasts and security issues (20)
Imagine Life Behind Bars. . .
The anatomy of a prison cell.
Absence of usual privileges.
Going to prison is like going to an alien world.
No refrigerator, kitchen, private bathroom.
- History and Goals
- Prison Organization
- Correctional Officers
- Prison Society
- Women in Prison
- Prison Programs
- Violence
- Prisoner Rights
http://www.inmatecountyjail.com
The document discusses how hate groups form and spread hateful ideologies in prison systems. It outlines that prisons are no longer isolated from communities, as 95% of prisoners will return to society. Within prisons, gangs originally formed around identities like race and nationality have transformed into hate groups that seek to intimidate and attack others. These groups spread hateful beliefs as an "infectious disease" among inmates. The growth of hate groups in prisons threatens both the prison system and communities, as these groups develop criminal networks and political influence upon returning to society.
1. BY THE END OF 2011, CDCR PLANS TO REDUCE IT PRISON POPULATION BY 18,000 FELONS
OPENING THE “BACK DOORS”
6,000 TO LA COUNTY
2. BY THE END OF 2011 FEDERAL COURT ORDER TO REDUCE POPULATION BY 60,000
CLOSING THE “FRONT DOORS”
5,000 TO LA COUNTY
3. IN ADDITION TO 21,000 ALREADY PAROLED ON AN ANNUAL BASIS TO LA COUNTY
http://www.inmatecountyjail.com
Corrections in America - State and Local Prison SystemsPaul Colbert
In the USA there are over 1,410,000 adult male prisoners, which are located in more than 1,600 adult state and local prisons in the nation.
http://www.inmatecountyjail.com
California: in 1980, ~ 220 people incarcerated / 100,000.
In 2010, ~731 people incarcerated/100,000
U.S. has highest incarceration rate in the world:
- England and Wales: 154 inmates per 100,000
- Iraq and Iran: 133 inmates per 100,000
- Canada : 116 inmates per 100,000
- Japan: 63 inmates per 100,000
http://www.inmatecountyjail.com
Analysis of a specialized regional jail facility Paul Colbert
Jail for Offenders with Mental Health/Chemical Abuse Challenges. JLARC assess whether existing facilities could be converted to a specialized, regional jail (E2SSB 5763, 2005). Specialized: offenders with mental health and co-occurring mental or chemical dependency disorders that need specialized treatment. Regional jail: offenders from many counties and cities
http://www.inmatecountyjail.com
Alabama Department of Corrections - Perspective and Solutions 2012Paul Colbert
The document summarizes the key points from the Association of County Commissioners 83rd Annual Convention presentation by the Alabama Department of Corrections. It discusses ADOC's budget challenges including rising healthcare costs and overcrowded facilities. It outlines solutions ADOC has implemented like agreements with counties to house inmates, use of K9 units, and expanding community corrections programs. It also references the Supreme Court ruling in Brown v. Plata requiring California to reduce its prison population due to overcrowding, and warnings that Alabama may face a similar federal takeover if sentencing reforms are not passed to alleviate overcrowding issues.
2012 National Association of Sentencing CommissionsPaul Colbert
October 2006, CDCR reached an all time high for inmate population and September 2007 and all time high for parolees.
173,500 inmates
160,000 were in institutions
128,000 parolees
15,000+ were in prisons
Design Capacity was 80,000 beds
Overcrowding rate = 200%
http://www.inmatecountyjail.com
What Counties Need to Know to Implement Criminal Justice RealignmentPaul Colbert
Criminal Justice Realignment:
1. Shifts custody of felons sentenced for non-violent, non-serious, non-sex offenses to county control unless excluded by statute
2. Establishes Postrelease Community Supervision (PRCS)
3. Changes state parole revocation process
4. Tasks Community Corrections Partnerships (CCPs) with planning for the change and implementing local plans
5. Funded by diverted state sales tax, specified vehicle license fee proceeds, and some state General Fund dollars
http://www.inmatecountyjail.com
Sonoma county - Public Safety RealignmentPaul Colbert
Why Realignment?
