Water and sanitation together refer to the provision of clean and safe water supply along with adequate sanitation facilities and practices, to promote public health and well-being. It involves ensuring access to clean water for drinking, cooking, and hygiene, as well as implementing sanitation infrastructure and practices for proper waste management and hygiene maintenance. The integration of water and sanitation efforts is essential for preventing waterborne diseases, protecting the environment, and achieving sustainable development goals related to water and sanitation. Clean water and sanitation also fall under Sustainable Development Goal (SDG)- 6. The given ppt is explores the Critical review of provision, implementation and results of policies, strategies, programs, projects, & support (national, international and local) in Nepal of water and sanitation.

1. Critical review of provision,
implementation and results of policies,
strategies, programs, projects, & support
(national, international and local) in
Nepal of water and sanitation
Presentation by:- Neeru Magar, Birkha Bista, Amrita

2. 2

3. Contents
• Introduction
• Review of provision, policies , strategies, programs and
projects
• Status of water and sanitation in the country
• Support programs
• Criticism
• Gaps and challenges
• Way forward
3

4. Introduction
• Water and sanitation together refer to the provision of clean
and safe water supply along with adequate sanitation facilities
and practices, to promote public health and well-being.
• It involves ensuring access to clean water for drinking, cooking,
and hygiene, as well as implementing sanitation infrastructure
and practices for proper waste management and hygiene
maintenance.
• The integration of water and sanitation efforts is essential for
preventing waterborne diseases, protecting the environment,
and achieving sustainable development goals related to water
and sanitation.
4

5. SDG 6
5

6. Legal Provisions
• 1997 Environment protection act, 2053
• 1997 Environment protection rules, 2054
• Constitution of Nepal-2015
• 2017 Local government operation act, 2074
• 1989Nepal water supply corporation act, 2046
• 2006 Water supply management board act, 2063
• 2006 Water tariff fixation commission act, 2063
• 2018 Public health service act, 2075
• 2018 Draft drinking-water and sanitation bill 6

7. 1997 Environment Protection Act,
2053
• The act and rules consider activities surrounding sanitation,
such as faecal sludge, as a type of waste and pollutant.
• The rules clarify that activities relating to sanitation
require an initial environmental examination, which is an
important mechanism for approving licenses and plans,
ahead of building sewerage networks in Nepal.
7

8. 1997 Environment Protection Rules,
2054
• Section 15. Prohibition to emit waste in contravention of the prescribed
standards: no one shall emit or cause to emit the noise, heat and waste from
any mechanical means, industrial establishment or any other place in
contravention of the standards prescribed by the ministry by a notification
published in the gazette.
• Section 31. Prohibitions to conduct research without permission: No foreign
organization or association, or any person or institution affiliated to it, may
collect sample of any living being, bacteria and plant, and take any activity
relating to research in bio- diversity without taking prior approval of the
concerned body.
• Permission required to collect any sample relating to research in bio-
8

9. Constitution of Nepal-2015
Article 30(1):- Every citizen has the right to a clean and healthy environment.
Article 35 (4):-Right of access to clean drinking water and sanitation.
9

10. 2017 Local Government Operation Act,
2074
• Clause 11, sub-clause 4, assigns concurrent rights over health,
drinking-water, and other services to both the federal and municipal
governments.
• The act assigns exclusive powers for “basic health and sanitation” to
the municipalities and extends powers to local government for
implementation, monitoring, and formulation of policies, strategies
and standards.
• The act identifies wards as responsible for construction of and
operation and maintenance for public toilets, as well as collecting
household waste and managing surface water.
10

11. 1989 Nepal Water Supply Corporation
Act, 2046
• The primary functions of the corporation are to develop and
implement plans for drinking-water and sewerage in Nepal and has
the right to collect tariffs and cease services in case of non-compliance.
• The act itself does not define or specify what is included in sewerage
services or systems, but it does define ‘service system’ broadly as
follows: “…a reservoir built for the provision of the drinking water
service, water treatment or purification plant installed to such a
reservoir, pipe installed to supply water or waste water treatment
plant, sewerage system, equipment or other structure of similar
nature built for the exit of sewage, and this expression also includes a
building or land associated with the drinking water service or
sewerage service,” .
11

12. 2006 Water Supply Management Board
Act, 2063
• In municipalities, the 2006 water supply management board act, 2063
establishes water supply management boards with responsibility for
developing policies, providing licenses to water and sanitation service
providers, and monitoring service providers .
• The act also specifically formed the Kathmandu valley water
management board in order to manage services in the Kathmandu valley
.
12

