The document summarizes the key aspects and findings of a master's thesis on analyzing pressure traces from a common rail diesel injection system to determine injected fuel mass. The thesis explored filtering approaches and modeling injections to predict mass from the pressure signal. Filtering was ineffective due to signal properties. Modeling injections as parametric profiles matched measurements well but could be improved by adding more physical details. Overall, the work established a foundation for predicting mass from pressure traces that warrants further refinement and algorithm development for online implementation.
This document discusses the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis of flow through a butterfly valve. It aims to determine the head loss coefficient and flow coefficient for the valve at different opening angles (30°, 60°, 75°, 90°). The CFD software ANSYS ICEM was used to model the valve geometry and ANSYS CFX was used to simulate the flow. The results found that the velocity increased with opening angle while head loss coefficient decreased. Streamlines became more uniform at higher openings. Numerical results closely matched experimental data, validating the CFD analysis method. The study provides a less expensive and time-consuming alternative to experimental testing of large butterfly valves.
Comparison of Pressure Drop Characteristics of Swing Plate and Dual Plate Che...IRJET Journal
This document presents a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis of the pressure drop characteristics of swing plate and dual plate check valves under varying operating conditions. The study uses ANSYS Fluent software to analyze 2D and 3D models of the valves. In 2D analysis, parameters like pressure coefficient, drag coefficient, and minimum pressure are calculated for both valves at different opening angles and Reynolds numbers. The dual plate valve is found to have lower pressure drop. 3D analysis considers different disc diameters for the swing plate valve and calculates minimum pressure to identify cavitation risks. The dual plate valve shows superior performance in terms of pressure drop and minimum pressure. For the swing plate valve, an 80% disc diameter performs best.
Importance & requirement of Rupture Disk in Industry. Sizing and selection of Safety Relief valves and Rupture Disks. Selection and types of rupture disks. Sizing calculation of rupture disks, PRVs and determination of required relief load.
This document discusses the selection and use of check valves in pumped systems. It notes that check valves are commonly selected without considering their dynamic behavior, which can lead to check valve slam and damage. The document recommends performing a surge analysis to determine the maximum reverse velocity and fluid deceleration acceptable for a system. It provides data on the dynamic behavior of different check valve designs to help select a valve less likely to slam. The document emphasizes matching the selected check valve to the characteristics of the system to avoid issues from pressure transients.
The document provides an installation manual for Floco positive displacement meters. It discusses safety precautions, typical installation configurations including mounting on separators and flow lines, startup procedures, and proving methods. The meters work by separating fluid into segments and counting the segments as they pass through. Accuracy is affected by factors like fluid viscosity and meter component materials. Installation should include isolation valves and a bypass to allow operation if repairs are needed.
Drill stem test (DST) is one of the most famous on-site well testing that is used to unveil critical reservoir and fluid properties such as reservoir pressure, average permeability, skin factor and well potential productivity index. It is relatively cheap on-site test that is done prior to well completion. Upon the DST results, usually, the decision of the well completion is taken.
The document provides an overview of various instrumentation topics including instrument symbols, flow and pressure measurement, temperature measurement, control valves, level measurement and control loops. It discusses common instrument types for measuring these process variables such as orifice plates, pressure gauges, thermocouples and level switches. It also covers related concepts such as sizing control valves using Cv, installing instruments properly and calibrating instruments.
The Variable Area Flowmeter is an instrument for measuring the flow of liquids and gases in pipelines. It includes a vertical tube through which the fluid flows whose diameter increases from the bottom to the top and a float which can move vertically in the tube.
As the flow increases this float moves to a higher position until its resistance to the fluid flow is balanced by the float’s buoyed weight in the fluid, a value which is constant and independent of the flowrate.
The position of the float is a measure of the flowrate. The flowrate values can be read on a scale.
This document discusses the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis of flow through a butterfly valve. It aims to determine the head loss coefficient and flow coefficient for the valve at different opening angles (30°, 60°, 75°, 90°). The CFD software ANSYS ICEM was used to model the valve geometry and ANSYS CFX was used to simulate the flow. The results found that the velocity increased with opening angle while head loss coefficient decreased. Streamlines became more uniform at higher openings. Numerical results closely matched experimental data, validating the CFD analysis method. The study provides a less expensive and time-consuming alternative to experimental testing of large butterfly valves.
