This study analyzes 487 complaints resolved by village courts in 30 char-based unions in Sirajganj district between May 2013 and February 2015. The village courts, established under the Village Court Act of 2006, aim to provide accessible justice to rural communities, as the formal court system is expensive and difficult for many to access. The study found that village courts successfully resolved 312 complaints, and 70% of complainants expressed satisfaction with the court decisions. While some unions lacked a dedicated village court structure, they continued proceedings in line with legal guidelines. The study concludes that village courts can play an effective role in local dispute resolution through accessible and impartial proceedings, increasing justice access for rural communities.

1. MMS
VILLAGE COURT AND
RESOLUTION OF LOCAL DISPUTES
An Analytical Study on 30 Char-based Unions of Sirajganj District
Design & Print
A Plus Communication

2. Village Court and Resolution of Local Disputes:
An Analytical Study on 30 Char-based Unions of Sirajganj District
Study Published in:
April 2015
Research Team:
1. Shankor Paul, Lead Researcher
2. Muzammel Haque, Research Associate
3. Abu Sharif Md. Mahbub-E-Kibria, Research Associate
Funded by:
EIDHR Programme of the European Union
Produced by:
Concern Universal, Bangladesh (CUB)
Manab Mukti Sangstha (MMS)
ISBN: 978-984-33-9508-5
The study was undertaken by Concern Universal-Bangladesh in collaboration with Manab
Mukti Sangstha (MMS) as integral component of the “Promoting Rights and Accessibility
of the ultra-poor in char-land areas through Democratic Local Governance (PRADG)”
project, in an attempt to understand the community perception and participation in the
local development planning and budgetary process of Union Parishads.
The research team is grateful to all local stakeholders of the PRADG project who provided
their time and valuable information for successful completion of this study.
For Further information, please contact:
Shankor Paul
Head, Human Rights Unit
Concern Universal, Bangladesh
House-8 (4-5th
floor), Road-28, Block-K, Banani
Dhaka-1213, Bangladesh, Tel: +880-2-9855296 (108)
E-mail: shankor.paul@concern-universal.org
Website: www.concern-universal.org

3. Table of Contents
Chapter 1. Introduction 4
1.1 Background of the study 5
1.2 Objectives 5
1.3 Scope of the study 5
1.4 Methods 6
1.5 The Study area 6
Chapter 2. The Village Court 7
2.1 Structure of the Village Court 9
2.2 Powers and legal jurisdiction of the Village Court 9
2.3 The Proceedings of Application to Village Court 11
2.4 Decision of the Court and its Review 13
2.5 Ground Observation and Practices 13
Chapter 3. Complaints Recording And Resolution Mechanisms In The Village Courts 16
3.1 Existing status of reported complaints 16
3.2 The status of resolution of people’s complaints 18
Chapter 4. Roles Of The Village Courts To Satisfy The People With Decision 20
4.1 Peoples’ Satisfaction on Decisions of the Village Court 20
4.2 Activating the Village Court as a System of Rural Justice 21
4.3 Lessons in operation of the Village Courts 23
4.4 Recommends for reinforcing the Village Courts 28
4.5 Conclusion 29
References 32
SL Title Page No.

4. List of Tables & Figures
Table-1: Comparative Status of people's complaints to the UP led Village Court 18
Table-2: Status on resolution of people's complaints by the UP led Village Courts 19
Table-3: Village Court Infrastructure in 30 Unions of Sirajgonj (Up to February 2015) 27
Figure-1: Design of the study 6
Figure-2: Structural links of village courts 7
Figure-3a: A structure and set of the village 8
Figure-3b: Structure of the Village Court 9
Figure 4: The procedures of a Village Court 12
Figure-5: Mrs. Bedana Khatun submitting her application 13
Figure-6: UP Secretary is verifying the application 14
Figure-7: A sample summons of the UPs 14
Figure-8: A feature of on-going hearing in the VC 15
Figure-9: Consultation of VC representatives for making decision 15
Figure-10: Status of reported complains to the UPs during first 8 months (May to Dec. 2013) 16
Figure-11: Status of reported people’s complains in the 21 UPs (period: Jan. to June2014) 17
Figure-12: Status of people’s reported complains in the 29 UPs (period: July’14 to Feb. 2015) 18
Figure-13: Levels of people’s satisfaction on decisions of the Village Courts 20
BDT Bangladesh Taka
CUB Concern Universal Bangladesh
EC European Commission
FGD Focus Group Discussion
KII Key Informants Interview
MMS Manab Mukti Sangstha
NGO Non-Governmental Organization
OC Office in Charge
UNO Upazila Nirbari Officer
UNDP United Nations Development Programme
UP Union Parishad
VC Village Court
SC Supreme Court
List of Tables Page No.
List of Figures
Abbreviations

5. Village Court and Resolution of Local Disputes 03
Abstract
The Village Court is a form of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) that constituted under
the legal provisions of Village Court Act, 2006 (amendment 2013). The court is
administered by the Union Parishad and selective local leaders as response of the
reported complaints of the people. The study was done to understand people’s access to
village courts to resolve their disputes. This was an analytical study that conducted in 30
Char-based Unions of Sirajganj district. The information related to reported people’s
complaints was collected through a template and the information of people’s satisfaction
and opinions was collected through application of qualitative methods. The findings
revealed that Char people are mostly depended on dispute resolution of the Village Court
because it is only accessible and easy communicable rural justice mechanism in selected
Char-land area. Though a section of UPs doesn’t have any formal structure (Eslash) of the
Village Court, they took continued the proceedings in an informal ways in line with
provisions of the Village Court Act, 2006 (amendment, 213) and Rules, 1976. With the
analysis of 487 complaints, it is defined that UPs were successful in resolution of 312
complaints while 70% complainers shown their satisfaction on the decisions of the Village
Courts. In spite of diverse limitations, people believe that the UP led Village Court can play
an effective role in resolution of local disputes with just proceedings and explore a
window for the Char-people to gain access to justice.

6. 04 Village Court and Resolution of Local Disputes
1. Introduction
Access to justice is the key to ensure human rights and good governance. But the formal
justice system is under serious pressure with huge caseload to dispose of the pending cases.
Around 2.3 million cases are pending with the courts across the country including the
Appellate Division and High Court Division of the Supreme Court (SC), causing immeasurable
suffering to the litigants1
. Although the number of judges and the rate of disposal of cases are
increasing, the backlog is growing higher, since the number of filing of cases is increasing day
by day due to growth of population. It has a negative impact on the lives of people, who live
in remote Char-land areas, cannot afford the expenses of cases and lacks clear
understanding of how to obtain justice in the formal courts, while a significant parts of those
case backlogs could easily be resolved through the local justice system (Siddiqi 2004). It is a
fact that a large section of rural people in Bangladesh live below poverty lines who are
struggling to get access to formal justice system. Accessing formal justice is not only
expensive for rural poor but also too procedural difficulties. This section of people doesn’t
have sufficient capacity to provide required costs of court cases. The costs are related to:
• Expenses of frequent travelling to court.
• Expenses for conducting case (including lawyer fees)
The fees for lawyer are so high that sometimes it is more than the value of the disputed
matter. Legal aid is very rarely available to the rural people although some NGOs and
government provide some legal aid which is not sufficient comparing to the need.
Therefore, considering the increasing load of pending cases in formal judicial system of
Bangladesh, “Village Court” is the best alternative where rural people would get justice in
a very nominal expense and in a cordial and informal environment (Quader, 1995).
Apart from that the long standing vengeances are also mitigated whilst the dispute is
resolved in their presence without too much legal jargons to play part during the process.
Many grievances which are never accessed to formal justice system due to its formalities
and for the cause of expense can be resolved through Village Courts and that would
contribute substantially in establishing rule of law. The people of char land areas of
Bangladesh are basically deprived of mainstream development process. About 30%
people of Char-lands are ultra-poor, divested of human rights and legal justice. Many
grievances which are never accessed to formal justice system due to its formalities
lengthen proceedings, more expenses and dependency on lawyers supports. Regarding
this, the Village Courts would be potential alternative that guided with the proceedings of
the VCA, 2006 to contribute for establishing the rule of law in rural areas.
1
The Daily Star, 18 March 2013
Introduction1
Chapter

