This document provides an overview of culture-bound syndromes (CBS), which are illnesses or disorders that occur exclusively in certain cultures. It defines CBS and outlines their history and classification. Several specific CBS are described in detail, including koro (genital retraction syndrome), dhat syndrome, hwa-byung, ataque de nervios, and brain fag. The document examines the proposed causes and key symptoms of each syndrome and notes their typical cultural contexts. In total, over 20 different CBS are referenced from cultures around the world.
This document outlines the key topics and concepts to be covered regarding abnormal psychology. It will define psychological disorders, identify criteria for abnormal behavior, describe cultural and historical perspectives on abnormality, and summarize major contemporary models including biological, psychological, and sociocultural approaches. Research methods for studying abnormal psychology will be discussed, applying scientific principles like forming hypotheses and testing them. Case examples will be used to demonstrate applying criteria for determining abnormality.
Somatization disorders involve the tendency to experience and communicate psychological distress through physical symptoms. They are medically unexplained and associated with increased healthcare utilization. Historically referred to as hysteria or hypochondria, modern terms include medically unexplained symptoms and functional somatic symptoms. Somatization is common worldwide and influenced by biological, psychological, social, and cultural factors interacting in a biopsychosocial model. Diagnostic classifications including DSM-5 and ICD-10/11 categorize different somatoform disorders characterized by somatic symptoms with no medical explanation and persistent healthcare seeking despite reassurance.
This document provides an overview of the historical conceptions of abnormal behavior from ancient to modern times. It discusses views from the supernatural, biological, psychological, psychoanalytic, humanistic, and behaviorist traditions. The biological tradition viewed disorders through humoral theory and treatments like bloodletting. The psychological tradition emphasized moral therapy. Psychoanalysis explored the unconscious and defense mechanisms. Modern approaches take an integrative scientific perspective.
Culture bound syndrome, culture related specific disorders, culture specific disorders/ syndromes, exotic psychiatric syndromes or Rare atypical unclassifiable disorders.
This document discusses cultural concepts of distress and how they have been assessed and categorized over time. It provides examples of early studies of cultural variations in psychopathology from the early 1900s. It describes the evolution of terms used to describe culture-specific forms of distress from "culture-bound syndromes" to more recent terms like "cultural concepts of distress". The document also discusses different proposed systems for categorizing cultural concepts, including by cardinal symptoms, taxons, and relationship to cultural factors. It provides examples of specific cultural concepts and their proposed relationships to culture and corresponding DSM-5 disorders.
Neurological system examination 22-1.pptxHarmonyOyiko
This document provides information on assessing the neuro-musculoskeletal system. It discusses examining various components including mental status, cranial nerves, motor functions, sensory systems, peripheral nerves, and reflexes. Specific aspects of mental status assessment are outlined, including appearance, consciousness, attention, memory, orientation, speech, emotional status, and behavior. Different types of abnormal beliefs like delusions and hallucinations are also described.
This document provides an overview of culture-bound syndromes (CBS), which are illnesses or disorders that occur exclusively in certain cultures. It defines CBS and outlines their history and classification. Several specific CBS are described in detail, including koro (genital retraction syndrome), dhat syndrome, hwa-byung, ataque de nervios, and brain fag. The document examines the proposed causes and key symptoms of each syndrome and notes their typical cultural contexts. In total, over 20 different CBS are referenced from cultures around the world.
This document outlines the key topics and concepts to be covered regarding abnormal psychology. It will define psychological disorders, identify criteria for abnormal behavior, describe cultural and historical perspectives on abnormality, and summarize major contemporary models including biological, psychological, and sociocultural approaches. Research methods for studying abnormal psychology will be discussed, applying scientific principles like forming hypotheses and testing them. Case examples will be used to demonstrate applying criteria for determining abnormality.
Somatization disorders involve the tendency to experience and communicate psychological distress through physical symptoms. They are medically unexplained and associated with increased healthcare utilization. Historically referred to as hysteria or hypochondria, modern terms include medically unexplained symptoms and functional somatic symptoms. Somatization is common worldwide and influenced by biological, psychological, social, and cultural factors interacting in a biopsychosocial model. Diagnostic classifications including DSM-5 and ICD-10/11 categorize different somatoform disorders characterized by somatic symptoms with no medical explanation and persistent healthcare seeking despite reassurance.