Comparison of Pressure Drop Characteristics of Swing Plate and Dual Plate Che...IRJET Journal
This document presents a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis of the pressure drop characteristics of swing plate and dual plate check valves under varying operating conditions. The study uses ANSYS Fluent software to analyze 2D and 3D models of the valves. In 2D analysis, parameters like pressure coefficient, drag coefficient, and minimum pressure are calculated for both valves at different opening angles and Reynolds numbers. The dual plate valve is found to have lower pressure drop. 3D analysis considers different disc diameters for the swing plate valve and calculates minimum pressure to identify cavitation risks. The dual plate valve shows superior performance in terms of pressure drop and minimum pressure. For the swing plate valve, an 80% disc diameter performs best.
Importance & requirement of Rupture Disk in Industry. Sizing and selection of Safety Relief valves and Rupture Disks. Selection and types of rupture disks. Sizing calculation of rupture disks, PRVs and determination of required relief load.
This document discusses the selection and use of check valves in pumped systems. It notes that check valves are commonly selected without considering their dynamic behavior, which can lead to check valve slam and damage. The document recommends performing a surge analysis to determine the maximum reverse velocity and fluid deceleration acceptable for a system. It provides data on the dynamic behavior of different check valve designs to help select a valve less likely to slam. The document emphasizes matching the selected check valve to the characteristics of the system to avoid issues from pressure transients.
The document provides an installation manual for Floco positive displacement meters. It discusses safety precautions, typical installation configurations including mounting on separators and flow lines, startup procedures, and proving methods. The meters work by separating fluid into segments and counting the segments as they pass through. Accuracy is affected by factors like fluid viscosity and meter component materials. Installation should include isolation valves and a bypass to allow operation if repairs are needed.
Drill stem test (DST) is one of the most famous on-site well testing that is used to unveil critical reservoir and fluid properties such as reservoir pressure, average permeability, skin factor and well potential productivity index. It is relatively cheap on-site test that is done prior to well completion. Upon the DST results, usually, the decision of the well completion is taken.
The document provides an overview of various instrumentation topics including instrument symbols, flow and pressure measurement, temperature measurement, control valves, level measurement and control loops. It discusses common instrument types for measuring these process variables such as orifice plates, pressure gauges, thermocouples and level switches. It also covers related concepts such as sizing control valves using Cv, installing instruments properly and calibrating instruments.
The Variable Area Flowmeter is an instrument for measuring the flow of liquids and gases in pipelines. It includes a vertical tube through which the fluid flows whose diameter increases from the bottom to the top and a float which can move vertically in the tube.
As the flow increases this float moves to a higher position until its resistance to the fluid flow is balanced by the float’s buoyed weight in the fluid, a value which is constant and independent of the flowrate.
The position of the float is a measure of the flowrate. The flowrate values can be read on a scale.
The document provides information on diesel engine operation and diagnosis. It explains that diesel engines work via compression ignition where fuel is injected into hot compressed air, igniting the fuel. It describes the differences between direct injection and indirect injection diesel engines. It also outlines the key components of diesel engines like the fuel system, injection pump, injectors, turbochargers, and emission control systems. Advantages include torque and fuel economy, while disadvantages include noise, smell and cold starting issues.
This document outlines a course on Social Studies IV - Economics. It includes 5 learning objectives, 4 marking periods that cover specific lessons, activities, materials and assessments. Evaluation is based on performance tasks, periodical tests, quizzes, mastery tests, seatworks and recitation, with weights assigned to each component, totaling 100%. References and the grading system are also provided.
An Investigation into the Flow Mechanism of Gas-Solids Flow of Fine and Dusty...Khusro Kamaluddin
This document provides details of a research project investigating pneumatic conveying of fly ash from coal power plants. The objectives are to predict air flow requirements, pressure drops, and optimize system design. Experimental work includes characterizing fly ash properties and conducting conveying tests. Computational work involves simulating flow using the discrete element method. The current work describes designing and installing orifice flow meters to measure air flow rates for the project, including selecting pipe sizes, flow conditioner design, orifice plate fabrication, and pressure tapping installation. References are provided on pneumatic conveying modeling and experimental methods.
This document discusses the implementation of statistical process control (SPC) techniques at an automotive rubber parts manufacturing firm in India. It focuses on applying SPC to their production of shocker seals, which previously had an unacceptably high rejection rate of over 9%. Common defects causing shocker seal rejections are identified. Recommendations are provided to address defects, such as improving vacuum, temperature control, and inspection processes. SPC X-bar and R charts are created using data from 400 samples to monitor the diameter of shocker seals. No data points fell outside the control limits, indicating process capability was improved beyond requirements. In conclusion, applying SPC helped reduce rework costs and improve process efficiency.
