1. To what extent do two therapy theories, specifically between Cognitive Behavioral therapy
(CBT) and the Group psychotherapy theory effect on the treatment of antisocial personality
disorder?
Jay Desai
Candidate #
Supervisor: Mr. Ramsdell
Word Count:
November 9th
, 2012
“On my honor, I certify that I have neither given nor received inappropriate assistance on this
assignment and the work is authentically my own.”
X____________________

2. Desai 1
Table of Contents
Cover Sheet..................................................................................................................................... .
Table of Contents.......................................................................................................................... 1
Abstract.......................................................................................................................................... 2
Introduction/Background.......................................................................................................... 3-5
Investigation ....................................................................................................................................
Cognitive Behavioral therapy (CBT) ........................................................................... 5-9
Effect on the treatment of Antisocial Personality Disorder/Analysis ........... 7-9
Advantages and Disadvantages ........................................................................ 8-9
Group psychotherapy theory...................................................................................... 9-14
Effect on the treatment of Antisocial Personality Disorder....................... 10-14
Advantages and Disadvantages .................................................................... 10-14
Comparison between cognitive behavioral therapy and group psychotherapy/Analysis ..... 14-15
Conclusion ................................................................................................................................... 15
Works Cited............................................................................................................................ 17-21

3. Desai 2
Abstract
The focus of this paper is a evaluative comparison of two therapy theories, specifically
between Cognitive Behavioral therapy (CBT) and the Group psychotherapy theory in evaluating
treatment of Antisocial personality disorder. Cognitive behavioral therapy is a, “type of therapy
that helps to uncover unhealthy, negative beliefs and behaviors and replace them with healthy,
positive ones” ("Definition"). Antisocial personality disorder is defined by the American
Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual on Mental Disorders, as “...a
pervasive pattern of disregard for, and violation of the rights of others that begins in childhood or
early adolescence and continues into adulthood” ("Antisocial Personality Disorder"). Mayo
Clinic claims that, “Psychotherapy is the main way to treat antisocial personality disorder”
("Definition of Antisocial"). The specific Psychotherapy that will be discussed is Cognitive
Behavioral therapy (CBT). In addition another theory that can be used to treat antisocial
personality disorder is Group psychotherapy theory. The definition of Group psychotherapy
theory is that, “group therapy is a form of psychosocial treatment where a small group of patients
meet regularly to talk, interact, and discuss problems with each other and the group leader
[therapist]” ("Group Therapy"). Both of theories’ strengths and weakness will be explored and
evaluated. In addition the paper will focus on comparing each theory and evaluating it
effectiveness on the treatment on antisocial personality disorder. Note there either theory might
not show 100% absolute certainly effectiveness on the treatment on antisocial personality
disorder, but both theories shows some effectiveness on the treatment on antisocial personality
disorder. For example cognitive-behavioral therapy is evidence-based to some degree (Pucci).
Aldo R. Pucci explains this as, “Each approach to psychotherapy is based on the assumption that
it is correct in terms of its explanation of human behavior” (Pucci).
Word Count: 288

4. Desai 3
Introduction:
“Antisocial personality disorder is characterized by a long-standing pattern of a
disregard for other people's rights, often crossing the line and violating those rights” ("Antisocial
Personality Disorder Definition"). The causes antisocial personality disorder are unknown,
several factors have been shown to contribute ("Antisocial Personality Disorder Definition").
According to A.D.A.M, formally known as American Accreditation HealthCare Commission,
their Medical Encyclopedia states that, “Genetic factors and child abuse are believed to
contribute to the development of this condition” ("Antisocial Personality Disorder Sociopathic
Personality"). Studies show that in regards to gender, “Far more men than women are affected
("Antisocial Personality Disorder Sociopathic Personality"). Studies like the Epidemiologic
Catchment Area Study support this statement. “In the Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA)
study, a large-scale survey of psychiatric disorders among 15,000 people in five U.S sites, about
2.5 percent of people interviewed-2 to 4 percent of men and .5 to 1 percent of women – were
diagnosed as antisocial” (Black 4). In addition there are much higher percentages among the
prison population ("Antisocial Personality Disorder Causes").
Origins of this disorder start in children or during their teenage years and continue in
their adulthood ("Antisocial Personality Disorder Definition"). “Antisocial personality disorder is
often referred to as psychopathy or sociopathy in popular culture” ("Antisocial Personality
Disorder Definition"). Donald W. Black writes, “The diagnosis of ASP relies on a mental health
professional’s ability to uncover this pattern and trace it through a patient’s life” (Black xii). The
pattern that Black is referring to is “pattern of recurrent antisocial, delinquent, or criminal
behavior that begins in early childhood or early adolescence and is manifested by disturbances in
many areas of life: family relations, schooling, work, military service, and marriage” (Black xii).