7. Village Court and Resolution of Local Disputes 05
1.1 Background of the study
The action learning of PRADG (Promoting Rights and Accessibility of the Ultra-poor in
Char-land areas through Democratic Local Governance) project reveals that a very limited
section of ultra-poor people (6.7%)2
have access to rural justice system. Through the Union
Parishad is entitled to operate the “Village Court” under the legal provisions and
jurisdiction of the Village Court Act, 2006, it is rarely in practiced in 30 char-based Unions
of Sirajganj district (i.e. PRADG project areas). The problem is extended with the ground
situation in char-land areas of Sirajganj district where most of the Unions have no specific
space and structural set up of the “Village Court”. In such a situation, the Union Parishads
carried out the justice delivery system by their own ways to resolve the people’s
complaints/cases.
Considering the ground reality, the PRADG project took initiatives to sensitize the Union
Parishads representatives (including UP Secretary), civil society groups and local ultra-poor
leaders to activate the proceedings of the village court in the char-based Unions. As
response, it has been observed that 5 UPs out of 30 UPs started to maintain records of the
people’s complaints and tried to follow the legal provisions of the Village Court Act, 2006
(amendment, 2013). Within the period of 2 years, it has been observed that 29 UPs out of
30 maintaining records of the peoples complaints. Though they have no structural set up of
the Ezlash for operation of village court, most of the UPs are now consciously practicing the
legal proceedings of the Village Court Act, 2006. As part of this success, Concern Universal
and Manab Mukti Sangstha has taken joint initiatives to conduct an analytical study on
“Village Court and its role in Resolution of Human Rights Violations in Char-land areas of
Sirajganj district”
1.2 Objectives
The analytical study aimed to understand people’s access to village courts to resolve their
disputes in selected char-land areas of Sirajganj district by:
• Analyzing the structures, functions, power and legal jurisdictions of the village
court (in line with the VCA, 2006);
• Analyzing the complaints recording and resolution mechanisms of the village
courts;
• Analyzing the roles of the village courts to satisfy the local people for establishing
rule of law and people’s access to justice in char-land areas.
1.3 Scope of the study
The main focus of this study is to analyze the roles of village courts in resolution of human
rights violations problems/issues in 30 char-based Unions of Sirajganj district. Regarding
this, the study focused on the information related to structures, functions, power and
legal jurisdictions of the village court that inserted in the VCA, 2006. This also focuses on
recorded complaints of char-land people and its resolution mechanisms in the UPs.
2
Baseline survey report of the PRADG project, Sept. 2013

8. 06 Village Court and Resolution of Local Disputes
And, finally the study strategically searches people’s opinions and perception to
understand their satisfaction on the complaints resolution by the UPs. The process
explores information on the extent of ultra-poor people’s access to justice.
1.4 Methods
The study is carried out with a qualitative nature of information. The required
data/information was collected from both primary and secondary sources to analyze the
roles of village courts in resolution of Human Rights Violations in Char-land areas of
Sirajganj district. Diverse qualitative methods were applied to gather primary information
in order to define the existing processes and practices in the UP led village courts. The
relevant documents, particularly the Village Court Act, 2006 (along with amendment
2013) were reviewed to collect necessary information on structures, functions, power
and legal jurisdictions of the village court. The overall methodological design of this study
is as follows:
Figure-1: Design of the study
1.5 The Study area
The study covers areas of all 30 char-based UPs of the PRADG project, which are as follows:
Roles of the Village Court in
resolution of human
rights violation
Primary information
Individual
interview FGD
Case
Study
Review of
documents
Review of the
VCA, 2006
Secondary information
District Upazila No. of Union Parishads
Sirajganj S. Sadar Mesra, Kawakhola and Ratankandi
Chauhali Ghorjan, Sthal, Omarpur, Sadia-Chandpur, Bagutia,
Khaskawlia and Khaspukuria
Shahjadpur Khukni, Jalalpur, Potajia, Gala, Habibullahnagar,
Sonatoni, Beltoil and Porzona
Belkuchi Belkuchi, Baradhul and Rajapur
Kazipur Natoarpara, Chargirish, Khasrajbari, Tekani,
Nischintapur, Maizbari, Sovogacha and Kazipur

9. Figure-2: Structural links of Village Courts
Village Court and Resolution of Local Disputes 07
2. The “Village Court”
The Village Court is an integral part of state-led rural justice system like a semi-formal
court that constitutes under the Section-5 of the Village Courts Act, 2006 and
administered by the Union Parishads (UP). The Court proceedings follow the provisions of
Act, 2006 (amendment 2013).
The provision of village court has been inserted in the state-led rural justice system of
Bangladesh with a view to:
The “Village Court” is structurally links with the formal court of Asst. Judge (for civil
matters) and the court of senior judicial magistrate for criminal matters (figure-2). And for
updating the status of the village court, as authorized institution “Union Parishad” is
responsible to Upazila Nirbahi Officer.
VILLAGE COURT2
Chapter
• Resolve the minor conflicts/complaints locally within very limited time;
• Create and ensure social protection and greater access to justice for the poor,
disadvantaged, women and vulnerable groups;
• Create peaceful consensus between two groups in resolving the complaints/cases;
• Create friendly and peaceful environment in the UP constituencies;
• Reduce case load in the higher courts;
• Promote governance and social justice at local level.
District Judge
Additional
District Judge
Metro. joint
Session Judge
Session Judge
An Asst Judge
Metro. Additional
Session Judge
Additional
Session Judge
Supreme court of Bangladesh Appellate Division
High court Division
Joint District
Judge
Joint Session
Judge
District Magistrate Judge
Mobile Court
(Executive Magistrate)
Asst. Judge
Chief Judicial
Magistrate
Chief Metro.
Magistrate
Sen. Judicial
Magistrate
Judicial
Magistrate
Metropolitan
Magistrate
Ad. Chlef Metro
Magistrate
Village
Court
For civil maters For criminal maters
Metropolitan Session Judge
Speclal Courts Tribunals

10. 08 Village Court and Resolution of Local Disputes
• Enables to reintegrate both the conflicting parties
• Facilitates hearing in presence of witness
• Maintains impartial judgment (for impartial judgment, there is a provision to
change the Chairman of the village court)
• A platform where the judges and complaining parties are well known to
each-other.
• Locally accepted judgment process
• Requires minimal cost for resolution of complaints/cases
• Denies to recruits lawyers
• Resolve the complaints/cases within shortest time
• Eliminate opportunity to transform one conflict into creating another
• Considers the welfare and social recognition of both parties
• Reduce unnecessary cost for resolution of cases/complaints of the people
• Entitled to resolve both civil and criminal cases/complaints
• Facilitates a transparent process in making judgment
• A democratic justice system
• Makes the decision by majority members (i.e. 4:1, 4:0, 3:1)
• Discourages the appeal, if the decision made by majority member (i.e. 4:1, 4:0, 3:1)
• May collect compensation or fine as per decisions or regarding this may take the
help from the lower judicial courts
• Contributes to reduce the trend of social violence and crimes
• Contributes to establish social justice in rural Bangladesh
The “Village Court” aims to take a decision in a way so that it ensures coexistence and mutual
understanding between the protestant and the complainant to avoid further clash or
dispute. The “village court” is very important and powerful local force of justice, because it:
The underlying argument lies in the village court
that the disputant parties are able to discuss their
problems without any hesitation and can reach to
a harmonious and sustainable decision and
restore the broken relationships. The final
decision3
is made unanimous or consensus of
majority members of the court (with ratio of 4:1 or
3:1). Village courts decisions are equally valued to
those of any other formal higher courts of the
country. The decision shall be binding on the
parties and shall be enforceable in accordance
with the provisions of the Village Court Act. The
village courts can only award compensation up to 75000 BDT or pronounce order to
return the property to the real owner or restore the
Figure-3a: A structure and set of
the Village Court
3
Section-8 of the Village Court Act, 2006