This document provides an overview of the historical conceptions of abnormal behavior from ancient to modern times. It discusses views from the supernatural, biological, psychological, psychoanalytic, humanistic, and behaviorist traditions. The biological tradition viewed disorders through humoral theory and treatments like bloodletting. The psychological tradition emphasized moral therapy. Psychoanalysis explored the unconscious and defense mechanisms. Modern approaches take an integrative scientific perspective.
Culture bound syndrome, culture related specific disorders, culture specific disorders/ syndromes, exotic psychiatric syndromes or Rare atypical unclassifiable disorders.
This document discusses cultural concepts of distress and how they have been assessed and categorized over time. It provides examples of early studies of cultural variations in psychopathology from the early 1900s. It describes the evolution of terms used to describe culture-specific forms of distress from "culture-bound syndromes" to more recent terms like "cultural concepts of distress". The document also discusses different proposed systems for categorizing cultural concepts, including by cardinal symptoms, taxons, and relationship to cultural factors. It provides examples of specific cultural concepts and their proposed relationships to culture and corresponding DSM-5 disorders.
Neurological system examination 22-1.pptxHarmonyOyiko
This document provides information on assessing the neuro-musculoskeletal system. It discusses examining various components including mental status, cranial nerves, motor functions, sensory systems, peripheral nerves, and reflexes. Specific aspects of mental status assessment are outlined, including appearance, consciousness, attention, memory, orientation, speech, emotional status, and behavior. Different types of abnormal beliefs like delusions and hallucinations are also described.
The document discusses the mind-body connection and how mental and psychological factors can influence physical health and cause somatic symptom disorders. It provides an overview of conversion disorder, formerly known as hysteria, where psychological stress is converted into physical neurological symptoms that cannot be explained medically. The document presents a case study of a woman with epilepsy, urinary issues, and suicidal thoughts whose symptoms may be linked to past trauma and discrimination. It covers theories for conversion disorder including dissociation and defenses against unconscious desires. Diagnosis involves ruling out medical conditions, and treatment uses a multidisciplinary approach including exploring psychosocial stressors.
.Lecture on Psychopathology_1652266196000.pptxTiondifrancis
The document discusses four main psychological approaches to understanding psychopathology: biological, cognitive, behavioral, and psychodynamic. It then focuses on the biological approach, explaining that abnormalities in the brain and nervous system due to factors like brain injury, infection, neurotransmitter imbalance, and genetics can cause psychological disorders. Specific examples are provided to illustrate each potential biological cause, such as how Phineas Gage's brain injury changed his personality, how syphilis can lead to general paresis, and how twin studies have shown genetics plays a role in depression.
This document summarizes several psychiatric syndromes, including conversion disorders like Blocq's disease and Briquet's syndrome, delusional misidentification syndromes like Capgras and Cotard syndromes, culture-bound syndromes like koro and amok, and factitious disorders like Munchausen's syndrome. It provides brief descriptions of each syndrome's key symptoms and historical or cultural context. References are provided for further reading on reactive psychosis and WHO diagnostic schedules.
Abnormal Psychology: Concepts of NormalityMackenzie
Notes for section 5.1 of my psych textbook for the option of "Abnormal Psychology" on the I.B. HL Psychology test. All about cultural norms, normal vs. abnormal, diagnosing processes,validity and whatnot.
This document provides an overview of various psychological disorders including:
- Definitions of psychological disorders and their prevalence. Key symptoms and possible origins are described for schizophrenia, mood disorders like depression and bipolar disorder, anxiety disorders, somatoform disorders, dissociative disorders, and personality disorders.
- Specific disorders covered in more depth include schizophrenia, major depressive disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, dissociative identity disorder, and borderline personality disorder.
- Biological, psychological, and social factors that may contribute to the development and expression of these disorders are also discussed.
Schizophrenia is a metal disorder characterized by disruptions in thought processes, perceptions, emotional responsiveness and social interaction. Here the etiology, epidemiology, types, signs and symptoms, pathophysiology, complications, diagnosis as well as management of schizophrenia is explained.
This document provides an overview of abnormal psychology and psychological disorders. It discusses early theories that abnormal behavior was caused by evil spirits or demons and treatments like trephining and exorcism. It then outlines modern perspectives on the causes of disorders like psychoanalytic, behavioral, cognitive, and biological models. The document explains the DSM classification system and major categories of disorders like anxiety, mood, dissociative, somatoform, and personality disorders. Specific disorders like depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and eating disorders are defined. The Rosenhan study questioning psychiatric diagnosis is also summarized.