- Coleman/Plata –prison overcrowding lawsuit
- State budget
- Recidivism rate from CDCR
- Research
Realignment does not result in early release of any currently sentenced felons. Realignment does not transfer custody of any prisoner from State Prison directly to County Jail. Rather, it changes jurisdiction of specified populations from state to local control, by changing sentencing and supervision requirements
By Chief Probation Officers of California
http://www.inmatecountyjail.com
Essential Tools for Modern PR Business .pptxPragencyuk
Discover the essential tools and strategies for modern PR business success. Learn how to craft compelling news releases, leverage press release sites and news wires, stay updated with PR news, and integrate effective PR practices to enhance your brand's visibility and credibility. Elevate your PR efforts with our comprehensive guide.
Youngest c m in India- Pema Khandu BiographyVoterMood
Pema Khandu, born on August 21, 1979, is an Indian politician and the Chief Minister of Arunachal Pradesh. He is the son of former Chief Minister of Arunachal Pradesh, Dorjee Khandu. Pema Khandu assumed office as the Chief Minister in July 2016, making him one of the youngest Chief Ministers in India at that time.
13062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
केरल उच्च न्यायालय ने 11 जून, 2024 को मंडला पूजा में भाग लेने की अनुमति मांगने वाली 10 वर्षीय लड़की की रिट याचिका को खारिज कर दिया, जिसमें सर्वोच्च न्यायालय की एक बड़ी पीठ के समक्ष इस मुद्दे की लंबित प्रकृति पर जोर दिया गया। यह आदेश न्यायमूर्ति अनिल के. नरेंद्रन और न्यायमूर्ति हरिशंकर वी. मेनन की खंडपीठ द्वारा पारित किया गया
Current imprisonment rates, future forecasts and security issues
1. Current imprisonment rates,
future forecasts and security
issues –Implications for
Australian Prison Systems
Professor David Brown, Law
Faculty, University of NSW
2. Introduction
• Introduction: meanings of security
• Current trends in crime and imprisonment
• Prospects of reversing the expansion of
imprisonment
• Performance indicators related to security
• Terrorism and terrorist trials and their
effect on prison regimes
3. Introduction
• Meanings of “security”?
• Narrow: means by which prisoners are
contained.
• Broader: “freedom from danger, risk etc.;
safety” –Macquarie Dictionary.
• NSW DCS Mission statement: “To
manage offenders in a safe, secure and
humane manner and reduce the risks of
reoffending”
4. Introduction
• Report on Government Services 2008,
Corrective services’ objectives are to:
– Provide a safe, secure and humane
custodial environment
– Provide an effective community
corrections environment
– Provide program interventions to reduce
the risk of re-offending
5. Crime rates : Source AIC Australian
Crime, Facts and Figures 2007
12. International comparisons
• United States 738 per 100,000 pop
• Russia 611
• South Africa 335
• New Zealand 186
• United Kingdom 148
• Australia 126
• China 118
• Canada 107
• Italy 104
• Germany 95
• France 85
• Sweden 82
• Norway 66
• Japan 62
• Indonesia 45
• India 30
Source: Walmsley, World Prison Population List, 7th
edn. : www.prisonstudies.org
13. Prospects of reversing prison expansion :
Lacey, The Prisoners’ Dilemma (2008)
• Lacey’s argument: Liberal democratic criminal
justice should aspire to be reintegrative and
inclusionary rather than stigmatising and
exclusionary.
• What are the institutional pre-conditions for
realisation of penal moderation and inclusionary
practices?
• Socio-cultural, political and economic variables
affecting capacity to deliver inclusionary criminal
justice policies in different forms of democracy
14. Prospects of reversing prison expansion
• Comparative analysis to explain penal
tolerance and severity –significant national
differences cf sweeping analyses of ‘late
modernity’
• Utising Cavadino and Dignam and Hall
and Soskice, Lacey highlights the
‘liberal/co-ordinated market economy’
distinction.