11. Village Court and Resolution of Local Disputes 09
possession in an appropriate case. The decision of the Court is declared in open court and
recorded in the case register where the ratio of the majority of the Vote or if the decision
is unanimous should be mentioned. The appeal lies only in case of a decision taken in 3:2
majority of vote and for criminal matters appeal lies to the Judicial Magistrate having
jurisdiction and for civil matters the appeal lies to the Court of Assistant Judge having
jurisdiction.
2.1 Structure of the Village Court
The “Village Court” is composed with five juries headed by the UP Chairman4
. Apart from
the Chairman, other four members are nominated by the two parties- one from the local
community and the other must be a local elected UP member (figure-3a and 3b.). If there
is a reason where the involvement of Chairman is challenged by any party to the dispute,
any reliable member of the Union Parishad other than those mentioned under Section-5(1)
can be appointed (by UNO) in the prescribed manner, shall be the Chairman of the Village
Court. It is noted here that if the cases/complaints (for criminal matters) are relevant to
child and, or women, the relevant party should appoint a woman5
as representative of the
Village Court.
2.2 Powers and legal jurisdiction of the Village Court
I. Powers of the Village Court
According to the “Village Court Act, 2006 and its amendment, 2013”, the “Village Court”
has some specific power as per “which are as follows:
4
Section-5 of the Village Court Act, 2006
5
The amended section-5 (1) of the VCA, 2006
For Accused:
2 person
(1 UP member and
1 nominated
respectable person)
For petessioner:
2 person
(1 UP member and
1 nominated
respectableperson)
UP Charman
Figure-3b: Structure of the Village Court

12. 10 Village Court and Resolution of Local Disputes
• Can award compensation in respect of an offence specified in part I and II of the
schedule and may order the accused to pay compensation of an amount not
exceeding Tk. 75,000.006 [Section-7 (1)].
• May penalize up to Tk. 1000 for contempt of the court [Section-11 (1)].
• Permit the party to be represented through duly authorized person (Section-15).
• Can refer the matters related to public interest and justice to the Judicial
Magistrate Courts without adjudicating by itself (Section-16).
• Can recover the compensation by applying the Public Demands Recovery Act, 1913
[Section-9 (3)].
• Can reject complaints or application on reasonable ground (Section-4).
• Can recover fine and deposit in the account of the Union Parishad (Section-12).
II. Jurisdictions of the Village Court
The main provision of constitutional base of village court is Article-9 of the Constitution of
Bangladesh. The basic legal jurisdictions of the village court basic refer to the Village
Courts Act, 2006 (Act No. XIX of 2006) and its amendment in 2013. In addition, the village
court may follow the provisions of the Village Courts Rules, 1976.
The village courts have authority to deal with both civil and criminal matters. The Village
Courts Act, 2006 contains a Schedule with two parts, which specifies the nature of cases
and disputes a Village Court can deal with. Part one of the Schedule of the Village Courts
Act, 2006 refers that the following criminal cases can be tried by the Village Courts.
1. Sections 143 and 147 of the Penal Code read with the Third or the Fourth clause
of section 141 of the Code, when the common object of the unlawful assembly is
to commit an offence under sec. 323 or 426 or 447 of that Code, and when not
more than ten persons are involved in the unlawful assembly.
2. Sections 160, 334, 341, 342, 352, 358, 504, 506 (first part), 508,509 and 510 of the
Penal Code
3. Sections 379, 380 and 381 of the Penal Code when the crime against the cattle
and the value involves does not exceed seventy five thousand taka7
.
4. Sections 379, 380 and 381 of the Penal Code when the crime against any other
property other than the cattle and the value of property involved does not
exceed fifty thousand taka.
5. Sections 403, 406, 417 and 420 of the penal Code when the amount in respect of
which the offence is committed does not exceed seventy five thousand taka.
6. Section 427 of the Penal Code when the value of the property involved does not
exceed seventy five thousand taka.
7. Sections 428 and 429 of the Penal Code when the value of the animal does not
exceed seventy five thousand taka.
8. Attempts to commit or the abetment of the commission of any of the above offences.
6
Amended section 7 (1) of the Village Court Act.
7
The village court Act (amendment), 2013

13. Village Court and Resolution of Local Disputes 11
The second part of the schedule of the village court Act refers a set of civil matters that
can be tried by the Village Courts:
1. Suit for the recovery of money on due contracts, receipts or other documents.
2. Suit for the recovery of movable property, or for the value thereof.
3. Suit for the recovery of possession of immovable property within one year of
dispossession.
4. Suit for compensation for wrongfully taking or damaging movable property.
5. Suit for damages by cattle trespass.
6. Suit for payable wages of the farmer and recovery of compensation.
When the amount claimed or the price of movable property or the value of immovable
property involved does not exceed seventy five thousand taka.
It is noted here that the Village Courts:
1. Shall not try a case relating to an offence specified in Part l of the Schedule if the
accused had previously been convicted of a cognizable offence or a case relating
to any matter specified in Part II of the Schedule if–
- The interest of a minor is involved in the case;
- Provision for arbitration has been made in a contract between the parties to
the dispute;
- The Government or a local authority or a public servant acting in the discharge of his
- duty is a party to the dispute
2. Shall not apply the provisions of sub-section (1) of section 3 of the Village Courts
Act, 2006 to a suit or proceeding to establish a title to any immovable property in
respect of which an order for delivery of possession has been made by a Village
Court or to recover possession thereof;
3. Cannot inflict any sentence of imprisonment or impose any fine as provided in the
sections of the Penal Code, 1860 or the Cattle Trespass Act, 1871 except imposing
fine for defiance of summons and contempt of VC.
4. Can only award compensation up to 75,000/BDT in a criminal case and either
award compensation up to 75000/BDT or pass a decree to restore possession or
return the property to a real owner in a civil case.
2.3 The Proceedings of Application to Village Court
A party to the dispute can apply to the UP Chairman Concerned for the Constitution of a
VC (Section 4 of the VC Act). Regarding this the application under subsection (1) of section
4 will be written in form and properly signed by the petitioner in accordance with the Rule
3 of the VC Rules, 1976. To submit the application, the petitioner has to pay only a Tk. 2
court fee for criminal cases and Tk. 4 for civil cases8
. There is a provision of formal
application to UP Chairman, describing the offence/conflicts issues. The application
should be submitted within 30 days of the date of incidence (if it relates with criminal
8
Rule-3 of the VC Rules, 1976.

14. 12 Village Court and Resolution of Local Disputes
matters) and 60 days for civil matters (section-6a of the VCA, 2006). If the application has
a reasonable ground, UP Chairman usually takes necessary initiatives to form the “village
court” comprising of two members from each party. If the application is not accepted by
the Chairman, he may return the application stating in writing the causes of refusal
[Section 4(1)] in such case the aggrieved party may apply to the Court of Assistant Judge
(for civil matters) or to the Court of the senior Judicial Magistrate (for criminal matters) to
review the case within 30 days of refusal [Rule 5(1)]. If the Court is satisfied with the
points in application he may return the application to the Union Parishad Chairman for
consideration. Based on application, the “Village Court” is constituted when the parties to
the dispute reside in that UPs, and the offence has been committed in the same UPs. If
the disputants are residing in two different Unions, the village court is constituted in the
Union where the offence has been committed or the causes of action have been arisen.
In this case, each party sent their nominated representative to the respective village court
in line with Section-6 (2).
On registration of the application, UP chairman has been issuing summons (under the
Rule-8) to the respondent stating the date and time of his appearance before the
Chairman. There is a provision that the issuance of summons has to be recorded in Form
2 for respondent and in Form-3 for witness under the [Rule-9 (1) (2)]. At this stage, the UP
Chairman shall ask the both parties to nominate their members within seven days and
then the Chairman shall constitute the village courts for resolution of the
case/complaints.
According to section-6b (1) of the Village Court Act, 2006, the first session of the Village
Court should be held within 15 days of the date of constituting the Village Court. This
session will hear the both parties for defining the issues of judgement, and will take
Village Court Procedure: Flow Chart
Application for Revision to the
Assistant Judge in Case of
Rejection
Rejection by
the assistant
Judge
People
come
to UP
Rejection of the
application by
showing causes in
writing
Filing petiton to UP
Chairman for constitution
ofVC (Union where the
offence constituted or
the cause of action arose)
Acceptance by
the Chairman
and issuance of
notices to the
parties
Mediation
under rule 33
on admission.
If failed
Constitution ofVillage Court
Chairman + 2 Members
Nominated by the Petitioner
and 2 Members Nominated
by the Respondent
Verdict
3:2
Verdict
Finality of decetion
Unanimous/ 4:1/ 3:1 (in
case of 4 Members)
Power of VC -
awarding
compensation/
decree/ property
worth of BDT 25,000/
1.Writing application in
prescribed form.
2. Fair Justuce.
3 Quick Disposal.
4. Speedy implementation
of decision.
5. Awareness.
People’s
expectations
Order for trial
byVC
Appeal to the Magistrate of 1st
Class against the dicision on
criminal matters and to the Assist.
Judge against the decision on civil
matters. 1. Manpower/Logistics
2. Motivation/Budge
3. Capacitybuilding/LegalAwareness
4. Monitoring & supervision
UP’s
concern
Figure 4: The procedures of a Village Court