13. 2006 Water Tariff Fixation
Commission Act, 2063
• The 2006 water tariff fixation commission act, 2063 created the water
tariff fixation commission, which is responsible for protecting
consumers by ensuring the reliability, quality, and affordability of
water supply and sanitation services .
• The commission is given responsibility for fixing tariffs for sanitation
services, establishing policies and procedures for service providers,
and for resolving conflicts.
• The act specifies that in fixing tariffs, the commission must consider a
number of factors, including the purchasing power of users.
13

14. 2018 public health service act, 2075
• The public health services act, 2075 of 2018 establishes that in
regards to sanitation and waste management the government of
Nepal (gon) “may, in order to control or cause to be controlled the
adverse effect to the human health by environmental pollution and
waste, make necessary standards in accordance with the prevailing
federal law,” .
• The act establishes that it is the role of the national government to set
standards for collection, reuse, treatment and disposal of wastes.
• Meanwhile, it establishes the role of the provincial and local level
government to comply and enforce standards.
14

15. 2018 Draft Drinking-water And Sanitation
Bill
• Sanitation services in the bill include sanitation promotion,
menstrual hygiene management, latrine services, collection,
transportation, and safe management or reuse of fecal sludge.
• The bill intends to repeal the water management board act 2063, the
water tariff fixation commission act 2063 and the water corporation
act 2023.
• The bill establishes the law for becoming a licensed service provider
across the sanitation chain.
• The draft bill also has a provision for the establishment of a
coordination committee that will provide suggestions to the
government on policies and plans in the water and sanitation sector . 15

16. Policies and Strategies
• National Sanitation Policy 1994
• 2004 rural water supply and sanitation national policy
• 2009 urban water supply and sanitation policy
• 2014 draft national water supply and sanitation sector policy
• 2019 national health policy 2074
• Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Policy, Strategy and Sectorial
Strategic Action Plan 2004
16

17. Conti……..
• Sanitation and hygiene master plan 2011
• MDG Acceleration Frameworks 2012
• Environment friendly local governance framework 2013
• Clean city program 2013
• Total sanitation guidelines 2016
• Sector development plan (2016-2030)
17

18. National Sanitation Policy 1994
• Sanitation as basic right of citizen
• Toilet and hygiene promotion
18

19. 2004 Rural Water Supply And Sanitation
National Policy
• Provide safe, accessible and adequate water supply with
sanitation facility to all Nepalese people.
• Reduce water borne diseases and its victims in the nation.
• Utilize in productive works the time and labor of women,
men and children saved from carrying water.
19

20. 2009 Urban Water Supply And Sanitation
Policy
• To ensure the availability of basic safe, accessible and
adequate water supply and sanitation services to all urba
n populations for improved quality of life.
• To improve the level of water supply services with at
least one‐third of the urban population having access to
high or medium level services by 2017.
20

21. 2014 Draft National Water Supply And
Sanitation Sector Policy
• To ensure the availability of safe and adequate water supply and
sanitation services to all according to the coverage targets with
defined service levels as set out below:
water supply
• coverage of 100 percent of the population with basic level of services
of which at least 25 percent having medium to high level of services by
the year 20171 .
• coverage of 100 percent of population with medium to high level of
services by 20272 .
sanitation
• coverage of 100 percent population with basic level of services of which
al least 10 percent having medium to high level of services by the year
21

22. 2019 National Health Policy 2074
• National health policy 2074 provides a guideline for the
strategies and programs of the health sector.
• It majorly focuses on ‘health for all by addressing the new
and existing challenges, proper utilization of available
resources, and upliftment of health status of the people.
• The goal of the policy is for the availability of quality health
services to the people as their basic human rights.
22

23. Policies and strategy cont..
• Rural water supply and sanitation policy, strategy and sectorial
strategic action plan 2004
• Universal access by 2017
• 20% of sector budget to sanitation
• Key role of local bodies
• Sanitation and hygiene master plan 2011
• ODF and total sanitation
• Local body's leadership
• Multi-stakeholders' collaboration
23

24. Policies And Strategy Cont....
• MDG acceleration frameworks 2012
• Strengthening of WASH
• Massive capacity development
• Scaling up of ODF
• Promotion of school WASH
• Environment friendly local governance framework 2013
• Toilet and waste management
• Environmental sanitation governance 24

25. Policies And Strategy Cont..
• Clean city program 2013
• Waste management
• Clean, green and healthy city
• Total sanitation guidelines 2016
• Basic and higher level indicators
• Clean and healthy nepal
25

26. Policies And Strategy Cont..
• Sector development plan (2016-2030)
• Short term, medium term and long term target
• Harmonized and accountable WASH sector
26

27. Policies And Strategy Cont..
Water resources strategy 2002
The strategy, in 2002, laid out the short-term (5 years), medium-term
(15 years), and long-term (25 years) strategies obtained through a
number of wide scale stakeholder consultations. The objective related
water and sanitation
• Providing people with access to safe and adequate drinking water and
sanitation to ensure health security
• Facilitating water transport, particularly connected to a seaport
27