15. Prospects of reversing prison expansion: Source:
N. Lacey, The Prisoners’ Dilemma (2008) p60
Country Imprisonment rate Per 100,000
2006
homicide rate (%) Foreign Prisoners
%
Co-ordination
index rating
(0-1)
Neo-liberal countries (Liberal market economies)
USA
South Africa
New Zealand
England/Wales
Australia
737
336
186
148
125
5.56
55.86
2.5
1.6
1.87
6.4
3.3
9.3
13.6
19.5
0.00
n/a
0.21
0.07
0.36
Conservative corporatist (Co-ordinated market economies)
Netherlands
Italy
Germany
France
128
104
94
85
1.51
1.5
1.15
1.71
31.7
33.2
28.2
21.4
0.66
0.87
0.95
0.69
Social democracies (Co-ordinated market economies)
Sweden
Denmark
Finland
Norway
82
77
75
66
1.1
1.02
2.86
0.95
26.2
18.2
8.0
17.2
0.69
0.70
0.72
0.76
Oriental corporatist (Co-ordinated market economy)
Japan 62 1.05 7.9 0.74
16. Prospects of reversing prison expansion
Key factors:
• The structure of the economy
• Levels of investment in education and training
• Disparities of wealth
• Literacy rates
• Proportion of GDP on welfare
• Co-ordinated wage bargaining
• Electoral systems
• Constitutional constraints on criminalisation
• Institutional capacity to integrate ‘outsiders’
17. Prospects of reversing prison
expansion
• The relatively disorganised, individualistic liberal market
economies particularly vulnerable to penal populism
• ‘Co-ordinated systems which face long term
relationships –through investment in education and
training, generous welfare benefits, long term
employment relationships -have been able to resist the
powerfully excluding and stigmatising aspects of
punishment’ cf liberal market systems oriented to
flexibility and mobility –turn to punishment as a means of
managing an excluded population.
• Garland’s ‘culture of control’ a product of the dynamics of
liberal market economies
18. Prospects of reversing prison expansion :
The US
• Estimating the impact of incarceration on
crime –the US case.
• Between 1970-2005 628% increase prison
pop
• 2005 1.5 million in US prisons and
750,000 in local jails.
• Spelman : 10% higher incarceration rate –
4% drop in crime rate.
19. Prospects of reversing prison
expansion
• Between 1990-2005 crime rate fell to
lowest point in 30 years (FBI stats).
• On Spelman’s analysis 25% of this drop
explained by increasing incarceration rate.
• 75% due to other factors.
• Researchers have identified these other
factors as:
20. Prospects of reversing prison
expansion
• Fewer young people in population
• Smaller urban populations
• Decreases in crack cocaine markets
• Lower unemployment rates
• Higher wages
• More education and high school graduates
• More police per capita
• More arrests for public order offences
• Source: Steman, Vera Institute Report,
Reconsidering Incarceration January 2007.
22. Prospects of reversing prison
expansion
• “The pivotal question for policy makers is
not “Does incarceration increase public
safety?” but rather, “Is incarceration the
most effective way to increase public
safety?”
23. Prospects of reversing prison
expansion
• The emerging answer to the rephrased question is “no”.
Analysts are nearly unanimous in their conclusion that
continued growth in incarceration will prevent
considerably fewer, if any, crimes –and at substantially
greater reduced cost to taxpayers. In the future, policing
strategies, unemployment, wages, education, and other
factors associated with low crime rates may account for
more significant reductions. Yet policy and spending for
public safety continue to focus heavily on imprisonment,
effectively limiting investment in these promising
alternatives. Vera Institute (2007, p2)
25. Prospects of reversing prison
expansion
• Pratt on Scandinavian ‘exceptionalism’
• Low rates; exceptional prison conditions
• Origins in: cultures of equality
–: welfare state; universal social
security
–: high levels of trust and solidarity
–: bodily punishments scaled down
or abolished
26. Prospects of reversing prison
expansion
–Strong state bureaucracies with
considerable autonomy and
independence from political interference
–Strong interventionist central state
– mass media controlled by public
organisations
–High levels of social capital
–Power and influence of expertise
36. Terrorism/terrorist trials - effects on prison
conditions/policies/ design
1. Introduction
• the distorting effects of a hyper-politicisation of
criminal justice enacted under the spectre of terrorism.