Cultural bound syndromes are clusters of symptoms and behaviors that are specific to particular cultures. This document discusses several cultural bound syndromes found in different parts of the world, including Dhat syndrome and Koro seen commonly in India. It provides descriptions of the symptoms, cultural contexts, and explanations for these syndromes according to the local understandings in each culture. The document also discusses standardized questionnaires like the Cultural Formulation Interview that clinicians can use to understand the cultural factors impacting a patient's presentation and experience of distress.
This document provides an overview of anxiety, obsessive-compulsive, and trauma-related disorders as outlined in the DSM-5. It discusses the clinical picture and categories of these disorders, including anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive and related disorders, and trauma and stressor-related disorders. For anxiety disorders specifically, it describes separation anxiety disorder, selective mutism, specific phobias, social anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder.
- Chapter 11 discusses anxiety, obsessive-compulsive and trauma-related disorders as categorized in the DSM-5. It covers disorders such as separation anxiety disorder, specific phobias, social anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and agoraphobia.
- The chapter introduces each disorder and describes their key features and clinical picture based on the DSM-5 criteria. It discusses the historical understandings of anxiety and how modern theories have shifted to cognitive processes.
- Each anxiety disorder section provides details on the typical symptoms, presentations, and experiences of those suffering from disorders like social anxiety, specific phobias of objects or situations, and panic disorders which can involve unpredictable panic attacks.
This document provides information on several mental disorders, including bipolar disorder, anxiety disorders, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, phobic disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, somatoform disorders, dissociative disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder, dissociative identity disorder, depersonalization disorder, schizophrenia, and their symptoms and prevalence. It discusses the genetic and environmental factors involved in several of these conditions. Key facts include that bipolar disorder involves mood swings from mania to depression, anxiety disorders range from normal anxiety to more severe forms, and schizophrenia causes distortions in thoughts, perceptions, and emotions.
This is seminar presented as part of academics in my department. Please comment on the content, so that i can improve myself. If the content is good, kindly like it.
Abnormal psychology involves the study of psychological disorders, which are behaviors judged to be inappropriate, distressing, or dysfunctional. Psychological disorders are studied and treated by psychologists and psychiatrists using various theoretical perspectives including psychodynamic, behavioral, cognitive, and biological approaches. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) provides standardized criteria for classifying and diagnosing mental disorders. Major classes of disorders include anxiety disorders, mood disorders like depression, dissociative disorders, personality disorders, and psychotic disorders like schizophrenia.
Abnormal psychology involves the study of psychological disorders, which are behaviors judged to be inappropriate, distressing, or dysfunctional. Psychological disorders are studied and treated by psychologists and psychiatrists using various theoretical perspectives including psychodynamic, behavioral, cognitive, and biological approaches. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) provides standardized criteria for classifying and diagnosing mental disorders. Major categories of disorders include anxiety disorders, mood disorders like depression, dissociative disorders, personality disorders, schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders, and substance use disorders.
This document outlines learning targets and objectives for AP Psychology courses covering abnormal psychology and treatment. For abnormal psychology, students should be able to describe historical and current conceptions of psychological disorders, recognize the DSM diagnostic system, discuss major diagnostic categories and approaches to explaining disorders. For treatment, students should be able to describe major therapeutic approaches, compare treatment formats and figures, and discuss cultural influences on treatment.
This document provides an overview of somatization disorder, including a case presentation, types of somatoform disorders, historical and current perspectives on etiology and diagnosis, epidemiology, clinical features, management approaches, and comorbidities. It summarizes somatization disorder as a condition characterized by multiple somatic complaints that cannot be fully explained by medical factors and cause significant psychosocial impairment. Management involves a multidisciplinary approach including cognitive behavioral therapy, medical evaluation to rule out underlying conditions, regular supportive visits with a primary care physician, and treatment of any comorbid psychiatric disorders.
Here are the key points about psychoanalytic therapy:
- It was originally developed by Sigmund Freud and focuses on gaining insight into unconscious thoughts, memories, and desires.
- The therapist helps the patient gain self-awareness by interpreting unconscious drives and conflicts.
