The document discusses the differences between current accounts and capital accounts, which are two important concepts in macroeconomics and international finance. Current accounts track a country's net income and involve trade of goods/services as well as income/transfers, while capital accounts track the net flow of money into and out of a country via investments. Maintaining balance of payments involves balancing deficits in current accounts with surpluses in capital accounts. Both types of accounts provide information about a country's economic conditions and financial interactions with other nations.

1. Current Account Vs. Capital Account
Current accounts and capital accounts are two important concepts in the field of macroeconomics and
international finance. In this article of mine, we shall understand the difference between current
accounts and capital accounts in detail.
The capital account and current accounts are believed to be the two elements or components of balance
of payments. Now, what is the balance of payments? It is nothing but database/recorded information of
monetary transactions between a country with other countries. These two concepts can help students
of economics understand the economic conditions of nations and write research reports based on their
observations. Since both these type of accounts are related to the balance of payments, let us know this
concept first before we understand current accounts vs. capital accounts in the macroeconomic context.
Balance of Payments
Balance of payments is a sheet which consists of records of financial dealings between a country and
other nations. Every nation has to make some imports from other countries to satisfy its domestic need
and make some exports to earn foreign exchange. Both these import and export details are entered into
the balance of payments sheet in such a way that there is no surplus or deficit in trade. So, the amount
of goods imported should be equal to the amount of goods exported by the country. If this does not
happen and in case the import are more than the exports, then the deficit is balanced by reducing
reserves and getting loans from other nations. In this way, the current account deficit and capital
account deficit are dealt with by economic policy makers.
Current Account
A current account is a sum of three things - net factor income, balance of trade and net transfer
payments. Net factor income is nothing but the income which comes from the sources like interest and
dividends. On the other hand, the balance of trade denotes the difference in the exports of a country
and its imports. Net transfer of payments could be related to the foreign aid which is received by many
nations. A current account, in simple words is a sign of the net income of a nation. A surplus shows that
the country's net foreign assets have risen over a fixed period while a deficit is an indicator of decreased
net foreign assets of the country. Current accounts are known as the balance of international dealings of
currently produced goods and services. Its deficits are possible in times when exports are less than the
imports. At this time, these deficits can be balanced with the surplus on capital accounts. Merchandise

2. trade, service such as tourism, labor, transportation, engineering, management consulting, software
services, income receipts and unilateral transfers which are one way transfer of assets are all included in
current accounts.
Capital Account
Capital account has been defined by economists as the net balance of the international investment
transactions. With such an account, we can understand the flow of money in and out of the nation. Any
surplus is an indicator of money coming inside a country while deficit reveals that money is going out of
the country. Calculation of capital account can be done by the summation of foreign direct investment
(FDI), portfolio investments, reserve account and other investments. While FDI is the long-term capital
investment with a lot of money, portfolio investments are the acquiring of shares and bonds. The
reserve account is a source of capital flows and are managed by central bank of the nation and the other
investments basically include capital flows in banks and capital flows advanced as loans.
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) has split capital account into two sub-divisions - financial
account and capital account. The financial account involves investments and instruments like the USA
owned assets in foreign countries and foreign-owned assets in the USA. Having capital account
convertibility helps nations convert local assets into foreign assets and vice versa. The rate of exchange
will be based on the current market rats at that point of time.
Like capital account convertibility, current account convertibility can be beneficial as it allows conversion
of currency. Finally, we conclude that for ensuring rapid economic progress of a nation, many reforms
must be introduced to improve the current state of financial system.