(Hicks, Thomas, Haneef , Ul Haque and Benbrika).
– Politicisation of the law making processes
• Tight executive control minimising legislative input;
• Attempt to keep draft legislation secret
• Pressure on States to pass complimentary legislation to evade
constitutional challenge
– Politicisation of the content of criminal law offences
• include reference to political motives,
• drive potential culpability back in time well before attempts and
conspiracy, what Lucia Zedner calls “pre-crime”.
37. Terrorism/terrorist trials - effects on prison
regimes
• Politicisation of investigative processes, eg.
Ul Haque
• Politicisation of the trial process eg
– exceptional circumstances for bail;
– holding of remandees in oppressive conditions which
affect their ability to participate in their own trials;
– political vetting of lawyers through requiring security
clearances;
– withholding information from defence lawyers; etc
38. Terrorism/terrorist trials - effects on prison
regimes
• Politicisation evident in executive responses to
judicial decisions adverse to the government, eg.
– Minister Andrews’ response to Haneef being granted bail
-revoke his visa;
– the government’s response to Thomas’s acquittal on appeal –
apply for a control order;
– control order against Hicks after a politically negotiated plea.
• Politicisation in the form of judicial submission to
the claims of terror, eg
– the readiness of the federal magistrates to grant control orders in
the Hicks and Thomas cases;
– judgment of the High Court in Thomas where the majority was
prepared to overturn well established limits to executive powers.
39. Terrorism/terrorist trials - effects on prison
regimes
• Politicisation of correctional
processes eg
• Benbrika case - Bongiorno J - “an unfair trial
because of the whole circumstances in which
they are being incarcerated at HMP Barwon
and the circumstances in which they are
being transported to and from court” (R v
Benbrika and Ors [2008] VSC 80 20 March
2008 para 91).
• Ul Haque case - a form of ‘political theatre’;
40. Terrorism/terrorist trials - effects on prison
regimes
• Events surrounding these cases illustrate the
way that the spectre of terrorism and the
technologies of risk and the politics of fear it
engenders, have:
– distorted domestic criminal justice processes through
a profound hyper-politicisation,
– overreaching claims of executive sovereignty,
– lack of respect for the separation of powers,
– political trumping of judicial decisions;
– the use of the criminal process, the courts and the
correctional system, as a form of political theatre.
41. Terrorism/terrorist trials - effects on prison
regimes
2. Effects on Penal regimes
• Classification –NSW has a specific AA (men)
and Category 5 (women) terrorist classification
in the Crimes (Administration of Sentences)
Regulation 2001 Reg 22
– “the category of inmates who, in the opinion of the
Commissioner, represent a special risk to national
security (for example, because of a perceived risk that
they may engage in, or incite other persons to engage
in, terrorist activities) and should at all times be
confined in special facilities within a secure physical
barrier that includes towers or electronic surveillance
equipment”
42. Terrorism/terrorist trials - effects on prison
regimes
– Separation and segregation in separate
facilities such as Goulburn HRMU or Barwon.
– Design and regime features which minimise
human contact, limit exercise and time out of
cells, limit association between prisoners.
• The introduction of specific techniques and
practices such as more frequent and intrusive
strip searching, the use of Guantanamo style
orange jumpsuits; the use of body belts to foot
and hand shackles are attached, etc.
43. Terrorism/terrorist trials - effects on prison
regimes
– upgrading of security and installation of high tech
security devices. Risk supermax conditions
introduced and ‘normalised’ in mainstream prison
system.
– Restriction on access to communications, visitors,
reading matter.
– Prison design? May lead to “target hardening”
prisons or sections of prisons against potential
external attack, internal revolts, hostage taking and
escapes.
– Potential militarisation of prison regimes,
strengthening of special armed sections or units,
increased liaison with police and military.