- Common techniques include free association, where the patient freely talks about whatever comes to mind, dream analysis to understand symbolic meaning, and analysis of transference where the patient's feelings towards the therapist provide insight.
- The goal is for the patient to develop understanding of how past experiences influence current thoughts and behaviors in order to resolve inner conflicts at an unconscious level.
- Sessions involve talking through thoughts and experiences to uncover underlying psychological issues outside of awareness.
This slide contains information regarding Dissociative Disorder. This can be helpful for proficiency level and bachelor level nursing students. Your feedback is highly appreciated.
This document provides an overview of psychological disorders and their treatment. It discusses what constitutes abnormal behavior and outlines several approaches to understanding the etiology of psychological disorders, including the biological, psychological, and sociocultural approaches. It then describes several major categories of psychological disorders like mood disorders, anxiety disorders, dissociative disorders, eating disorders, and schizophrenia. For each disorder, it provides details on symptoms, causes, and common treatments. It also discusses different classification systems for psychological disorders and criticisms of these systems.
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
The document discusses the mind-body connection and how mental and psychological factors can influence physical health and cause somatic symptom disorders. It provides an overview of conversion disorder, formerly known as hysteria, where psychological stress is converted into physical neurological symptoms that cannot be explained medically. The document presents a case study of a woman with epilepsy, urinary issues, and suicidal thoughts whose symptoms may be linked to past trauma and discrimination. It covers theories for conversion disorder including dissociation and defenses against unconscious desires. Diagnosis involves ruling out medical conditions, and treatment uses a multidisciplinary approach including exploring psychosocial stressors.
.Lecture on Psychopathology_1652266196000.pptxTiondifrancis
The document discusses four main psychological approaches to understanding psychopathology: biological, cognitive, behavioral, and psychodynamic. It then focuses on the biological approach, explaining that abnormalities in the brain and nervous system due to factors like brain injury, infection, neurotransmitter imbalance, and genetics can cause psychological disorders. Specific examples are provided to illustrate each potential biological cause, such as how Phineas Gage's brain injury changed his personality, how syphilis can lead to general paresis, and how twin studies have shown genetics plays a role in depression.
This document summarizes several psychiatric syndromes, including conversion disorders like Blocq's disease and Briquet's syndrome, delusional misidentification syndromes like Capgras and Cotard syndromes, culture-bound syndromes like koro and amok, and factitious disorders like Munchausen's syndrome. It provides brief descriptions of each syndrome's key symptoms and historical or cultural context. References are provided for further reading on reactive psychosis and WHO diagnostic schedules.
Abnormal Psychology: Concepts of NormalityMackenzie
Notes for section 5.1 of my psych textbook for the option of "Abnormal Psychology" on the I.B. HL Psychology test. All about cultural norms, normal vs. abnormal, diagnosing processes,validity and whatnot.
This document provides an overview of various psychological disorders including:
- Definitions of psychological disorders and their prevalence. Key symptoms and possible origins are described for schizophrenia, mood disorders like depression and bipolar disorder, anxiety disorders, somatoform disorders, dissociative disorders, and personality disorders.
- Specific disorders covered in more depth include schizophrenia, major depressive disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, dissociative identity disorder, and borderline personality disorder.
- Biological, psychological, and social factors that may contribute to the development and expression of these disorders are also discussed.
Schizophrenia is a metal disorder characterized by disruptions in thought processes, perceptions, emotional responsiveness and social interaction. Here the etiology, epidemiology, types, signs and symptoms, pathophysiology, complications, diagnosis as well as management of schizophrenia is explained.
This document provides an overview of abnormal psychology and psychological disorders. It discusses early theories that abnormal behavior was caused by evil spirits or demons and treatments like trephining and exorcism. It then outlines modern perspectives on the causes of disorders like psychoanalytic, behavioral, cognitive, and biological models. The document explains the DSM classification system and major categories of disorders like anxiety, mood, dissociative, somatoform, and personality disorders. Specific disorders like depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and eating disorders are defined. The Rosenhan study questioning psychiatric diagnosis is also summarized.
Cultural bound syndromes are clusters of symptoms and behaviors that are specific to particular cultures. This document discusses several cultural bound syndromes found in different parts of the world, including Dhat syndrome and Koro seen commonly in India. It provides descriptions of the symptoms, cultural contexts, and explanations for these syndromes according to the local understandings in each culture. The document also discusses standardized questionnaires like the Cultural Formulation Interview that clinicians can use to understand the cultural factors impacting a patient's presentation and experience of distress.