Study of Time Reduction in Manufacturing of Screws Used in Twin Screw PumpIJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: This paper gives the characteristics of Time reduction in manufacturing of screws for Twin screw pumps. Screws are playing a vital role in the performance of pumps, because pumps give the fluids transfer rate with the help of screws. There is a gap in screws which shows its positiveness. This indicates that we are studying about positive displacements pumps. Positive displacements pumps having no point of contact between screws, because of that there will be no any friction formation. Automation is best for development of product to reduce time in manufacturing of any product. In this paper we also tried to explain this feature of Automation to help reduction of time to manufacture of product to increase productivity.
Safe Hose Assemble: From Factory to FieldDesign World
Jim Reilly of The United Distribution Group, GHX Industrial, LLC, and Rick Pitman of PSC will discuss the proper use of hydraulic hose, from fabrication and assembly to industry drivers and field usage. They will also explain NAHAD’s role in improving hose standards and what engineering personnel need to know.
IRJET- Computational Fluid Dynamic Analysis of Performance of Centrifugal Pum...IRJET Journal
This document describes a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis of the performance of a centrifugal pump impeller on a cooling system. The study analyzes the design and performance of a centrifugal pump by changing the impeller blade angle using CFD software. The objectives are to perform CFD analysis of the impeller, study the effect of changing the impeller blade angle, develop an impeller design approach, optimize the design, and validate it through experiment and simulation. Various impeller blade angle combinations are simulated and the resulting pressures are recorded and analyzed. The results show how discharge is highly affected by flow velocity and how pressure varies for different impeller blade angles.
This document summarizes research on total pressure distortion measurements in S-duct aero-engine intakes conducted at Cranfield University. The research team used an experimental facility with an adjustable S-duct configuration to measure time-averaged and unsteady total pressures and swirls at the aerodynamic interface plane (AIP) for different inlet Mach numbers and duct offsets. Results showed the impact of these parameters on various pressure distortion descriptors. Spectral analyses of unsteady pressure measurements identified flow switching modes, while cross-correlations provided insights into flow structures. The flexible measurement methods allowed comprehensive characterization of the complex S-duct flows.
IRJET- Experimental Investigation of Flow through Perforated Plate in Conical...IRJET Journal
This document describes an experimental investigation of flow through a perforated plate inside a conical diffuser. The goal is to improve the axial flow and achieve higher static pressure rise without total pressure loss. A supersonic wind tunnel was used to test a conical diffuser with an angle of 7 degrees that had two perforated plates placed inside at a distance of 450mm from the inlet. Pressure values were measured using a manometer at various ports and the coefficient of pressure was calculated both without and with the perforated plates. The results found that the addition of the perforated plates improved the flow uniformity and increased the static pressure rise inside the diffuser compared to when no plates were used.
hydrodynamic study of bio reactor by using visixmix softwareDhavaleRucha
VisiMix is a software that allow chemical engineer, process engineers ,
Design engineers, R& D engineers to visualize mixing process by these
software.Our goal is to develop a process that will run properly in first
trial on new scale or site. Similar to our successful results in the
lab.
The main parameters we change are the hydrodynamics of the
system. If we are able to identify and control these parameters
we will be able to achieve the available and optimal solution
IRJET- Experimental Study on Flow through VenturimeterIRJET Journal
1. The document describes an experimental study and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis of flow through a venturi meter. The venturi meter geometry was modeled in NX and meshed in ANSYS. CFD analysis was conducted using ANSYS Fluent to simulate flow and calculate pressure changes.
2. Experimental data was collected for different flow rates and used to calculate the discharge coefficient. CFD results for discharge coefficient were also calculated and found to be within 15% of experimental values.
3. The study demonstrated that CFD can be an efficient and accurate method for calibrating flow meters like the venturi meter, providing a alternative to costly experimental calibration methods.
This document describes the design of a device to directly measure wall shear stress in blood vessels. It consists of a central floating member surrounded by 8 cantilever beams with strain gauges. As fluid flows through the member, a shear force is applied and strains the beams. Key components are described along with the methodology used to optimize dimensions. Testing showed the device could successfully measure shear stress values comparable to theoretical predictions using different fluids and flow rates. While it approximates ideal conditions, this prototype demonstrates the ability for a relatively inexpensive system to directly measure wall shear stress.