5. Desai 4
Antisocial personality disorder is very challenging because as described by Mayo Clinic, “people
with this disorder may not even want treatment or think they need treatment” ("Definition of
Antisocial"). The reality is that treatment for antisocial personality disorder is needed but may
require long term treatment plan ("Definition of Antisocial"). “While it can be quite resistant to
change, research shows there are a number of effective treatments for this disorder” ("How Is
Antisocial Personality Disorder Diagnosed"). The treatment varies from psychotherapy, stress
and anger management skills, medications, to hospitalization ("Definition of Antisocial").
There are many disorder symptoms associated with antisocial personality disorder.
According to Mayo Clinic these may include, “Disregard for right and wrong, persistent lying or
deceit, using charm or wit to manipulate others, recurring difficulties with the law, repeatedly
violating the rights of others, child abuse or neglect, intimidation of others, aggressive or violent
behavior, lack of remorse about harming others, impulsive behavior, agitation, poor or abusive
relationships, and irresponsible work behavior” ("Symptoms"). “The severity of symptoms of
antisocial personality disorder can vary in severity” ("Antisocial Personality Disorder Info"). The
causes for the antisocial personality disorder can result from two main factors, genes or
environment, which fall under the nature verses nurture category ("Causes"). “Some people may
have a genetic vulnerability to developing antisocial personality disorder — and life situations
may trigger its actual development” ("Causes"). Many problems can emerge from antisocial
personality disorder. As include but not limited to, “depression, anxiety, aggression or violence,
suicidal behavior, reckless behavior, risky sexual behavior, child abuse, alcohol or substance
abuse, gambling problems, incarceration, relationship difficulties, and social isolation”
("Problems"). When diagnosing antisocial personality disorder, several tests are done.
“Antisocial personality is confirmed by a psychological evaluation” ("Antisocial Personality

6. Desai 5
Disorder Causes"). Because antisocial personality disorder is a serious diagnosis, it is essential to
cross out all the other disorders ("Antisocial Personality Disorder Causes"). These range from
physical exams, laboratory tests, to psychological evaluations ("Diagnosis"). A key factor in
diagnosing antisocial personality disorder is how the affected person relates to others”
("Diagnosis"). Written by Mayo Clinic, “To be diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder, a
person must meet the symptom criteria for that disorder listed in the "Diagnostic and Statistical
Manual of Mental Disorders" [DSM] ("Diagnosis"). The treatment for antisocial personality
disorder is very hard. This is because whether or not treatment is necessary falls upon the person
with the disorder ("Definition of Antisocial"). Out of the various different personality disorders,
it is one of the most difficult to treat ("Antisocial Personality Disorder Treatments"). Mayo clinic
further describes that, “…but because antisocial personality disorder is essentially a way of
being, rather than a curable condition, affected people are likely to need close, long-term care
and follow-up” ("Definition of Antisocial").
The focus on this dissertation is to undergo a evaluative comparison through which its
emphasis is evaluate to extent does two therapy theories, specifically between Cognitive
Behavioral therapy (CBT) and the Group psychotherapy theory effect on the treatment of
Antisocial personality disorder.
“Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is a form of treatment that focuses on examining
the relationships between thoughts, feelings and behaviors” (Duckworth and Freedman). The
methodology that is used is that it explores patterns of thinking that cause damaging
complications and throughout process behind them; the patient’s patterns are modified to
improve behavior (Duckworth and Freedman). “The definitional variations in emphasis on the
cognitive versus behavioral aspects of the cognitive-behavioral perspective grew out of two