15. Village Court and Resolution of Local Disputes 13
necessary initiatives for mutual resolution of the cases/complaints. Regarding this, the
Village Court will get 30 days for mutual resolution of the cases/complaints from the date
of defining the issues for judgement in the first session in line with section-6b (2) of the
VCA, 2006. There is also a provision that the Village Court can dismiss the application in
case of non-appearance of the applicant due to his negligence (Rule 15), and the Village
Court can hear the reported case/complaints to make the decision whenever the
respondent fails to appear due to his negligence (Rule 16). After the completion of
hearing, the Village Court will make a decision that will be recorded by the Chairman of
the Village Court in the register and every such decision shall indicate whether the
decision is unanimous, and if not , the ratio of the majority (Rule 17).
2.4 Decision of the Court and its Review
According to section-8 (1) of the Village Court Act, 2006 the decision should be made with
the consensus of majority members of the Village Court. The decision, which is made
unanimously or (4:1) majority or out of four members appeared 3:1 majority then the
decision of the Court, is binding upon the parties. The decision must be signed by the
Chairman of the Village Court and be recorded in Form 4 of the Rules (Rule 20).
If the decision is made by simple majority with 3:2 ratio then the aggrieved party may
appeal to the Court of First Class Magistrate having such jurisdiction in case of criminal
matter or to the Court of Assistant Judge having such jurisdiction in case of civil matter
within 30 days from the date of decision (section-8(2)). If the Court of Magistrate or
Assistant Judge convinced that justice has not been done, he can set aside or modify the
decision or can send back the dispute to the Village court for review in line with
section-8(3) of the Village Court Act, 2006. If the Village Court awards any decree it must
be recorded in the specific registers, and when the decision imposes any compensation or
fine to any party it also has to be registered. For recovery of the pending imposed
compensation or fine, the Chairman of the Village Court as Chairman of the UPs will use
the provisions of the Local Government (UP) Act, 2009 in line with section-9 (3) of the
Village Court Act. Then, the Chairman of the UPs will provide the recovered compensation
or fine to the affected party.
2.5 Ground Observation and Practices
The study team functionally observed the
proceedings of Village Courts in the selected
UPs, the findings refers seven steps, which is
presented below:
Step 1: Application:
Initially, the affected party submits their
application, describing the offence/conflicts
issues in written form to the UP Chairman. The
application is duly signed by the petitioner and
primarily received by the
Figure-5: Mrs Bedana Khatun submitting
her application

16. 14 Village Court and Resolution of Local Disputes
Secretary of the Union Parishad. The applicant is obliged to provide TK 2 as fee if the
case/complaints relate to criminal matters and TK 4 if it relates to civil matters (as per
Rule-3 of The VC Rules, 1976). As reference, it is observed that a petitioner named Mrs.
Bedana Khatun submits her application with a complaint of a family dispute with her
husband in Bagutia Union Parishad of Chauhali Upazila of Sirajgonj district.
Step 2: Chairman's Scrutiny of the Jurisdiction:
After receiving the application, the Chairman of the
UP scrutinizes the application to see whether the
cases/complaint is to be dealt with under the
jurisdiction of the Village Court. If it relates with the
jurisdiction of the Village Court, the chairman accepts
the application and orders the UP secretary to register
the case/complaint. As reference, with the consent of
the Chairman, the Secretary of the Sthal Union
Parishad is scrutinizing the application in accordance
with the Village Court Act and Rules. After scrutiny,
the UP Secretary registered the application.
Step 3: Issue of Summons:
On registration of the application, the UP Chairman
issues a summons for the attendance of the
respondent before the UP Chairman on the fixed
date and time. The issuance of summons is found
recorded in Form 2 for respondent and in Form 3
for witness. It is noted here that the summons is
issued for both the petitioner and respondent
make sure their attendance in the fixed date and
time for initial hearing. Regarding this the
Chairman assigned a village police to carry the
notice to both parties for assuring presence as
stated date and time in the notice. The assigned
village policeman also take signatures of both
parties’ as a proof of acceptance of summon. As
reference, a sample of issued summons of
case/complaints on land matter by the Chairman of
the Habibullah Nagar Union Parishad.
Step 4: Formation of the Village Court:
As part of formation of Village Court, the UP Chairman asks the parties to nominate their
representatives. After receiving the name of two nominated persons from two parties, the
Chairman takes initiative to constitute a Village Court with five members in line with the
provision of the section-5 of the Village Court Act, 2006). This includes a Chairman, two
elected representative of the UPs, and two nominated persons of both parties. It is also
Figure-7: A sample summons
of the UPs
Figure-6: UP Secretary is verifying
the application

17. Village Court and Resolution of Local Disputes 15
observed that if the reported case/complaints (for criminal matters) are relates with the child
and, or women, the relevant party appoint a woman9
as representative to the Village Court.
Step 5: Hearing of the Case/complaints:
A Village Court may issue summons to the
concerned persons to appear and give
evidence, or to produce or cause the
production of necessary documents if any.
The procedures of hearing are largely
informal. Initially, the parties and
witnesses have to take oath to be part of
informal hearing. The process of hearing aims to define the conflicting issues of
judgement. In this case, the village court can fix up a date for a local inquiry, if needed to
make a just decision on the case.
Step 6: Decision Making:
The chairman pronounces the decision in "open
court", and the decision of the Village Court is
recorded in the register by the Chairman of the
Court. This record indicates whether such decision
is unanimous, and if not, the ratio of the majority
by which the decision is made. The decisions,
which are taken by majority members of the
Village Court (i.e. 4:1 or 3:1 ratio) has taken into
consideration as binding decision for both parties.
Step 7: Appeal against the Decision:
The aggrieved party can appeal against the decision of the Village Court, which is made by a
majority of three to two (3:2) because it is legally not binding on parties. Any party who is not
satisfied with the decision may prefer to appeal. For civil matters, the appeal goes to the Court
of Assistant Judges, and for criminal matters, the appeal goes to the Court of the Sen. Judicial
Magistrates having jurisdiction. If the Court of Judicial Magistrate or Assistant Judge
convinced that justice has not been done, he can modify the decisions or can send back the
disputes to the Village Courts for review in line with section-8(3) of the Village Court Act, 2006.
Therefore, it has been observed that a numbers of stages followed in making decisions by
the Village Court that includes: filing of case (application), registering of cases, issuing
notice to the parties, nomination of the representatives of the parties to constitute a
village court, hearing of the parties, investigating the case (if necessary), making a
decision, appeal against the decision (if appealable), and enforcing the decision if binding
meaning not appealable. There are no fixed rules as to how many stages there will be in
the process decision making and its enforcement.
Figure-8: A feature of on-going hearing in the VC
Figure-9: Consultation of VC
representatives for making decision
9
The amended section-5 (1) of the VCA, 2006