This document summarizes an experiment that measured wave forces on different shapes of wind turbine towers, including a cylinder, square rod, and actual tower model. Models were tested in a water tunnel using particle image velocimetry (PIV) to analyze velocity profiles and calculate drag forces via two methods: applying momentum conservation to a control volume around each model, and determining drag coefficients based on Reynolds number and model geometry. Four layers within the control volume were analyzed separately to obtain velocity measurements at different depths.
The document proposes an automated blood sample deployment and retraction device for acoustic rheometry. It discusses current solutions for blood coagulation analysis and their limitations. The proposed device aims to automatically deploy a 0.03 mL blood sample into an acoustic levitation field with minimal contamination or handling. Design requirements include accurately dispensing the target volume, minimizing acoustic invasiveness, and automating the sample deployment process. Several design concepts and a preliminary design are presented and evaluated. A final design is selected consisting of a syringe-based deployment system and a rack-and-pinion driven entry/exit system. Testing shows the design can deploy volumes within the target range.
Structural Design and FEM Analysis of Bleeder in Steam Turbine CasingIRJET Journal
1) The document discusses the design and finite element analysis of a bleeder in a steam turbine casing. It provides calculations to determine the diameter of the bleeder pipe based on flow parameters.
2) A CAD model of the casing with integrated bleeder is generated and meshed. Boundary conditions representing pressure and displacement are applied for static structural analysis.
3) Von Mises stress, total deformation, and principal stresses are analyzed. Results show stresses and deformations within acceptable limits. Analysis of the full casing is also performed under pressure boundary conditions.
The document provides information on diesel engine operation and diagnosis. It explains that diesel engines work via compression ignition where fuel is injected into hot compressed air, igniting the fuel. It describes the differences between direct injection and indirect injection diesel engines. It also outlines the key components of diesel engines like the fuel system, injection pump, injectors, turbochargers, and emission control systems. Advantages include torque and fuel economy, while disadvantages include noise, smell and cold starting issues.
This document outlines a course on Social Studies IV - Economics. It includes 5 learning objectives, 4 marking periods that cover specific lessons, activities, materials and assessments. Evaluation is based on performance tasks, periodical tests, quizzes, mastery tests, seatworks and recitation, with weights assigned to each component, totaling 100%. References and the grading system are also provided.
An Investigation into the Flow Mechanism of Gas-Solids Flow of Fine and Dusty...Khusro Kamaluddin
This document provides details of a research project investigating pneumatic conveying of fly ash from coal power plants. The objectives are to predict air flow requirements, pressure drops, and optimize system design. Experimental work includes characterizing fly ash properties and conducting conveying tests. Computational work involves simulating flow using the discrete element method. The current work describes designing and installing orifice flow meters to measure air flow rates for the project, including selecting pipe sizes, flow conditioner design, orifice plate fabrication, and pressure tapping installation. References are provided on pneumatic conveying modeling and experimental methods.
This document discusses the implementation of statistical process control (SPC) techniques at an automotive rubber parts manufacturing firm in India. It focuses on applying SPC to their production of shocker seals, which previously had an unacceptably high rejection rate of over 9%. Common defects causing shocker seal rejections are identified. Recommendations are provided to address defects, such as improving vacuum, temperature control, and inspection processes. SPC X-bar and R charts are created using data from 400 samples to monitor the diameter of shocker seals. No data points fell outside the control limits, indicating process capability was improved beyond requirements. In conclusion, applying SPC helped reduce rework costs and improve process efficiency.
Study of Time Reduction in Manufacturing of Screws Used in Twin Screw PumpIJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: This paper gives the characteristics of Time reduction in manufacturing of screws for Twin screw pumps. Screws are playing a vital role in the performance of pumps, because pumps give the fluids transfer rate with the help of screws. There is a gap in screws which shows its positiveness. This indicates that we are studying about positive displacements pumps. Positive displacements pumps having no point of contact between screws, because of that there will be no any friction formation. Automation is best for development of product to reduce time in manufacturing of any product. In this paper we also tried to explain this feature of Automation to help reduction of time to manufacture of product to increase productivity.
Safe Hose Assemble: From Factory to FieldDesign World
Jim Reilly of The United Distribution Group, GHX Industrial, LLC, and Rick Pitman of PSC will discuss the proper use of hydraulic hose, from fabrication and assembly to industry drivers and field usage. They will also explain NAHAD’s role in improving hose standards and what engineering personnel need to know.