7. Desai 6
major historical antecedents: [1] the development of behavioristic interest in the phenomenon of
self-control and [2] the emergence of cognitive learning theories of psychotherapy” (Kendall and
Braswell 3). “According to cognitive behavioral therapy, schemas are strongly held core beliefs
that a person has about himself or herself, others, and the world, and these schemas cause the
person to focus on certain types of experiences and emotions while ignoring others” (Beck, qtd
in “Personality Disorders”). According to the National Alliance on Mental Illness, “CBT is a
type of psychotherapy that is different from traditional psychodynamic psychotherapy in that the
therapist and the patient will actively work together to help the patient recover from their mental
illness” (Duckworth and Freedman). For example because Cognitive Behavioral Therapy is a
long term active treatment, patients might have to homework/practice outside of sessions
(Duckworth and Freedman). Another example that illustrates this is, “…teenagers who receive
therapy that helps them change the thinking that leads to their maladaptive behavior [cognitive
behavioral therapy] have been found to experience a significant decrease the incidence of
engaging in repeat antisocial behaviors ("How Is Antisocial Personality Disorder Diagnosed").
“The teaching component also involves therapist modeling of new ways of thinking and
approaching problems” (Zarb 5).The therapist also plays an important role. They tend to be
“problem-focused and goal-directed in addressing the challenging symptoms of mental illnesses”
(Duckworth and Freedman). “A collaborative and empirical working relationship is established
between therapist and client” (Zarb 5).
Analysis:
Cognitive behavioral therapy can be used to treat many different issues ("Definition").
“It's often the preferred type of psychotherapy because it can quickly help you identify and cope
with specific concerns” ("Definition"). According to Mayo Clinic, “Health conditions that may

8. Desai 7
improve with cognitive behavioral therapy include sleep disorders, sexual disorders, depression,
bipolar disorders, anxiety disorders, phobias, eating disorders, substance abuse disorders,
personality disorders, and schizophrenia” ("Definition"). “Studies have shown that CBT actually
changes brain activity in people with mental illnesses who receive this treatment, suggesting that
the brain is actually improving its functioning as a result of engaging in this form of therapy”
(Ken Duckworth and Jacob Freedman). One disadvantage is that, “…research shows that many
practitioners lack the knowledge, experience, and sometimes the willingness to factor cultural
context into their assessments” ("How Is Antisocial Personality Disorder Diagnosed").
“Psychotherapy is the main way to treat antisocial personality disorder” (Mayo). In this
case it would be Cognitive behavioral therapy. “This type of therapy helps to uncover unhealthy,
negative beliefs and behaviors and replace them with healthy, positive ones” (Mayo). Conferring
to Pysch Central, “Cognitive therapy — first developed to help patients with depression — has
recently been applied to ASP [antisocial personality disorder]” ("Antisocial Personality Disorder
Definition"). One study that supports this finding is carried out Davidson Km and his team of
researchers. In this case study the researchers, “investigated the feasibility and effectiveness of
carrying out a randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) in men with
ASPD who were aggressive” ("Cognitive Behavior Therapy Case Study"). The method that was
used was “that Fifty-two adult men with a diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder that
showed acts aggression in the 6 months prior to the study were randomized to either treatment as
usual (TAU) plus CBT, or usual treatment alone” ("Cognitive Behavior Therapy Case Study").
Then how the patients changed over a 12 month period was accessed based on act aggression,
mental state, alcohol misuse, belief, and social functioning ("Cognitive Behavior Therapy Case
Study"). The results were that there was 79% and at 12 month both groups showed “decrease in

9. Desai 8
the occurrence of any acts of verbal or physical aggression”, but “trends in the data, in favor of
CBT, were noted for problematic drinking, social functioning and beliefs about others”
("Cognitive Behavior Therapy Case Study"). Despite the findings, the case study calls for a
larger study to fully assess the effectiveness of Cognitive behavioral therapy in helping with
through with antisocial personality disorder ("Cognitive Behavior Therapy Case Study.").
Examination of this study in relation to antisocial personality disorder shows a trend of Cognitive
behavioral therapy in positively helping those effected by antisocial personality disorder, but
may require a larger study to fully validate their findings.
In evaluation of Cognitive Behavioral therapies of the effect of the treatment on
Antisocial personality disorder is that it has a positive outcome as research/case studies support,
but need larger studies and research to further effectively use Cognitive Behavioral therapies to
treat Antisocial personality disorder. The advantages include case studies that support the
positive outcome, though disadvantages include the case studies need more data to validate their
findings. In addition, another disadvantage is, “that many practitioners lack the knowledge,
experience, and sometimes the willingness to factor cultural context into their assessments”
("How Is Antisocial Personality Disorder Diagnosed"). As published by Psychiatric Clinics of
North America report stats, “Research generally supports the conclusion that CBT is an effective
treatment modality for patients with personality disorders, however more research is needed to
develop further our understanding of how best to apply CBT principles and to provide more
specific and unambiguous recommendations for how to treat PD symptoms” ("Cognitive
Behavioral Therapy for Personality Disorders"). Analysis shows the strengths include that as
Cognitive Behavioral therapies is part of Psychotherapy, it becomes the main way to treat