44. Terrorism/terrorist trials - effects on prison
regimes
3. ‘Revalorising’ the role of the ‘supermax’ prison?
-US origins of term, 1983 Marion (Roy King in ‘The
rise and Rise of Supermax: An American Solution in
Search of a Problem?’ Punishment and Society 1(2)
(1999) 163-186, see Ghosts of the Civil Dead).
- US something like 25,000 prisoners are in designated
supermax facilities cf Europe, Australia.
– “supermax” obscures the long history of “secondary
punishment”, “trac”, “punishment” and “segregation”
sections and conditions in Australian prisons from the
penal colonies on. Morton Bay, Norfolk Island,
through Grafton, Katingal, Pentridge, Jika Jika,
Goulburn HRMU, Barwon etc.
45. Terrorism/terrorist trials - effects on prison
regimes: challenges
• NSW Council for Civil Liberties, Shadow Report
prepared for the UN Committee against Torture, 27 July
2007 and the Concluding observations of the Committee
against Torture in relation to Australia , 15 May 2008.
The NSW CCL recommended that “the State party
(Australia) invite the Special Rapporteur on Torture to
visit the ‘supermax’ prison within a prison (HRMU) at the
Goulburn Correctional Centre”. CCL argued:
– “the conditions in the HRMU are having an adverse
impact on the mental health of its inmates”;
– That mentally ill prisoners are being placed in the
HRMU under segregation conditions rather than in the
specialist acute psychiatric wing of the prison hospital
at Long Bay. – eg.Scott Simpson case
– That those held on terrorism related charges are not
permitted to see the Official Visitor.
46. Terrorism/terrorist trials - effects on prison
regimes: challenges
• no mechanism for HRMU inmates to challenge
their placement and continued detention in the
facility. The courts have no power to intervene
and the NSW Commissioner of Corrective
Services has suggested that some HRMU
inmates will remain in the facility for the term of
their natural lives.
• allegations of political interference in the running
of the HRMU and a constant stream of selective
government and departmental leaks from the
HRMU to the popular media.
47. Terrorism/terrorist trials - effects on prison
regimes: challenges
• The UN Committee Against Torture - Concluding
Observations on Australia, Committee :
– Concerned over the harsh regime imposed on
detainees in “supermax” prisons” and in particular
“over the prolonged isolation periods detainees,
including those pending trial, are subjected to and the
effect such treatment may have on their mental
health.” (p8, para 24)
– The Committee recommended that the “State Party
should review the regime imposed on detainees in
super maximum prisons , in particular the practice of
prolonged isolation” (Rec 24). And that the Aust
government should advise on what they done about
this within one year.
48. Terrorism/terrorist trials - effects on prison
regimes: challenges
• Proposed ratification by the Rudd ALP government the Optional
Protocol to the Convention against Torture and other Cruel,
Inhuman of Degrading Treatment or Punishment (OPCAT) entails
obligation on State Parties to:
“set up, designate or maintain at the domestic level one or
several visiting bodies for the prevention of torture and other
cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment –national
preventive mechanisms (NPMs)”. ( CAT, First Annual Report Of
The Subcommittee On Prevention of Torture 29 April-16 May
2008 para 6).
• A preliminary guideline requirement for NPMs is that:
– the NPM should be developed by a public, inclusive and
transparent process of establishment, including civil society and
other actors involved in the prevention of torture; where an
existing body is considered for designation as the NPM, the
matter should be open for debate, involving civil society.” (ibid,
para 28ii)
49. Terrorism- and prison regimes: challenges:
right to a fair trial
• Challenge to meet the Benbrika ruling
• Bongiorno J ruled that the minimum alterations necessary to
remove the unfairness currently affecting this trial are :
– They be incarcerated for the rest of the trial at the Metropolitan
Assessment Prison, Spencer Street.
– They be transported to and from court directly from and to the
MAP without any detour.
– They be not shackled or subjected to any other restraining
devices other than ordinary handcuffs not connected to a waist
belt.
– They not be strip searched in any situation where they have
been under constant supervision and have only been in secure
areas.