IRJET- Computational Fluid Dynamic Analysis of Performance of Centrifugal Pum...IRJET Journal
This document describes a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis of the performance of a centrifugal pump impeller on a cooling system. The study analyzes the design and performance of a centrifugal pump by changing the impeller blade angle using CFD software. The objectives are to perform CFD analysis of the impeller, study the effect of changing the impeller blade angle, develop an impeller design approach, optimize the design, and validate it through experiment and simulation. Various impeller blade angle combinations are simulated and the resulting pressures are recorded and analyzed. The results show how discharge is highly affected by flow velocity and how pressure varies for different impeller blade angles.
This document summarizes research on total pressure distortion measurements in S-duct aero-engine intakes conducted at Cranfield University. The research team used an experimental facility with an adjustable S-duct configuration to measure time-averaged and unsteady total pressures and swirls at the aerodynamic interface plane (AIP) for different inlet Mach numbers and duct offsets. Results showed the impact of these parameters on various pressure distortion descriptors. Spectral analyses of unsteady pressure measurements identified flow switching modes, while cross-correlations provided insights into flow structures. The flexible measurement methods allowed comprehensive characterization of the complex S-duct flows.
IRJET- Experimental Investigation of Flow through Perforated Plate in Conical...IRJET Journal
This document describes an experimental investigation of flow through a perforated plate inside a conical diffuser. The goal is to improve the axial flow and achieve higher static pressure rise without total pressure loss. A supersonic wind tunnel was used to test a conical diffuser with an angle of 7 degrees that had two perforated plates placed inside at a distance of 450mm from the inlet. Pressure values were measured using a manometer at various ports and the coefficient of pressure was calculated both without and with the perforated plates. The results found that the addition of the perforated plates improved the flow uniformity and increased the static pressure rise inside the diffuser compared to when no plates were used.
hydrodynamic study of bio reactor by using visixmix softwareDhavaleRucha
VisiMix is a software that allow chemical engineer, process engineers ,
Design engineers, R& D engineers to visualize mixing process by these
software.Our goal is to develop a process that will run properly in first
trial on new scale or site. Similar to our successful results in the
lab.
The main parameters we change are the hydrodynamics of the
system. If we are able to identify and control these parameters
we will be able to achieve the available and optimal solution
IRJET- Experimental Study on Flow through VenturimeterIRJET Journal
1. The document describes an experimental study and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis of flow through a venturi meter. The venturi meter geometry was modeled in NX and meshed in ANSYS. CFD analysis was conducted using ANSYS Fluent to simulate flow and calculate pressure changes.
2. Experimental data was collected for different flow rates and used to calculate the discharge coefficient. CFD results for discharge coefficient were also calculated and found to be within 15% of experimental values.
3. The study demonstrated that CFD can be an efficient and accurate method for calibrating flow meters like the venturi meter, providing a alternative to costly experimental calibration methods.
This document describes the design of a device to directly measure wall shear stress in blood vessels. It consists of a central floating member surrounded by 8 cantilever beams with strain gauges. As fluid flows through the member, a shear force is applied and strains the beams. Key components are described along with the methodology used to optimize dimensions. Testing showed the device could successfully measure shear stress values comparable to theoretical predictions using different fluids and flow rates. While it approximates ideal conditions, this prototype demonstrates the ability for a relatively inexpensive system to directly measure wall shear stress.
This document summarizes an experiment that measured wave forces on different shapes of wind turbine towers, including a cylinder, square rod, and actual tower model. Models were tested in a water tunnel using particle image velocimetry (PIV) to analyze velocity profiles and calculate drag forces via two methods: applying momentum conservation to a control volume around each model, and determining drag coefficients based on Reynolds number and model geometry. Four layers within the control volume were analyzed separately to obtain velocity measurements at different depths.
The document proposes an automated blood sample deployment and retraction device for acoustic rheometry. It discusses current solutions for blood coagulation analysis and their limitations. The proposed device aims to automatically deploy a 0.03 mL blood sample into an acoustic levitation field with minimal contamination or handling. Design requirements include accurately dispensing the target volume, minimizing acoustic invasiveness, and automating the sample deployment process. Several design concepts and a preliminary design are presented and evaluated. A final design is selected consisting of a syringe-based deployment system and a rack-and-pinion driven entry/exit system. Testing shows the design can deploy volumes within the target range.
Structural Design and FEM Analysis of Bleeder in Steam Turbine CasingIRJET Journal
1) The document discusses the design and finite element analysis of a bleeder in a steam turbine casing. It provides calculations to determine the diameter of the bleeder pipe based on flow parameters.
2) A CAD model of the casing with integrated bleeder is generated and meshed. Boundary conditions representing pressure and displacement are applied for static structural analysis.