18. 16 Village Court and Resolution of Local Disputes
3
Chapter
3. Introduction
This chapter is analyzed the reported complaints of the people to the selected Union
Parishads of Sirajganj district. The information of reported complaints and its resolution
status is systematically presented to explore the changes in people’s response, levels of
satisfaction and actions.
3.1 Existing status of reported complaints
The initial status on reported complaints of the Char people to UP led Village Courts
reveals that only 5 UPs10
maintained official records on the reported complains out of 30
Unions in Char land areas of Sirajganj district. It means that 16.67% Unions recorded the
complaints of the local people. Total 47 cases/complaints were recorded by five UPs
during the period of May to December, 2013 (first 8 months). Off the reported total
complaints, 21 complaints were related to land conflict matters, 10 complaints related to
dower and maintenance, 6 complaints related to monetary matter (i.e. breach of verbal
contract), 6 complaints related to pressure for dowry, 2 complaints related to restitution
of conjugal rights, 1 related to divorce and 1 complaints related to forcible marriage
(figure-10). The status of reported complains noticed that land matters & conflicts is highly
prevalent in char-land areas because of people’s displacement (due to river erosion, and
frequent flooding), land grabbing and verbal contract in land selling and buying
proceedings and controlling of land allocations in newly settled char-land. The monetary
matters are mostly linked with negligence in repaying loans (from land owners) and breach
of contract. And, the dowry is linked with marriage and while the groom family failed to
provide demanded dowry of the bride family, it often transformed into a complaints.
COMPLAINTS RECORDING AND
RESOLUTION MECHANISMS IN
THE VILLAGE COURTS
Figure-10: Status of reported complains to the UPs during first 8 months (May to Dec. 2013)
10
5 UPs are as follows: Belkuchi, Porjana, Khaskawlia, Khashpukhuria and Maijbari.

19. Village Court and Resolution of Local Disputes 17
The information of on reported complaints in the next 6 months (January to June, 2014)
clearly revealed that 21 Unions11
are maintained official records out of 30 Unions in
Char-land areas of Sirajganj district. It means that the practices of recording people’s
complaints are improved from 5 UPs to 21 UPs. The total numbers of recorded complaints
also changed from 47 to 93 complaints, which is approximately two times higher than the
period of May to December, 2013. The changes in status people’s complaints clearly
reveal the advancement of people’s awareness and responses in seeking justice.
The trend of people’s complaints to UPs also refers that out of total 93 complaints, 33
complaints were filed for dower & maintenance, 15 complaints for second marriage,
followed by 15 complaints for land gabbing matters (Figure-11). The status denoted that
dower and maintenance is as highly prevalent incidences in char-land areas because of
family conflicts and second marriage of husband. Land grabbing is also prevalent due to
river erosion and regular flooding. The monetary matters are mostly linked with
negligence in repaying loans (from land owners) and breach of contract. And, the family
matter is linked with marriage, dowry, physical assault, domestic violence.
However, the information of last 8 months on people’s complaints to UPs denoted that 29
Unions out of 30 Unions are maintained official records. It means that 97% Union
Parishads recorded the complaints of the local people, which was 16.67% in first 8 months
(May to Dec. 2013), 70% in the middle 6 m onths (January to June 2014). According to UP
records of last 8 months, total 347 complaints were reported and it was 93 in the period
of January to June 2014. Off the total 347 reported complaints, 132 complaints were
related to land conflict matters, 67 complaints related to women torturing, 62
complaints related to family conflict and 42 related to financial transaction (Figure-12).
11
21 UPs are as follows: Mesra, Kawakola, Ratankandi, Ghorjan, Khashpukuria, Kashkawlia, Bagutia, Omarpur, Chargirish, Sadia
Chandpur, Gandhail, Potajia, Porjona, Habibullanagar, Gala, Jalalpur, Maijbari, Khukni, Beltoil, Shuvagacha, Monsurnagar
Figure-11: Status of reported people’s complaints in the 21 UPs (period: Jan. to June 2014)

20. 18 Village Court and Resolution of Local Disputes
The remaining 43 complaints were related to social conflict, dowry, stealing divorce and
eve teasing issues. The status reveals a clear change in practices of reporting of incidences
to respective local authority
If we compare the changes in three different period of time, we may define a clear
advancement in recording of people’s complaints by the UPs and its status.
Table-1: Comparative Status of people's complaints to the UP led Village Courts
3.2 The status of resolution of people’s complaints
The information on the resolution of people’s complaints by the UP led Village Courts is
satisfactory. The status reveals that during first 8 months (May to Dec. 2013), out of total
47 complaints, the Village Courts mutually resolved total 45 complaints and only 2
complaints were found pending. But during next 6 months (Jan. to June 2014), out of 93
reported complaints, only 16 complaints were resolved but the remaining 77 complaints
were found pending for investigation.
The resolution of people’s complaints by the UP led Village Court was reinforced during
the period of July 2014 to Feb. 2015 with the additional efforts of the civil society action
groups in respective UP constituencies. The status of last 8 months (July 2014 to Feb.
2015) reveals that out of 347 complaints, 270 complaints were successfully resolved and
the remaining 77 complaints were in progress of resolution.
May to December '2013 47
January to June 2014 93
July 2014 to February 2015 347
Period of time Recorded people’s complaints to the UPs
Figure-12: Status of people’s reported complaints in the 29 UPs (period: July’14 to Feb. 2015)

21. Village Court and Resolution of Local Disputes 19
Table-2: Status on resolution of people's complaints by the UP led Village Courts
The status on resolution of people’s complaints by the UP led Village Courts denoted that
the people in char-land areas are mostly depend on this resolution mechanism to resolve
their complaints/issues. Because, local people feel that:
- It requires no money;
- It doesn’t bear any hassle in the resolution process;
- It explores a scope for investigating the complaints;
- It promotes win-win situation and assures similar number of representatives
from both parties;
- It saves the time to find solution/result;
- It facilitates mutual agreements and trust.
During discussion with ultra-poor groups and civil society action groups, they noticed that
the UPs didn’t maintain register in recording of their complaints due to absence of their
permanent office set up in Char-land areas. About 15 UPs have no own office building but
they have to operate informal village court proceedings in hired/suitable places or
Chairman’s houses to resolve the people’s complaints. It is very difficult for them to
maintain peaceful environment in operation of informal village court. As the char-land
people have very limited scope and access to formal justice system, they are mostly
relying on the decision of the formal/informal UP-led village courts to resolve their
complaints and issues. The satisfaction of the justice receiver found at the time of handing
over the recovered money, reconciliation and societal benefits to the local community.
21 UPs are as follows: Mesra, Kawakola, Ratankandi, Ghorjan, Khashpukuria, Kashkawlia, Bagutia, Omarpur, Chargirish, Sadia
Chandpur, Gandhail, Potajia, Porjona, Habibullanagar, Gala, Jalalpur, Maijbari, Khukni, Beltoil, Shuvagacha, Monsurnagar
May to December '2013 47 45 2
January to June '2014 93 16 77
July 2014 to February 2015 347 270 77
Time period Total
complaints
people's
complaints
Pending
complaints

22. 4
Chapter
4. Introduction
This chapter is analyzed people’s perception and satisfaction on the decisions delivered
by the UP led Village Courts for establishing rule of law and securing justice in char-land
areas. This will also demonstrates a set of successful cases that highlighted the people’s
opinions and satisfactions on the Village Courts.
4.1 Peoples’ Satisfaction on Decisions of the Village Court
The Village Court is defined as only accessible and easy communicable rural justice
delivery mechanism in selected Char-land areas of Sirajganj district. Though a section of
UPs doesn’t have any formal structure (Eslash) of the Village Court, they took initiatives
to continue the proceedings in an informal ways in line with the provisions of the Village
Court Act, 2006 (amendment, 213) and Rules, 1976. The application of informal
proceedings and domination of a section of powerful group in resolution of people’s
complaints to some extent fails to satisfy the people in Char-land areas. It is fact that a
more powerful or wealthy party may pressurize the weaker party to accept the unfair
decision, so that the settlement may appear consensual, but in fact result from coercion.
The Village Court is sometimes a tool of equity rather than tool of law. The Village Courts
seek to resolve individual disputes on a case-by-case basis, and may resolve similar cases
in different ways if the surrounding conditions suggest that different results are fair or
reasonable according to local norms.
In spite of difficulties in
operation of Village Courts in
Char-land-based UPs, the
opinion of almost 320 people
(from 30 Unions of five Upzilas)
reveals a clear satisfaction on
their decisions in resolution of
people’s complaints. The
response clearly shows that
70% people are satisfied on the
decisions delivered by the UP
led Village Courts for
resolution of people’s
complaints (Figure-13).
Only 10% respondents show their non-satisfaction and another 5% refers that they don’t
know about the village courts. The non-satisfaction is mostly recognized by the women
ROLES OF THE VILLAGE
COURTS TO SATISFY
PEOPLE WITH DECISIONS
Figure-13: Levels of people’s satisfaction on
decisions of the Village Courts
20 Village Court and Resolution of Local Disputes