10. Desai 9
antisocial personality disorder. The limitations are but not limited include that this therapy has in
several case studies not had a large enough case studies to fully validate their findings.
The definition of group psychotherapy is that it is, “a means of changing behavior and
emotional patterns, based on the premise that much of human behavior and feeling involves the
individual's adaptation and response to other people” ("Group Psychotherapy"). The goal of this
treatment is, “…to enable the individual to participate collaboratively with others and to obtain
interpersonal satisfactions in the context of realistic, mutually gratifying relationships”
(Vinogradov and Yalom 8). “The technique of formally organized group therapy is said to have
been devised by J. H. Pratt in 1905” ("Group Psychotherapy"). “Group psychotherapy is a
special form of therapy in which a small number of people meet together under the guidance of a
professionally trained therapist to help themselves and one another” ("Information about Group
Psychotherapy"). According to the American Group Psychotherapy Association, “It addresses
feelings of isolation, depression or anxiety. And it helps people make significant changes so they
feel better about the quality of their lives” ("Information about Group Psychotherapy"). Through
group Psychotherapy, therapists are able to help those participated in the various setting of their
life, such as school, work, and social life ("Information about Group Psychotherapy").
France De Piano writes, “The microcosmic benefit of group therapy is that in this
environment, the individual begins to manifest his or her true personality with its concomitant
strengths and weaknesses (Fehr 36). Problems do emerge in the process of group psychotherapy
such as, “Some people hesitate to admit to themselves, much less to others, that they cannot cope
adequately with their own emotional reactions ("Group Psychotherapy Approach"). “Group, by
its design, creates an environment in which the real personality feels safe to emerge. It is in this
emergence that the that the therapist and the members have the opportunity of helping

11. Desai 10
individuals become aware of how they are affecting their environment and how their
environment is affecting them” (Fehr 36). Sophia Vinogradov, research fellow in Psychiatry at
Stanford University, writes, “Group therapy is an unparalleled mode of psychotherapy because it
relies upon very powerful therapeutic tool, the group setting” (Vinogradov and Yalom 7).
“Clinical experience and research have shown that a majority of people in need of professional
assistance can benefit greatly from certain forms of group psychotherapy…” ("Group
Psychotherapy Approach"). “Multiple outcome studies have tested the efficacy of group
treatment for a wide range of psychological problems and behavioral disorders ranging from
neurotic interpersonal behavior to sociopathy, substance abuse, and chronic mental illness”
(Vinogradov and Yalom 5).
There are many advantages and disadvantages associated with the use of group
psychotherapy. One advantage is that group therapy can reach many people simultaneously by a
single therapist (Weiner 3). Another advantage is, “for techniques that rely heavily on active
teaching, groups are an ideal medium for imparting the material to be learned and for its
reinforcement through group discussion and individual or shared homework” (Weiner 3). This is
highly relevant when addressing the treatment of antisocial personality disorder because it allows
for reinforcement of the material learned in class to be processed and even for further application
in the real world. Another advantage of group psychotherapy, relevant to treatment of antisocial
personality disorder, is that groups serve as a great medium for practicing and learning social
skills in a positive, safe way with fellow group members (Weiner 4). The development of real
friendships can takes place in group psychotherapy without any preconceived social pressures
(Weiner 4). Myron Weiner describes, “[those skills]…can be practiced in the protected
environment of the group until they are sufficiently well learned to be used in ordinary social