28. 28
Status of water and
sanitation in Nepal

29. 29
Multiple Indicator cluster surveys 2019

30. Access to a piped water supply in households as
per geographical region
• 82.88 % in the mountain region,
• 80.50% in the hill region,
• 18.62% in the Terai region
• In Terai, 67.83% of the households are using tube well as their main
drinking water source.
• Overall, 51.69% of the households in Nepal have access to piped water
supply
• 33.38% have access to tube well water,
30

31. Percentage of Households having Unsafe
drinking water sources as per geographical
region
• 16.20% in the mountain region
• 11.95% in the hill region
• 11.82% in the terai region are using.
• Overall 12.12% are using unsafe water sources.
31

32. 32

33. 33
Total:-42039
only 28.14% of the water supply
systems are functioning well

34. Status of sanitation
• Compared to the statistics of 1990, access to water sources now has increased from
49% to 95% of households.
• Also, 62% of households now have improved sanitation facilities compared to 6% in
1990.
Province wise toilet facilities sanitation status of Nepal
• 99.55% of households in province 1,
• 93.54% in Madhesh province,
• 98.98% in Bagmati province,
• 100% in Gandaki province,
• 99.42 in Lumbini province, 100% in Karnali province, and
• 100% in Sudhur Paschhim province .
34

35. 35

36. Institutional Sanitational Status
• In the case of institutional sanitation status, adequate data is not available.
• However, data on toilet facilities in public schools shows that among 29,133 schools,
only 23,784 schools have toilet facilities.
• This accounts for 81.64% of schools. Hence, 18.36% of public schools are still
deprived of basic toilet facilities.
36

37. 37

38. National, International and
local Projects, & Support
programmes in Nepal
38

39. The Department Of Water Supply And
Sewerage Management (DWSSM)
• Under Ministry Of Water Supply , with responsibility of planning, implementation, operation,
repair and maintenance of water supply and sanitation systems through out the country,
• It is the lead implementing agency of the wash sector .
39

40. NGOs and INGOs working in water
and sanitation in Nepal
Water aid Nepal
• It is a ngo that works to improve access to safe water and sanitation
in Nepal.
• They work with communities to build and maintain water supply
systems, provide training on hygiene and sanitation practices.
Practical Action Nepal
• It works with communities to develop sustainable water management
practices, and they also provide training on hygiene and sanitation
practices. 40

41. Conti…..
UNICEF Nepal
• It is a United Nations agency that works to improve the lives of
children in Nepal.
• They work with the government to improve access to safe water and
sanitation,
• They also provide education on hygiene and sanitation practices.
World vision Nepal
• It is a Christian humanitarian organization that works to improve the
lives of children in Nepal.
• They work with communities to build and maintain water supply
systems, and also provide education on hygiene and sanitation
41

42. Conti…..
ENPHO (Environment And Public Health Organization)
• Established on 4 november, 1990, enpho envisages to create eco-
societies by providing quality services on water, sanitation and
hygiene (wash), environment and public health.
• Research, innovations and promotion of the wash technologies and
approaches have been its core priorities .
42

43. Conti…..
Fed WASUN
• IT is a national federation of drinking water and sanitation user's
organizations in Nepal.
• They work to advocate for the rights of water users, and also provide
training and support to water user's groups.
Action Aid Nepal
• It is an INGO that works to improve the lives of the poor and
marginalized in Nepal.
• They work on a range of issues, including water and sanitation, and
they have a long history of working in Nepal.
43

44. Conti…..
Helvetas Nepal
• IT is a Swiss development organization that works to improve the
lives of people in Nepal.
• They work on a range of issues, including water and sanitation, and
they have a strong focus on community participation.
Save the Children Nepal
• It is an international children's charity that works to improve the
lives of children in Nepal.
• They work on a range of issues, including water and sanitation, and
they have a strong focus on child rights. 44

45. Conti…..
Water for People Nepal
• It is a non-profit organization that work with communities to build
and maintain water supply systems, and they also provide training on
hygiene and sanitation practices.
Sanitation for safer WASH (S4SW)
• It is a program funded by the bill & Melinda gates foundation that is
working to improve sanitation in Nepal.
• They work with communities to build and maintain sanitation
facilities, and they also provide training on hygiene and sanitation
practices.
45

46. Conti…..
WASH Alliance Nepal
• The WASH SDG programme is the largest programme being implemented by WASH
alliance Nepal. Funded by the Dutch government, in Nepal.
• Wash alliance Nepal is a network of in-country partners who work together to
implement the wash SDG programme.
• The WASH alliance implements a sub-programme in four municipalities of western
Nepal: Baijanath rural municipality and Kohalpur municipality in Banke district
and Barahataal rural municipality and Bheriganga municipality in Surkhet.
• The programme runs from july 2018 up to march 2023.
46