– That their out of cell hours on days when they do not attend
court be not less than ten.
– That they otherwise be subjected to conditions of incarceration
not more onerous than those normally imposed on ordinary
remand prisoners, including conditions as to professional and
personal visitors. (R v Benbrika [2008] VSC 80 para 100).
50. Terrorism/terrorist trials - effects on prison
regimes
4. Prisons as ‘incubators’ of terrorism: prison
‘conversion’
• sensationalist media coverage of the issue of
‘conversions’ of prisoners to Islam prisoners to Islam and
potentially to terrorist sympathies (especially in relation
to Goulburn HRMU).
– ‘Hard Men Turn to Islam to Cope With Jail, Goulburn’s
super mosque’, Stephen Gibbs SMH Nov 19 2005.
– ‘NSW Corrective Services and the super-max jihadis’
Crikey 23 April 2007.
– ‘Authorities fear prisoners plotting jail break during
prayers’ ABC 23 April 2007.
– ‘Inmates studying al-Qaeda manual’ SMH Dec 2007
– ‘Prisons ‘terrorist breeding grounds’ The Age July
2006.
51. Terrorism/terrorist trials - effects on prison
regimes
• US -major debate about the role of religion in
prisons, restrictions on access to the Koran in
various states and a moratorium on the hiring of
Muslim chaplains in some. (Columbia Human
Rights Law Review, 2005-6).
• British research –beneficial effect of conversion
on inmate behaviour
• Australian context cynicism over ‘conversions’,
linked to gangs, ethnic streaming and the
“radicalisation” of prisoners.
52. Terrorism/terrorist trials - effects on prison
regimes
• Notion of “radicalisation” needs deconstructing -
the radicalisation of prisoners in the 1960s and
1970s, expressed in riots over prison conditions
and state brutality which brought about reforms
in the prison system in many jurisdictions.
• Through radicalisation that unsafe, insecure and
harmful prison conditions and regimes are
exposed and prisoner, prison staff and
community safety and security enhanced.
53. Terrorism/terrorist trials - effects on prison
regimes
• Danger to correctional security if Australian Corrective
Services Departments get caught up in the politicisation
of criminal justice processes around terrorism.
• Provision of repressive prison conditions through lock-
down, supermax type regimes, is :
– unlawful in that it infringes the constitutional and common law
right to a fair trial for remandees;
– Infringes International conventions
– highly counter-productive - legitimates criticism and protest
against those conditions;
– provides fresh and legitimate grievances to disaffected
individuals or groups, serves as rallying point;
– decreases public and community safety and security.
54. Conclusion
• The current trends in crime -downward for
many forms of crime, particularly property
crime – international trend –eg UK all
crime down 48% 1995-2007/08
• Current trends in imprisonment rates
steadily increasing, particularly for
Indigenous people, remandees, and
women.
55. Conclusion
• Prospects of reversing the expansion of
imprisonment depend at most general level on
mitigation of neo-liberal political, economic and
social policies - return to a politics of inclusion,
social welfare provision and social solidarity.
• Imprisonment rates need to be consciously
reduced as matter of government planning;
• policy and resources diverted from the custodial
to welfare, educational and training programs in
community settings.
56. Conclusion
• A range of critical security issues facing prison
systems best addressed by rejecting the narrow
technical conception of security and focussing
on agreed upon governmental objectives of :
– Providing a safe, secure and humane custodial
environment;
– Providing an effective community corrections
environment;
– Providing program interventions to reduce the risk of
re-offending.
57. Conclusion
• In relation to terrorism the challenge is to resist
the politicisation of criminal justice processes:
– ensure legal rights (eg right to a fair trial) are
respected through safe and humane prison conditions
for terrorist suspects and indeed for all prisoners;
– improve domestic prison inspection mechanisms as
required under the ratification of OPCAT (WA
Inspectorate a good model);
– Comply with CAT recommendation that the “State
Party should review the regime imposed on detainees
in super maximum prisons , in particular the practice
of prolonged isolation” (Rec 24). Do so within 1 year.