23. Village Court and Resolution of Local Disputes 21
where they noted that in most cases, the Court proceedings guided by
the men members while women have very limited space to raise their
concerns in presence of men. Regarding this, Bely Akter from
Natoarpara Union of Kazipur Upazila, Sirajganj strongly noticed that:
“Bichar amago moto goriber jonno noi, bichar jader taka poisa
ache tader janno”
The voice of Bely noticed that the decisions of the Court are not for the extreme poor, it
always favors the people who have money and power. It means that there is still
non-satisfaction of a section of ultra-poor people in Char-land areas in relation to the
decisions of the UP led Village Courts.
4.2 Activating the Village Court as a System of Rural Justice
Considering the increasing load of pending cases, the Village Court is the best alternative
where rural people would get justice in very nominal grievances expenses and in a cordial
and informal environment. Apart from that the long standing vengeances are also mitigated
whilst the dispute is resolved in their presence without too much legal jargons to play part
of during the process (Biswas. Z. I. 2009). Many grievances which are never accessed to
formal justice system due to its formalities and for the cause of expense can be resolved
through village courts and that would contribute substantially in establishing rule of law.
During field study several FGDs and KIIs were conducted with local UP representatives,
village elites and root-level people. Most of them are satisfied with the activities of village
court; their gratified is expressed as follows-
“We always try to judge the complaint very deeply before decision
making as the people are poor, they have no other way except
depending on us and they are happy”- Mizanur Rahman, Chairman of
Khashpukuria Union Parishad said about village court.
“I got my land back so I am happy; I am grateful to the village court for its
justification. This land is very important to our family”- Abdul Barek,
villager of Char-Kodalia in Chauhali Union Parishad, expressing his
satisfaction for the decision of village court.
Historical backgrounds on general requirements of justice system:
- Religious interpretation used in the traditional informal justices
- Community involvement
- Rural arbitration process
- Various nomenclatures: shalish, samaj, panchayet, religious barrier, etc.
- Rigorous tradition

24. 22 Village Court and Resolution of Local Disputes
Despite a numbers of local barriers, the Village Court is the only hope for the Char-land
people of Bangladesh. It requires very negligible amount of money for legal proceedings
of the Village Court and it bears no hassles for assigning lawyers and no difficulties in
understanding the Court proceedings. It is a speedy process to deliver the decision. In
average, it takes one month for resolution of a single complaint. Char-land people prefer
it because it shapes to rebuild friendly relations even after the judgement and its
enforcement. Parvin Akter of Bagutia union in Chauhali upazila, Sirajgonj, got justice by
village court and she is very much grateful to the local judgment system.
Case on Monetary Matter
Petitioner Respondent Witnesses
Mrs. Farida Begum
Village: Panggaci
Union: Habibullah Nagar
Upzilla: Shahjadpur
District: Sirajganj
Mrs. Hasina Akter
Village: Panggaci
Union: Habibullah Nagar
Upzilla: Shahjadpur
District: Sirajganj
1. Rahim Ali
2. Fatema Begum
3. Akter Hosen
4. Bilkis Begum
Habibullah Nagar, Sirajganj.
Case no: 17/2014
Starting Date: 25/03/2014
Verdict on: 27/04/2014
My name is Farida Begum, 52 years old. I have two children, one
boy and one girl. My husband died 6 years ago. I have a small land
where I built my house to live. I have one goat, five chickens and
two ducks. I am a day laborer to live my life. From my each day work
payment, I used to save some money for my future development
and decided to buy one cow this summer. Suddenly my neighbor
Hasina Akter came to me to lend her some money as she was in a
great trouble. She requested me to lend her 5000 tk for two weeks.
She promised me to give back my money after two weeks, so that I
decided to buy my cow after that time. After that time I went to her for my money but she refused
to give money and urged more time from me. Then I gave her one week more but she did not give
my money in that day also. Days past by but she did not listen to me; unfortunately it seems she
did not take any money from me! Two months went away, I got tensed; do not know what to do.
In this situation, I came to know about Village Court through PRADG Project implemented in this
Union jointly by MMS and CUB; following their guidelines I appealed to village court for justice.
Honorable Chairman along with other member of village court set the first date of hearing. Hasina
Akter was present on that day and demanded more time from the court to pay me back.
Honorable village court set the second date to resolve the case and ordered Hasina to bring back
all the money she took from me to the court. At last I got my money back through the fair justice
of Village Court; I am very happy and very grateful to village court for its judgment. And I also
would like thank Concern Universal and MMS for their guidelines.
Comments: The recorded complaint was the part of Scadule-1 (criminal case) that followed the
legal jurisdiction of Village Court Act 2006 under section 6 A (1).

25. Village Court and Resolution of Local Disputes 23
4.3 Lessons in operation of the Village Courts
The UP led Village Courts in selected Char-land areas of Sirajganj district is only hope for
the ultra-poor people to seek seeking justice. Though out of 30 UPs, 15 UPs have no own
building to operate formal Village Court, they are trying to initiate informal proceedings of
the Village Court in making decisions line with the provisions of the VCA, 2006 and Rules,
1976. With the initiatives of civil society action groups and ultra-poor groups, most of the
Case on Land Matter
Petitioner Respondent Witnesses
Mrs. Sabana Begum
Village: Tekani
Union: Tekani
Upzilla: Kazipur
District: Sirajganj
Md. Najrul
Village: Tekani
Union: Tekani
Upzilla: Kazipur
District: Sirajganj
1. Srruj Mia
2. Abdul Hai
3. Md. Karim
4. Kalim Ali
Natoarpara, Sirajganj
Case no: 11/2014
Starting Date: 21/07/2014
Verdict on: 25/09/2014
My name is Sabana Khatun, 55 years old. I have six children, Two
boys and four girls. My husband had died 12 years ago. My
husband has two brothers and two sisters. Before my father in
law’s death, he allocated and distributed his land with home
among his children equally. Everything was going well and I am
nurturing my children. When my husband died it seemed I fell
into the ocean then two years later my husband’s bother
exploited us by grabbing our land. One of my husband’s brothers
grabbed my 4 decimal lands and he told me my husband had sold
the land to him. Their economic condition is better than us and he
sometimes influences the political leader. I always discuss the matter with chairman and local
political leader. One day my younger brother told me about the village court. My younger
brother came to know the PRADG project and village court. I came to know about Village Court
through PRADG Project implemented in this Union jointly by MMS and CUB; following their
guidelines I appealed to village court for justice, at least to get rid of exploitation. The court kept
the record carefully and set the date of hearing. At the first date our opposition snubbed me
and my family on the village court but he could not prove that my husband sold the land to him
and disaccord the court. After one month honorable village court set the second date for
hearing; though I and my witnesses were present but opposition did not come to the court. To
resolve the case the court sent the third notice to the opposition setting another date of
hearing. Second time my opposition abstain from the court. Third time by suppression of village
court he had attended the court. The honorable court and jury board verdict the case which was
in favor of me and I got back my husband’s land.
Comments: The recorded complaint was the part of Scadule-1 (criminal case) that followed the
legal jurisdiction of Village Court Act 2006 under section 6 A (1).