This document provides an overview of anxiety, obsessive-compulsive, and trauma-related disorders as outlined in the DSM-5. It discusses the clinical picture and categories of these disorders, including anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive and related disorders, and trauma and stressor-related disorders. For anxiety disorders specifically, it describes separation anxiety disorder, selective mutism, specific phobias, social anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder.
- Chapter 11 discusses anxiety, obsessive-compulsive and trauma-related disorders as categorized in the DSM-5. It covers disorders such as separation anxiety disorder, specific phobias, social anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and agoraphobia.
- The chapter introduces each disorder and describes their key features and clinical picture based on the DSM-5 criteria. It discusses the historical understandings of anxiety and how modern theories have shifted to cognitive processes.
- Each anxiety disorder section provides details on the typical symptoms, presentations, and experiences of those suffering from disorders like social anxiety, specific phobias of objects or situations, and panic disorders which can involve unpredictable panic attacks.
This document provides information on several mental disorders, including bipolar disorder, anxiety disorders, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, phobic disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, somatoform disorders, dissociative disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder, dissociative identity disorder, depersonalization disorder, schizophrenia, and their symptoms and prevalence. It discusses the genetic and environmental factors involved in several of these conditions. Key facts include that bipolar disorder involves mood swings from mania to depression, anxiety disorders range from normal anxiety to more severe forms, and schizophrenia causes distortions in thoughts, perceptions, and emotions.
This is seminar presented as part of academics in my department. Please comment on the content, so that i can improve myself. If the content is good, kindly like it.
Abnormal psychology involves the study of psychological disorders, which are behaviors judged to be inappropriate, distressing, or dysfunctional. Psychological disorders are studied and treated by psychologists and psychiatrists using various theoretical perspectives including psychodynamic, behavioral, cognitive, and biological approaches. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) provides standardized criteria for classifying and diagnosing mental disorders. Major classes of disorders include anxiety disorders, mood disorders like depression, dissociative disorders, personality disorders, and psychotic disorders like schizophrenia.
Abnormal psychology involves the study of psychological disorders, which are behaviors judged to be inappropriate, distressing, or dysfunctional. Psychological disorders are studied and treated by psychologists and psychiatrists using various theoretical perspectives including psychodynamic, behavioral, cognitive, and biological approaches. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) provides standardized criteria for classifying and diagnosing mental disorders. Major categories of disorders include anxiety disorders, mood disorders like depression, dissociative disorders, personality disorders, schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders, and substance use disorders.
This document outlines learning targets and objectives for AP Psychology courses covering abnormal psychology and treatment. For abnormal psychology, students should be able to describe historical and current conceptions of psychological disorders, recognize the DSM diagnostic system, discuss major diagnostic categories and approaches to explaining disorders. For treatment, students should be able to describe major therapeutic approaches, compare treatment formats and figures, and discuss cultural influences on treatment.
This document provides an overview of somatization disorder, including a case presentation, types of somatoform disorders, historical and current perspectives on etiology and diagnosis, epidemiology, clinical features, management approaches, and comorbidities. It summarizes somatization disorder as a condition characterized by multiple somatic complaints that cannot be fully explained by medical factors and cause significant psychosocial impairment. Management involves a multidisciplinary approach including cognitive behavioral therapy, medical evaluation to rule out underlying conditions, regular supportive visits with a primary care physician, and treatment of any comorbid psychiatric disorders.
Here are the key points about psychoanalytic therapy:
- It was originally developed by Sigmund Freud and focuses on gaining insight into unconscious thoughts, memories, and desires.
- The therapist helps the patient gain self-awareness by interpreting unconscious drives and conflicts.
- Common techniques include free association, where the patient freely talks about whatever comes to mind, dream analysis to understand symbolic meaning, and analysis of transference where the patient's feelings towards the therapist provide insight.
- The goal is for the patient to develop understanding of how past experiences influence current thoughts and behaviors in order to resolve inner conflicts at an unconscious level.
- Sessions involve talking through thoughts and experiences to uncover underlying psychological issues outside of awareness.
This slide contains information regarding Dissociative Disorder. This can be helpful for proficiency level and bachelor level nursing students. Your feedback is highly appreciated.
