This document outlines a framework for critically appraising research articles. It breaks the process down into 3 key questions: 1) Are the results valid? 2) What are the results? 3) Will the results help patient care? Under the first question, it provides 4 sub-questions to help determine the validity of a study's results, focusing on the thoroughness of the search for relevant studies, the appropriateness of inclusion criteria, the methodological quality of included studies, and the reproducibility of assessments. The overall goal is to appraise the risk of bias in a study.

1. Critical Appraisal
By Omar Midani

2. 1. Are the results valid?
2. What are the results?
3. Will they help me
care for my patients?

3. Are The Results Valid?
1. Was the search for relevant primary studies to include in the review
detailed?
2. Were the criteria used to select studies for inclusion in the review
appropriate?
3. Were the included primary studies of high methodological quality?
4. Were the assessments of the studies reproducible?

4. Was the search for relevant primary studies to include in
the review detailed?

5. Were the criteria used to select studies for inclusion in
the review appropriate?

6. Were the included primary studies of high
methodological quality?

7. Were the assessments of the studies reproducible?

8. Overall assessment of the article
LOW RISK OF BIAS