26. 24 Village Court and Resolution of Local Disputes
UPs started to register people’s complaints, which is missing initially in Char-land areas.
The lessons learnt from the analysis of people’s cases/complaints are as follows:
I. It is a short process of resolution of the problem issues:
According to village court act 2006, Criminal cases are to be filed within 30 days after
the incident had happened (Section-6A, Village Court Act 2006) and for civil cases it
would be within 60 days (Section-6B, Village Court Act 2006). After application of the
petitioner the court will set a hearing date within 15 days according to the Village
Court Act-2006. It should take 30 days for verdict otherwise 60 days and lastly 30 days
more for final verdict.
II. We can avoid politics and harassment through mutual process of Shalish:
Village Court is defined as the people centered state-led rural justice system in
Bangladesh that aims to resolve minor cases/complaints of the people in rural areas.
Considering the 30 UP-led Village Courts, 10 UPs are performing their active roles to
activate the Village Court system for resolution of people’s cases/complaints. The
remaining UPs also functional in recording of people’s complaints and operation of
informal Village Courts in line with the proceedings of the Village Court Act and Rules.
It is fact that formal Shalish system is often driving with political biasness and practice
of hidden bribe where the poor people face harassments and unfair justice. Regarding
this, a section of ultra-poor people noticed that:
“Shalish is not good because of bribing. People who have money bribe the local elites.
I do not like Shalish. I got my money back through village court within very short time.
I am pleased to village court”- Sahera Khatun, villager of Porjana Union Parishad, said
to compare shalish and village court.
“We have no village court in our union parishad. We have no other way to resolve our
problems. Shalish is not always fair but we have nothing to do because we need to
solve our problems”- Rahima Akter, villager of Gala Union Parishad, said in grief as
there is lack of village court activities.
“To get fair justice I went to the shalish but I did not get. My appeal to Village Court
and its fair judgment gave me my land back. Now I always go to village if I face any
problem.”- Alam Mia, Villager of Habibullah Nagar UnionParishad, said about his case
resolved by village court.
But a Shalish with good intention can successfully resolve deputes between parties which
might be beneficial for both by simply following the provisions of the Village Court Act
2006 and Rules, 1976.
III. We can identify the types of incidences and disputes that usually occurs in Char areas:
People in Char-land areas are mostly familiar to each other and therefore their
disputes are mostly occurs with the neighbors families, within own families and
relatives that can be solved through the Village Court. The trend of incidences in

27. Village Court and Resolution of Local Disputes 25
selected Char-land areas clearly reveals that land related conflicts, women torturing,
family conflicts and monetary matters are the main types of incidences and disputes in
Chart-land areas of Sirajganj district (see the fugure-12). So, mutual resolution of such
incidences through the Village Courts can contributes to generate a peaceful
environment in the Char-land areas.
IV. Persecution of women from mainstreaming can be stopped:
In Chra-land areas, it has been observed that a
large section of women are facing difficulties of
domestic violence. Due to male domination in all
spheres of lives, women have limited voice and
control over their lives where they face serious
deprivation and injustice. Persecution of women
is seen in Char-land areas of Sirajgonj that
reflected in the reported complaints of women
to the UP led Village Courts. With the integrated
efforts of civil society groups and the UPs,
women are now reporting to their incidences as
complaints to the UP led Village Courts to seek justice. In addition, women are now
being part of regular community based interactions that contributes to uphold their
confidence to raise their issues. This has made a significant to change in the lives of
women and girls in Char-land areas. As reference: Mrs. Amena Khatun of Paranpur
village in Maizbari union of Kazipur upazila, Sirajgonj has a bright laugh for the solution
of dispute with her neighbor through the Village Court.
V. Desires of people to resolve minor family problems in their own community:
Many local disputes are being solved through the Village Courts. Earlier, there was a
common practice of Salish that widely done by the local UP members and social
leaders. It is still observed in some areas where the local UP members and social
leaders tried to resolve few minor
issues in domestic spheres without
reporting to the UP led Village Courts.
A section of char-land people also rely
on such resolution process. They feel
that if they resole their minor family
problems/issues in their own village,
this will reduce the trend of some
common family problems/issues in
char villages.
VI. An ideal Union Parishad to carry on justice through Village Court:
Off 30 Char-based Unions of Sirajgonj, only 3 Union Parishads are successfully running
with formal structure of Eslash and documentation procedures in line with the Village

28. 26 Village Court and Resolution of Local Disputes
Court Act, 2006 and Rules, 1976. Due to application of proper proceedings, people are
mostly relying on their decisions. Beltoil UP is one them that conducting the Village
Court successfully to resolve people’s reported cases/complaints.
VII. Challenges for activating Village Court as formal justice system in Char-land areas:
The selected 30 Char-based Unions of Sirajganj district are still facing several
challenges to carry out the regular Village Courts. There is found knowledge gaps in
understanding of the legal provisions and proceedings of the Village Courts in line with
the Village Court Act, 2006 and the Rules, 1976. Out of 30 Unions, only 3 Unions (i.e.
Beltoil, Rajapur and Tekani Unions) have formal structure of the Eslash of the Village
Court. The remaining are struggling to manage the space, equipment’s and necessary
funds to operate the Village Courts in a formal ways (table-3). It has been observed
that the Unions who have formal structures and set up of the Eslash for operational of
the Village Court, the UP Chairman, members and the Secretary are found more
A Successful Village Court
Beltoil, A union of Shahjadpur Upazila of
Siralgonj district, located by the side of a scenic
river always a busy hub for fulfilling peoples’
need. According to our field study this union is
one of the 3 unions among 30 unions of
Sirajgonj that has complete structure and
exercise of ideal village court. Honorable
Chairman of this union Mr. Rezaul Karim along
with other respective union members duly forms village court to solve regular
problems of the people. The union parishad secretary Mr. Azad Hossain is more
careful in complaint management, registration and to set the hearing date of cases for
justice in village court. “I always careful about
peoples’ ailment because they are poor and
helpless; with less time and money they need
dispute resolution”- said Mr. Azad. People of this
union are quite happy for the performance of the
village court. In required time period almost all
cases were solved last year and this year rest of the
cases are going to resolve in due time by Beltoil
union parishad village court. In this union parishad all
the records like complaint registration, summon notice,
hearing papers, witness record papers are maintained
as of government approved format. According to the
union chairman, he does not support shalish system and
now as government has ordered to operate local justice
through village court, he regularly sit to resolve the
cases abide by low of Village Court Act-2006.

29. × √ × √ ×
× √ × √ ×
× √ × √ ×
× √ × √ ×
× √ × √ ×
× √ × √ ×
× √ × √ ×
√ √ √ × √
× × × √ ×
Shovogaca
Maizbari
Gandail
Char Girish
Nishchintipur
Natoarpara
Monsurnagar
Tekani
Khashrajbari
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
28
30
Kazipur
Village Court and Resolution of Local Disputes 27
active, well aware about the legal proceedings and delivery of the just decisions
through the Village Court. They are strongly practicing the registers for all evidential
events as per VCA, 2006.
Table-3: Village Court Infrastructure in 30 Unions of Sirajgonj (Up to February 2015)
× √ × √ √
× √ × √ ×
× √ × × √
× √ × × √
× √ × × √
× √ × × ×
× × √ √ ×
√ √ √ × √
× √ × √ √
× √ × √ ×
× √ × √ √
× √ × √ ×
× √ × √ ×
× × × √ ×
× × × √ ×
× √ × × ×
× √ × × ×
√ √ √ × √
× √ × √ ×
× √ × √ ×
× √ × √ ×
SL Name
of
Upazila
Name
of
Unions
Ezlash
for
Judgment
Maintain
Compliant
Record
Space
for
Ezlash
Shalish
still in
Practice
Village
Court
System
Ghorjan
Omarpur
Bagutia
Khashpukuria
Khashkaulia
Sthal
Sadia Chandpur
Beltail
Habullah Nagar
Potajia
Porjana
Khukni
Jalalpur
Sonatani
Gala
Belkuchi
Baradhul
Rajapur
Kawakhola
Mesra
Ratankandi
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
Chauhali
Shahjadpur
Belkuchi
Sirajgonj
Sadar