12. Desai 11
relationships. The social risk of making social blunders is minimal, and the group applauds such
efforts, even if inept or miscarried at first” (Weiner 4). In addition, group psychotherapy
supports, “…the development of more adaptive behavior through the period of time when
important others in members’ lives are still puzzled or disturbed by their new behaviors, and
helps sustain positive change even when temporarily opposed by members’ by friends or
families” (Weiner 4). This is highly relevant to addressing the treatment of antisocial personality
disorder because lets the subjects change their negative behavior, while letting those close to
them to slowly adapt to the new changes that were not used to before. In addition, another
pertinent fact is, “as members try out their insight sin the group, they are helped to extinguish
maladaptive behaviors and understand that others’ needs must be considered before one acts”
(Weiner 4). Group psychotherapy allows for people to get to one another, thus increasing self-
esteem (Weiner 4). “As members respond more healthily to others in a group, their positive
behavior is reinforced and the process is kept in motion” (Weiner 4). “Narcissism, clinging,
defensive isolation, and many other character attributes, coping mechanism, and defenses
manifest in the interpersonal network of the group and become available for comment and
therapeutic work (Wong qtd. Weiner 5). This is applicable to addressing the treatment of
antisocial personality disorder because it shows how certain characteristics of antisocial
personality disorder can be discussed within group psychotherapy setting. Weiner describes,
“The opportunity for multiple partial identifications is an important aspect of group
psychotherapy” (Weiner 5). This is because, “As members accept the inevitable human flaws of
others, they become more self-accepting and can see clearly that their expectations of others are
not the same as their self-expectations, highlighting the irrational operations of the superego”
(Weiner 6). This is an important because it addresses characteristic that is prevalently in those

13. Desai 12
diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder and the analysis of this advantage of group
psychotherapy shows that it can positively help deal with those issues. Analysis of all the
advantages that group psychotherapy has, show that group psychotherapy can positively benefit
the treatment of antisocial personality (Weiner 7).
In addition the advantages of group psychotherapy, there are a few disadvantages. “The
greatest disadvantage of groups is that the therapist’s attention is divided” (Weiner 7). Myron
Weiner explains, “While groups are a good arena for learning and practicing social skills, the
norms of a particular group may lead to acting out impulses instead of self-understanding, or
intellectualization of constructive” (Weiner 7). This is relevant to addressing the treatment of
antisocial personality disorder because it shows how the people during go this therapy may not
be self-understanding and thus effecting the efficiency of this form of treatment. In addition,
Myron discusses how, “Patients who do not conform to group norms of intelligence, interest, or
interaction frequently drop out…having failed to live up to their groups’ norms, such patients
may find themselves ostracized by other group members and traumatized by the group” (Weiner
7). This is highly relevant to addressing the treatment of antisocial personality disorder because it
discusses the potentially backlash that that could occur if subjects undergoing group
psychotherapy cannot conform to the group itself. Additionally another disadvantage is, “In the
process of pointing out maladaptive behaviors, groups may persecute persons whose manner of
presentation stimulates aggression. The group’s aggression is rationalized as being for the
member’s own good, and the resultant flight from the group I seen as unwillingness to face
issues, and note as the result of a massive attack on self-esteem” (Weiner 8). This is applicable to
addressing the treatment of antisocial personality disorder because it shows how the negative
symptoms of antisocial personality disorder can be more intensified during group psychotherapy,

14. Desai 13
thus the therapy would be negatively affecting the subjects. Analysis of the disadvantages of
group psychotherapy shows that to extent there is a possibility of group psychotherapy not being
effective in treating antisocial personality disorder.
Though, case studies that directly connected group psychotherapy on the treatment of
antisocial personality disorder, closely related case studies were analyzed. On September 01,
1999 Christopher Perry, Elisabeth Banon, and Floriana Ianni published their case study of
Effectiveness of Psychotherapy for Personality Disorders (Perry). The objective of the study was
to, “…examine the evidence for the effectiveness of psychotherapy for personality disorders in
psychotherapy outcome studies” (Perry). The method was that, “Fifteen studies were located that
reported data on pretreatment-to-postreatment effects and/or recovery at follow-up, including
three randomized, controlled treatment trials, three randomized comparisons of active treatments,
and nine uncontrolled observational studies. They included psychodynamic/interpersonal,
cognitive behavior, mixed, and supportive therapies” (Perry). The results were, “All studies
reported improvement in personality disorders with psychotherapy” (Perry). Specifically, “A
heuristic model based on these findings estimated that 25.8% of personality disorder patients
recovered per year of therapy…” (Perry). The conclusions that were drawn include that,
“Psychotherapy is an effective treatment for personality disorders…” (Perry). The analysis of
this study shows that psychotherapy is an effective treatment for personality disorders, but only
specifically group psychotherapy though included in the study, is not the main focus of this
study. The limitations of this study include that there is, “paucity of empirical studies examining
the outcome of personality disorders treated with psychotherapy” (Perry).
Comparison between cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and the group psychotherapy
theory revealed numerous differences and similarities. A similarity between therapies is that both