3) Von Mises stress, total deformation, and principal stresses are analyzed. Results show stresses and deformations within acceptable limits. Analysis of the full casing is also performed under pressure boundary conditions.
This document summarizes a parametric study evaluating design parameters for pulsation dampeners on plunger pumps. The study uses a pulsation model to examine the effects of:
1) Pump system configuration, finding that complex piping can significantly impact pulsations compared to just the pump package.
2) Dampener location, finding pulsations generally increase as the dampener moves farther from the pump, and are still high when located next to the pump due to quarter-wave resonances.
3) Dampener neck geometry, finding pulsations decrease with a larger neck diameter and shorter neck length to maximize the dampener's effect.
The study also examines the impacts of fluid compressibility and
Experimental investigation of damping force of twin tube shock absorberIJERA Editor
A shock absorber is a mechanical device to damp shock impulse and convert kinetic energy into thermal energy. The damping effect of shock absorber depends on damping force and damping force is affected by various process parameters. In this analysis three process parameters damping diameter(A), number of holes(B) and suspension velocity(C) were considered and their effect on damping force of shock absorber was studied and accordingly suitable orthogonal array was selected by taguchi method. Experiment conducted on servo hydraulic testing machine and after conducting experiments damping force was measured and with the help of S/N ratio, ANOVA, Regression analysis optimum parameter values can be obtained and confirmation experiments was carried out. Twin tube shock absorber was used to carry out experimentation.
isiMix Technology - Simulation of Mixing Processes
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DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF ELECTRO HYDRAULIC THRUSTER BRAKE FOR LIFTING MACHINEijiert bestjournal
Brakes are very important part of most important pa rt of the crane. Failure of brakes is often associated with the sudden and massive failure. In the recent era disc brakes for a crane has become very important. And incorporating disc often asks greater efficiency and exact position stop when we apply disc brake. The power of disc br ake is very higher than of conventional drum brakes. If the liner wear and tear is less and if auto adjustment is provided to disc brakes,it gives an advantage of less maintenance as well grea ter safety to machine and operator.
Analysis of Inferior Vena Cava Filter using STAR CCM+’s Lagrangian Particle T...Ruturaj Deshpande
This document summarizes a study analyzing inferior vena cava filters using STAR CCM+'s Lagrangian particle tracking and DEM-CFD modeling approach. The study aims to understand blood and blood clot flow in the human body and predict the performance of mechanical filters. Blood flow and clots are modeled using Eulerian and Lagrangian approaches. Validation tests of STAR CCM+'s DEM-CFD solver are performed. A Simon Nitinol filter geometry is modeled and its effectiveness at capturing different sized blood clots is evaluated using Lagrangian particle tracking and DEM-CFD modeling. The effects of Newtonian vs. non-Newtonian blood assumptions and inlet boundary conditions are also analyzed. Future work involving non-spherical cl
Analysis of Inferior Vena Cava Filter using STAR CCM+’s Lagrangian Particle T...
CRDi_Pressure_Analysis
1. 1
<master thesis> DTM-S 2016 w 40
Background
• During Engine testing knowledge about each injection of a diesel
injection process is important.
• Rail pressure trace contains information about injected fuel mass but
it is corrupted by pressure fluctuations.
• Therefore a method is required to determine injected mass from
pressure signal.
Recommended Decision, Resp.
• Basic method has been developed but practical applications need to
be worked out and implemented.
Purpose of this Presentation:
• Presentation of the thesis work carried out.
Previous Decision Fora
Forum Date Decision
Combustion team
group meeting
FIE team
CAE team
Section Technical Meeting
Department Technical Meting
Approved
Approved
Approved
Approved
Approved
Approved
Next Steps Date
• Implementation of multiple injections 05w40
Date Created: 2016-10-05Issuer: Thiyam Dannish, DTHIYAM, 97622, Security Class: Proprietary
Key Issues/ Strategic considerations
• Determining the right method to analyse the pressure signal.
• Water hammer influence on consequent injections.
• Mass flow derivation from pressure trace analysis.