30. 28 Village Court and Resolution of Local Disputes
There are many challenges before the village court as an active formal justice system at
rural level. The key challenges are as follows:
• Out of 30 UPs, 15 UPs have no own office building that running with the hired
places or Chairman’s own houses/spaces. In such a situation, there is very
limited scope to operate formal Village Court to deliver fair justice. The
problems of office space also restricting the process of keeping reported
cases/complaints of the people.
• It has been observed that more than 60% UP representatives and social leaders
have no basic knowledge and understanding on the legal proceedings of the
Village Courts. They are often operating Salish like informal Village Courts in
Char-based UPs.
• Due to displacement of people through regular flood and river erosion, the
accused or opposite party to some extent found absent in the hearing session
that makes the decision delivery process delay.
• There is no functional monitoring system of the Village Court activities
administered by the local administration.
• The application of informal system in operating the Village Courts extends the
scope of misusing the political power of some UP members and social leaders
that to some extent deprive the indigent litigants.
• At the time of counseling session, the respondent /accused do not accept the
complaints which remain the impossible circumstances for the decisions
favoring the aggrieved party.
• Lack of logistic support and misunderstanding of the disputed parties to some
cases creates uncertainty to enforce the decision of the Village Courts.
• The members of the Village Courts do not have formal or informal training on
the legal proceedings for resolution of the disputes.
4.4 Recommendations for reinforcing the Village Courts:
The analysis of information and people’s perception that taken in 30 Char-based Unions
of Sirajganj district led the research team to develop a numbers of recommended actions.
This could potentially be undertaken to address some of the problems and challenges
that exist in the Char-land areas in order to active the Village Court for better resolution
of local disputes. Considering the ground information and opinions of diverse group of
people (community people, UP officials, NGO activists, OCs of the police stations and
UNOs), the study sets the following recommended actions to resolve local disputes
through the Village Courts:
• Ensure that all UP led Village Courts in Char-land areas have logistics, resources
and administrative support to operate formal proceedings as strong and
powerful institution for resolution of local disputes.
• Ensure that all UP Chairman, Members (including women members) and
potential civil society and social leaders have adequate knowledge and
understanding on the legal proceedings of the Village Courts to deliver the fair
decisions.

31. Village Court and Resolution of Local Disputes 29
• Ensure that the rules for refusal elaborated when a chairperson of the village
court has family or business relations with a party in the dispute.
• Ensure that the proper authority (i.e. UNO) regularly supervised and monitors
the functions of the Village Courts.
• Ensure that the operational proceedings of the Village Courts functionally applies
and maintains human rights principles and fundamental rights of all for greater
reliance on the their decisions.
• Ensure that the poor petitioners have adequate opportunity and space to raise
or represent their concerns to the authorities of the Courts for making fair
justice.
• The rights-based and legal aid organizations should have to extend their
cooperation and support to raise people’s awareness, to activate procedural
functions of the Village Courts and to monitor the legal compliance as response
to people’s complaints.
• Engage in more action research into the demand for justice and the impact of the
various justice institutions on the lives of Bangladeshis, and make use of this
information in the design of policy.
• Following standards are to be taken into account while examining the standards
of proceedings:
- Rules of "fair play" for issues of social justice
- Social justice requires both that the rules be fair, and also that people play by
the rules.
- Equity, Equality, Neutrality, Consistency, Fair Share, Fair Play and Trust.
- Symbol of social harmony.
- Spirit of social coherence.
- Ahead of undue influence.
- Presence of third party to monitor the functioning of the arbitration.
- Standard procedures of judgment lead to reasonable verdict.
- Presence of judgment capacity of the judges.
The analytical study aimed to understand the roles of village courts in resolution of human
rights violations problems/issues in selected char-land areas of Sirajganj district by:
• Analyzing the structures, functions, power and legal jurisdictions of the village
court (in line with the VCA, 2006);
• Analyzing the complaints recording and resolution mechanisms of the village
courts; Analyzing the roles of the village courts to satisfy the local people for
establishing rule of law and securing justice in char-land areas
4.5 Conclusion
The study was aimed to understand the roles of Village Courts in resolution of local
disputes for advancing local justice in context of Char-land areas of Sirajganj district.
Village Court is the defined as potential state-led institution that drives with the law and

32. 30 Village Court and Resolution of Local Disputes
rules and administered by the UPs to deliver justice at the Union level. It has got immense
potentiality to render justice at the grass root level to the poor, women, children and
disadvantaged people. As it is observed that the formal justice system in Bangladesh is
overloaded and mostly inaccessible to poor and vulnerable groups, the Village Court can
be an alternative to resolve minor cases/complaints of the local people to deliver justice
in rural Bangladesh. It is fact that a section of people in Char-land areas are not well aware
and non-familiarity about the legal proceedings of Courts, and even some UP Chairman,
members and social leaders who regularly operates the proceedings of the village courts
doesn’t have adequate knowledge of the legal proceedings of the Village Courts.
Regarding this, the existing rights-based and legal organizations have a scope to extend
their cooperation and support to make the people well aware on the proceedings of the
village courts that may contribute to deliver justice in rural areas of Bangladesh. In
addition, civil society groups can also play vital roles to initiative regular interactions
among diverse group of people so that they can understand the proceedings and enable
to raise their concerns in the hearing of the Courts for seeking of justice.
It has been observed that majority of the chairmen and members in Char-based UPs are
fresh face and some of them first time elected as representatives of the UPs. They don’t
have any basic training about the human rights standards and proceedings of the Village
Court. A numbers of UPs doesn’t maintain any prescribed format and not keeping valid
evidence of the reported complaints/cases to support for resolutions of disputes with
justice. It is continuing because there are no supervisions and monitoring mechanisms of
the higher authorities.
The success of the Village Court depends on the leadership, competency, status and
positions of the chairman and members of the village court. It was revealed that the party
alliances of the chairmen and members sometimes acted against doing justice. The
chairman and members sometimes hesitates to take appropriate and strong action
against the influential persons for losing votes in the next election. If the accused
belonged to the party of the chairman or members and if this relationship could not be
detected before selecting the chairman and members, there is little chance of getting
justice from the Village Court. Negative perceptions of both the service seekers and
providers towards the legal institutes are also a great challenge is dispensing justice
through village court. Local police is also skeptic about the performance and efficiency of
this court. Limited jurisdiction of Village Court and complexity of the process is also a
challenge in effective functioning of village court. In brief, rural justice systems sometimes
do not work well in the context of extreme power imbalance between parties. A more
powerful or wealthy party may press the weaker into accepting an unfair result, so that
the settlement may appear consensual, but in fact result from coercion. Rural justice
systems are sometimes tools of equity rather than tools of law. They seek to resolve
individual disputes on a case-by-case basis, and may resolve similar cases in different
ways if the surrounding conditions suggest that different results are fair or reasonable

33. Village Court and Resolution of Local Disputes 31
according to local norms. Finally, in response to a question on how to make the Village
Court more effective in dispensing justice, one respondent (Local elite, a retired
Government Officer) stated that necessity of appointing knowledgeable persons.
He also suggested the separation of judicial matter of Village Court from the normal local
government activities of the UPs. He noticed that the UP Chairmen and members are
actively engaged in development activities and active member of political parties. If the
government appoint a retired government officials (like retired police/army personnel) of
the locality or a retired teachers as honorary magistrate in village court and nominate few
other members for three to five years with a honorarium can make Village Court active
and functional. UNO of Shahjadpur upazila stated that, for constituting the village court,
certain formal procedure has to be followed. From filing complaint to the stage of
decision- everything must be done in accordance with the law. On the other hand, Shalish
has no formal procedure and no legal framework. So, in most cases chairman and
members are not interested in Village Court. Rather they send the matter to Shalish or
settle the matter out of the court to avoid the procedure. So, the village court act/rules
should be amended in such a way that the court procedure should be simple and it can
reflect the reality and needs of society today. Service seekers of both the union noted that
though village court takes seat in the Union Parishad building, which is within easy reach
of the villagers and geographically accessible but the major problem is to find out the UP
chairman and member of the UP because there is no specific office hour for them. There
should be specific time for the service seekers to resolve the local minor disputes.
“Nothing could improve the efficiency of village courts more than
appointing knowledgeable and experienced persons who have
demonstrated both courage and common sense in their past lives.”

34. 32 Village Court and Resolution of Local Disputes
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