This document provides an overview of psychological disorders and their treatment. It discusses what constitutes abnormal behavior and outlines several approaches to understanding the etiology of psychological disorders, including the biological, psychological, and sociocultural approaches. It then describes several major categories of psychological disorders like mood disorders, anxiety disorders, dissociative disorders, eating disorders, and schizophrenia. For each disorder, it provides details on symptoms, causes, and common treatments. It also discusses different classification systems for psychological disorders and criticisms of these systems.
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
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Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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3. Introduction
• Also known as culture related specific disorders, culture specific
disorders/syndromes.
• In the American handbook of psychiatry, it is known as exotic
psychiatric syndromes or Rare atypical unclassifiable disorders.
• They all refer to certain illnesses or disorders which occur exclusively
in certain cultures and not found in others.
4. Definition
• Culture refers to a way of life of a group of people.
• Culture in this context refers to the ideas, values, habits and other
patterns of behaviour which a human group transmits from one
generation to another.
5. According to the American Psychiatrist Association,
DSM-IV;
• CBS is a combination of psychiatric and somatic symptoms that are
considered to be a recognizable disease only within a specific society
or culture. There are no objective biochemical or structural
alterations of body organs or functions and the disease is not
recognized in other cultures.
• Characterised by;
6. • Categorization as a disease in the culture
• Widespread familiarity in the culture
• Complete lack of familiarity of the condition to people in other
cultures
• No objectively demonstratable biochemical or tissue abnormalities
• The condition is usually treated by the folk medicine of the culture
7. • Various definitions for CBS have been proposed by Cassidy 1962;
Tseng & Mcdermont 1981; Littlewood & Lipsedge 1986.
• However, the most widely accepted is that proposed by Prince 1985
which states that
“CBS is a collection of signs and symptoms which is restricted to a
limited number of cultures primarily by reasons of certain of their
psychosocial features.”
8. • The concept “Culture bound syndrome” has been debated for a while
now. The debate been that culture is pathogenic* or pathoplastic*
• Pathogenic- an aetiological factor
• Pathoplastic- a contributing factor
Support for the pathogenic theory can be said to
be generated by the appreciation of the role of
psychological, social and cultural factors in illnesses
Pathoplastic theory can also be supported by the fact that culture has
been shown to influence the manifestation of illnesses and may be very
9. History
• Conditions now been referred to as CBS was first described in
Kraepelin textbook of psychiatry, the 8th edition (1909)
• It was Yap, a Chinese psychiatrist in 1962 that introduced it (although
they were described as folk names) into the psychiatric literature first
made an attempt to put into a diagnostic classification scheme.
• CBS were first described outside the west and so were thought to be
only non-western conditions.
10. • As at 1985, 186 conditions was described.
• Culture bound behaviour versus syndrome
• ICD-10 Diagnostic criteria of research describes about 12 though they
are not in any distinct class of their own because they have no sound
descriptions or epidemiological basis that separates them from those
already classified.
• DSM IV describes about 25.
• Some say the are just cultural manifestations of already described
neuropathology.
11. Classification
• Cultural emphasis on fertility and procreation
–genital shrinking (koro /suo-yang), semen loss (dhat) syndromes
• Cultural emphasis on learnt dissociation
–latah type and amok type reactions
• Syndromes related to acculturative stress
- brain fag, Bouffee-delirante type reactions
12. • Idioms of distress – susto/ espanto, nervios, hwa-byung, ataque de
nervios
• Syndromes related to physical appearance- taijin-kyofu reactions
• Reactions to extreme environmental conditions (arctic hysteria) –
windigo psychosis, pibloktoq, kayak-svimmel
13. Brain-fag syndrome
• First described by Prince in 1959 among Nigerians both home and
abroad.
• They believed their brain was fatigued who are exposed to the
Western system of education.
• The psychophysiological theory as well as “forbidden knowledge”
theory has also been proposed*.
• Male to female ratio?- not too true
14. • Note that subnormal intelligence, malnutrition or physical disease do
not account for this symptoms.
• The symptoms are specific such that they differ from the study stress
and exam crises experienced by western or Asian students.
15. • It is characterised by:
1. persistent unpleasant sensations around the head and neck while
studying.
2. An association btw the unpleasant sensation and study
(precipitated or worsened).