2. Analysis of pressure trace in C.R system
and relation with injected fuel mass
Thiyam Dannish
Examiner : Bengt Tullgren (VCC)
Ingrid Andersson (LiU)
Supervisor : Ayolt Helmantel (VCC)
Joakim Wren (LiU)
21/9/2016 THIYAM DANNISH, DTHIYAM, 97622, SECURITYCLASS:PROPRIETARY 2
3. BACKGROUND
UNDERTAKING OF THE PROJECT AND THESIS AGENDA
THESIS APPROACHES
FINDINGS AND FURTHER WORK RECOMMENDATIONS
agenda
21/9/2016 3THIYAM DANNISH, DTHIYAM, 97622, SECURITYCLASS:PROPRIETARY
4. • CRDi system injects fuel under high
pressure and has flexibility to
control precise fuel amounts. There
fore multiple injection technique
can be used with this technology.
• Reduces engine vibration, engine
noise, emission by-products, fuel
consumptions etc.
• Necessary to predict the exact
amount of fuel that is injected to
compare or match different
injection processes and study
influences of different parameters
for a certain injection strategy.
Background
21/9/2016 1THIYAM DANNISH, DTHIYAM, 97622, SECURITYCLASS:PROPRIETARY
5. • Develop an online implementable
algorithm to predict injected fuel mass in
each injection events from the pressure
trace of multiple injection processes.
• Explored and conclude with a viable line
of research to achieve the main goal of
the project.
• Two approaches were conducted:
Implementation of a direct filter,
Simulating the recorded pressure trace
by modelling a parametric injection rate
profile.
Project goal and Thesis agenda
21/9/2016 3THIYAM DANNISH, DTHIYAM, 97622, SECURITYCLASS:PROPRIETARY
6. • Water hammer phenomenon caused by abrupt
shutting of the needle.
• Influence of this phenomenon on injected mass
of consequent injections.
• Understanding and isolation of the pressure
wave induced fluctuation from the injected
mass induced dip in the pressure trace.
• Ultimately predicting the injected mass by
analyzing the pressure trace.
Water hammer phenomenon
21/9/2016 4THIYAM DANNISH, DTHIYAM, 97622, SECURITYCLASS:PROPRIETARY
7. rigs IN VOLVO FOR DATA AQUISITION
21/9/2016 7THIYAM DANNISH, DTHIYAM, 97622, SECURITYCLASS:PROPRIETARY
8. Information derived from injector analyzer pump rig. Goal is to achieve the rate profile of pressure trace of engine rig.
Ultimate Goal of the project
21/9/2016 5THIYAM DANNISH, DTHIYAM, 97622, SECURITYCLASS:PROPRIETARY
9. Phase–I : Signal Analysis And Filtering
21/9/2016 THIYAM DANNISH, DTHIYAM, 97622, SECURITYCLASS:PROPRIETARY 6
10. • Transformed signal from
time domain to frequency
domain using Fast Fourier
Transform algorithm.
• Exposure of all frequency
components present in the
signal for frequency analysis.
• Understanding the source
and dependency of these
frequency components so as
to narrow down the
frequency band significant
during injection to design
the filter.
Discretization of the signal into sine components
21/9/2016 7THIYAM DANNISH, DTHIYAM, 97622, SECURITYCLASS:PROPRIETARY
11. • Frequency divided into four categories namely,
Pressure dependent
Engine speed dependent
Injection dependent
Independent (pulse freq., etc.)
• Injection dependent frequencies will vary with change in separation time and also number of injections.
• Wave phenomena such as standing waves and water hammer are instigated during injection.
21/9/2016 8
Dependencies
THIYAM DANNISH, DTHIYAM, 97622, SECURITYCLASS:PROPRIETARY
12. 21/9/2016 9
Pressure dependent frequency band
THIYAM DANNISH, DTHIYAM, 97622, SECURITYCLASS:PROPRIETARY
• Frequency depend on speed of sound in the
medium given by the relation
vel. of sound = 𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ ∗ 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
• DOE with sweep in Rail Pressure keeping all
other factors constant(RPM , Injection number
etc.).
• Theoretical calculation of Standing wave
frequency of Rail approx. 2100Hz (f = K.v/2L)
and Water hammer frequency approx. 1100Hz
(f = K.v/4L).
• Coefficient of reflection of this waves is lesser
than 1 (due to various losses like viscosity etc.)
and therefore experimental results will be
lesser.
13. • DOE with sweep in the RPM.
• Frequency due to engine speed is
given by the relation
Engine frequency = RPM / 2*60
21/9/2016 11
Engine Speed Dependent frequency band
THIYAM DANNISH, DTHIYAM, 97622, SECURITYCLASS:PROPRIETARY
14. • DOE with sweep in
separation timing.
• Water hammer vibration
instigated each time there
is an injection and
therefore timing between
injections and number of
injections are a factor.