15. Desai 14
are a form of psychotherapy, but difference is that that each therapy is more specific/specialized
form of psychotherapy. The main differences between cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and
the group psychotherapy include their focus, methods, and effect on the treatment of antisocial
personality disorder. Cognitive behavioral therapy’s main focus is, “examining the relationships
between thoughts, feelings and behaviors” (Duckworth and Freedman). The method, which is
based off the focus, is that, “the cognitive therapist works with the client to confront, or
challenge the erroneous thoughts by pointing out other ways of viewing situations” (Nordqvist).
This directly contrasts with the methodology and focus of group psychotherapy. The focus of
group psychotherapy is to change behavior and emotional patterns through use of group format
("Group Psychotherapy"). The methodology involved is using, “which a small number of people
meet together under the guidance of a professionally trained therapist to help themselves and one
another” ("Information about Group Psychotherapy"). In addition, the extent of the effect that
each therapy has on the treatment of antisocial personality disorder is different. In general, as
analyzed by Mayo Clinic sources, “Psychotherapy is the main way to treat antisocial personality
disorder” (Mayo). Specifically case studies such as the Davidson Km and his team support that
Cognitive behavioral therapy is most directly associated with having an positive effect on the
subjects that are undergoing treatment for antisocial personality disorder. For example the results
were that there was 79% and at 12 month both groups showed “decrease in the occurrence of any
acts of verbal or physical aggression”, but “trends in the data, in favor of CBT, were noted for
problematic drinking, social functioning and beliefs about others” ("Cognitive Behavior Therapy
Case Study"). The extent of the effect that group psychotherapy therapy has on the treatment of
antisocial personality disorder is different from Cognitive Behavior Therapy. Case studies have
shown group psychotherapy was to some degree effectiveness on the treatment as supported by

16. Desai 15
the case study of the effectiveness of psychotherapy for personality disorders. It must be noted
that the case did not focus on group psychotherapy, thus not fully validating the group
psychotherapy’s effectiveness of treatment on antisocial personality disorder. Though there is a
lack of empirical studies investigating group psychotherapy effectiveness of treatment on
antisocial personality disorder, the advantages help support the claim that it is effective to a
degree (Perry). Advantages such as reinforcement of the material learned in class, development
of real friendships, minimal social risks, development of more adaptive behavior, and positive
thinking help support the claim that to a degree group psychotherapy’s is an effective form of
treatment on antisocial personality disorder (Weiner 4).
Conclusion
Both cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and the group psychotherapy have shown that
they both are effective to a degree as a form of treatment on antisocial personality disorder.
Analysis of both theories show that was not a 100% absolute certainly effectiveness, but both
theories shows some effectiveness on the treatment on antisocial personality disorder.
Specifically case studies such as the Davidson Km and his team support that Cognitive
behavioral therapy is most directly associated with having an positive effect on the subjects that
are undergoing treatment for antisocial personality disorder. Aldo R. Pucci explains this as,
“Each approach to psychotherapy is based on the assumption that it is correct in terms of its
explanation of human behavior” (Pucci). In addition Christopher Perry his team of researchers’
case study of Effectiveness of Psychotherapy for Personality Disorders helped support the fact
that to a degree group psychotherapy’s is an effective form of treatment on antisocial personality
disorder. Though there were limitations on both case studies. The case study pertaining to
cognitive behavioral therapy needed more data in order to fully validate its results. Additionally

17. Desai 16
the case study pertaining to group psychotherapy group was not a board case study and not a
directly evaluating the effect of group psychotherapy on the treatment of antisocial personality
disorder. In addition, it was shown that there was lack of empirical studies investigating group
psychotherapy effectiveness of treatment on antisocial personality disorder (Perry).
Both therapies had many differences and similarities. They ranged from their focus,
advantages, disadvantages, and methods that ultimately determined their effect on the treatment
of antisocial personality disorder. Though both therapies were a form of psychotherapy, the
specific method and focus were vastly different. From the empirical evidence that was available,
it can be concluded that both therapies have a positive effect on treatment on antisocial
personality disorder.

18. Desai 17
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