47. Achievements
• Over the decades, Nepal has made significant progress to provide
access to basic water and sanitation to the population.
• Compared to 46 % in 1990, 95% of households now have access to
improved water sources and 62% of households are using an improved
sanitation facility, up from 6 % in 1990.
• On 1st October 2019 Nepal was declared to be an open defecation free
(ODF) nation.
• As per the current status, about 97% of the total population have
access to basic sanitation facilities and 87 % have access to basic
water supply facility (DWSS, 2018).
47

48. Criticism
• “10.8 million people in Nepal do not have access to improved
sanitation, and 3.5 million do not have access to basic water services.”
• Only 25 % of the water supply is reported to be fully functioning and
almost 40 % requires major repairs.
• Open defecation is still practiced by 16 % of the population (ndhs).
• 20% of government schools lack improved water and sanitation
facilities, with an additional 19 % lacking separate toilets for girls and
boys and menstrual hygiene management facilities.
• UNICEF,Nepal
48

49. Conti…..
• The functionality water system remains questionable as it was revealed that 71% of
them are E. Coli bacteria contaminated.
• What’s more Staggering is that 91% of the water sources available to the poorest
20% Population is E. Coli contaminated (water and
sanitation (WASH) (UNICEF Nepal, 2018).
• Lack of regular maintenance, lack of enough manpower when required, lack of
enough budget for regular repair and maintenance, lack of enough motivation in
terms of public service, and drying of natural water resources are the main cause of
existing functionality status (DWSSM, 2019).
• Although there is no data on public toilet facilities, it has been observed that the
status of these toilets is unsatisfactory in most cases. The main reasons behind this
are the unavailability of enough water facilities, lack of enough attention towards
cleanliness, etc. (DWSSM, 2019).
49

50. Gaps And Challenges
• Several factors such as lack of education and poor socio-economic
status hamper proper sanitation practices.
• Uneven accessibility of WASH facilities across ecological regions. The
geographical discrepancy has led to disadvantaged households in far
western and mountain regions in terms of improved water and
sanitation accessibility (wang et al., 2019).
• The impacts of climate change on water supply and public health
cannot be undermined. Heavy rainfall contaminates the water sources
and causes water borne diseases. On the opposite side of the
spectrum, drought and scarcity of water due to source drying are not
uncommon. 50

51. Conti…..
• Also, climate-induced disasters such as floods and landslides have a
big impact on the functionality of wash infrastructures like pipelines,
intake structures, reservoirs, and sanitation facilities (oxfam, 2008).
• The majority of water supply systems throughout all provinces in
Nepal suffer some level of functionality issues
• Weak national capacity to execute wash plans
• Critical gaps in monitoring Though many countries have WASH
monitoring frameworks in place, a majority reported inconsistent or
fragmented gathering of data and weak capacity for analysis.
51

52. Way Forward
• An effective budget distribution, which takes into account the
geographical and socio-economic factors across different provinces, is
deemed necessary to build infrastructures and educate people.
• Also, to counteract the threats of climate-induced disasters in the
water sector, a wide knowledge regarding afforestation, groundwater
recharge, rainwater harvesting, effective irrigation practices, and land
use is necessary.
• Climate-resilient and sustainable infrastructures should be built to
tackle functionality issues that result from floods and landslides.
52

53. Conti…..
• More priority should be given to the spending on the maintenance,
rehabilitation, and monitoring of water supply systems on the
governmental and policy level.
• The periodic monitoring of water quality is extremely important to
prevent the epidemic of water-borne diseases.
• Proper waste disposal practices, a sustainable sewage system, and
awareness of sanitation and hygiene are critical in controlling the
outbreak of water-borne diseases.
• In order to achieve its SDG-6 target, implementing sustainable
WASH policies and building infrastructures should be given more
53

54. References
• National Urban Water Supply And Sanitation Sector Policy Final Draft April 2009
• Sanitation And Hygiene Master Plan 2011
• Nepal Sanitation Policy And Planning Framework Case Study For Discussion
• Water Sector Policies And Guidelines Ofnepal REVIEW REPORT
• Https://www.Unicef.Org/nepal/water-and-sanitation-
wash#:~:text=every%20day%2c%20children%20die%20from,access%20to%20basic%
20water%20services.%E2%80%9d
• Nepal – WASH Alliance International (Wash-alliance.Org)
• Sustainable Development Goal – 6 (Clean Water And Sanitation) Status And
Challenges In Nepal
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55. THANKS !!! HAVE A NICE DAY FRIENDS
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