George Nasinyama presented on the case for cross-cutting courses in PhD programs at Makerere University. He explained that PhD programs were traditionally only research-based theses, but reforms introduced coursework components. However, students needed additional training in research skills. To address this, Makerere University developed cross-cutting courses focusing on research methodology, data analysis, scholarly writing, and other foundational skills. These courses have been well-received and provide PhD students a more well-rounded training to strengthen their qualifications and theses.