3. Inability to concentrate, understand or remember what was read.
4. An associated affective disturbance.
• To make a diagnosis, all 4 features must be present.
16. • History: features, study habit, sleeping pattern etc
• MSE- r/o other possible causes
• Treatment:
-counselling- adjust reading plans, etc
-muscle relaxation exercises
-antidepressants but avoid anxiolytics
*usually, a false diagnosis of anxiety or depression.
17. Bouffee delirante reaction
• Described by Africans.
• Equated to “frenzied anxiety” by Lambo.
• A transient psychotic illness that is sudden in onset and brief.
• Its characterised by paranoid delusions, visual and auditory
hallucinations, extreme anxiety with acting out behaviour.
• Not linked to an organic pathology but due marginilisation and loss of
supportive kin network. Its embedded over anxieties of witchcraft
and sorcery that increase under rapid socio cultural changes.
18. Koro
• Means head of tortoise in Japanese, shrinking of the penis in Chinese.
It is characterised by 3features:
1. The individual feels an acute state of anxiety from a subjective
experience of shrinking of their penis / breasts/ labia.
2. They anticipate not only impotence /sterility but also death!
3. They are also able to convince people in their immediate
environment and so “life saving” measures are taken! (beating up
the accused, pulling on the penis with a string)
*Psychoanalysts refer to it as oedipal complex of anxiety.
19. • Koro was initially thought to be restricted to South East Asia where it
was thought to be caused by excessive sexual intercourse
/masturbation or promiscuity.
• It has been described in other areas such as Nigeria, England!
• They however do not have all 3 key features and they are also
associated with a psychotic illness and so they are described as “koro-
like” disorder
21. Semen-loss
• Referred to as “dhat” in India, shen k’uei in China.
• Commoner in young males.
• The have an imagined loss of sperm via urine or nocturnal emissions
causing them to be generally weak, lack of concentration. Impaired
sexual functions, vague somatic sensations as well as an anxious and
dysphoric mood state.
• Similar to ?hypochondrical delusions.
22. Amok
• Amok is a Portugese-indian word “amuco” which refers to heroic
warriors who die in battle. (A.k.a. berserkr)*
• The acts can be likened to “Rambo”.
• Characterised by a prodromal phase of brooding, withdrawal and
dysphoria, a trivial upsetting incident alters conciousness causing fear
and rage, an increase in kinetic energy (–amok run)
• The amok run ends with suicide or he is overpowered, falls in a deep
sleep & then forgets.
• Seen in South east Asia.
• Some may describe it as a dissociative d/o
• Commoner in males
23. Latah
• Commoner in South Asia
• Means “ticklish”. Latah in Malaysia, Bah-tschi in Thailand, Mali-mali in
Phillipines.
• Also in the North Eurasian zone. A.k.a imu, Lapp- panic, miryachit
• Commoner in females.
24. • It is characterised by an exaggerated startle response to a stimuli
(unexpected visual or acoustic perception, touching, tickling).
• It is followed by coprolalic utterances like cunt, prick or ass.
• They then enter a transient dissociative state (echolalia, echopraxia)
• Described by some as the cultural elaboration of the
neurophysiological startle reflex
25. Susto
• A.K.A. espanto, miedo
• Spanish terms meaning an experience of fright/ scare.
• Symptoms usually follows a frightful experience, which causes their
soul to separate from their body.
• It resembles a neurotic /somatoform disorder.
26. Nervios
• A Spanish term similar to the English term –nerves!
• Chronic dysphoric mood states with various somatic manifestations
following psychosocial stress.
• Similar to hwa-byung (fire-illness) in China /Korea.
27. Windigo psychosis
• A.k.a. witiko, witigo which means mythical monster, a supernatural
being possesses the individual, causing them to have cannibalistic
urges!
• It has been reported among Eskimos.
• The term windigo is now used by Ojibwas to mean a depressed mood
of deep sorrow and hopelessness.
28. • ?Anorexia nervosa
• An eating disorder found mostly in young females from the West
because of their cultural value of slimness.
• A few cases in Africans that are highly Westernised!
29. Conclusion
• Before diagnosing apparently unusual behaviour or ideas in a person
of another cultural group, the psychiatrist has to get information from
others in the same cultural group if such behaviour or ideas are
congenial or pathological in a given situation to prevent a
misdiagnosis!