• Uneven energy distribution
in the band caused by
influence of phase change
in water hammer initiation.
21/9/2016 10
Water hammer frequency band
THIYAM DANNISH, DTHIYAM, 97622, SECURITYCLASS:PROPRIETARY
15. • DOE with sweep in
injection number
keeping all conditions
constant.
• Depend on the speed of
the engine therefore
must be present in the
engine dependent
frequency band.
• Determine the small
band of frequency that is
most significant only
during an injection.
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Injection Dependent frequency band
THIYAM DANNISH, DTHIYAM, 97622, SECURITYCLASS:PROPRIETARY
16. • Investigation carried out to expose
any kind of independent
frequencies present in the signal.
• Independent frequencies include
frequencies that may arise from
electric pulse, valve closure,
geometry of the system etc.
• Validation of presence of these
frequencies done by analysis with
no injection.
• No interesting frequencies present.
Independent frequencies
21/9/2016 13THIYAM DANNISH, DTHIYAM, 97622, SECURITYCLASS:PROPRIETARY
17. • Pressure dependent
frequencies eliminated.
• Engine dependent frequency
band up to 550 Hz do not have
a considerable change in their
energy content during
different number of injections.
• Focus is given on the band
between 550 Hz and 750 Hz as
this band has significant
amount of energy alteration
caused by injection number.
Elimination of frequencies
21/9/2016 14THIYAM DANNISH, DTHIYAM, 97622, SECURITYCLASS:PROPRIETARY
18. • STFT algorithm is a modified version of the
FFT algorithm displaying information in a
spectrogram of time and frequency.
• How does STFT work ?
• Performed on each frequency between
550Hz and 750 Hz thereby projecting the
energy content of that frequency in time
domain.
• Each ’filtered’ signal created by this was to
be analyzed and validated with the known
injected mass to determine the single most
significant frequency that is affected the
most during an injection.
Filter design technique (STFT)
21/9/2016 15THIYAM DANNISH, DTHIYAM, 97622, SECURITYCLASS:PROPRIETARY
19. As mentioned discretized signal into segments.
A derivative of the FFT algorithm and therefore require long signal length to give acceptable
resolution of frequency.
Long signal segment dilute time resolution.
Therefore information retrieved does not meet accuracy level demanded by the research.
Information of the frequency contents in the signal.
Pinpoint towards a specific band of frequency.
Time-Frequency technique can be used for this project.
Reason for Unsuitability and inference
21/9/2016 16THIYAM DANNISH, DTHIYAM, 97622, SECURITYCLASS:PROPRIETARY
20. Phase–iI : CRDi model in dymola
21/9/2016 THIYAM DANNISH, DTHIYAM, 97622, SECURITYCLASS:PROPRIETARY 18
21. • Model of the CRDi in dymola to capture
the water hammer fluctuation with
acceptable accuracy level.
• No needle mechanism installed and
therefore need to define flow behavior.
• The injection rate profile is given as an
input and tuned it to try and replicate the
pressure trace from engine rig (Reverse
Engineering).
• The model include as much flexibility that
is present in a real system so that the
exact analysis done in pump rig can be
replicated specially different injector
models.
Concept of the Model
21/9/2016 19THIYAM DANNISH, DTHIYAM, 97622, SECURITYCLASS:PROPRIETARY
22. • The rate of injection shape that is
produced during an injection
(BOSCH method)
Volvo Injection rate profile Measurement
21/9/2016 20THIYAM DANNISH, DTHIYAM, 97622, SECURITYCLASS:PROPRIETARY
23. Profile comparison at different pressure
21/9/2016 21THIYAM DANNISH, DTHIYAM, 97622, SECURITYCLASS:PROPRIETARY
• Trapezoid Pulse as a base model.
• Use of Bezier curve to replicated to and from the
maximum amplitude of rise and fall in the profile.
• Parametric model where all control points is adjustable
using relations and ’tuning’.
24. • Opening/energizing time of the needle.
• Duration of the injection event depend
highly on the operating pressure.
• Amplitude, rise and fall also depend on
the operating condition.
Injection rate Profile dependency
21/9/2016 22THIYAM DANNISH, DTHIYAM, 97622, SECURITYCLASS:PROPRIETARY
Operational Pressure
Amplitude
T_rise_1 P1 T_rise_2 T_rise_3 T_fall_3 T_fall_2 P6 T_fall_1
25. • Model is an approximation of the real system and therefore certain adjustments needed to get it working.
• Calibration process to fix initial constants of the model i.e. the inner dimension of injector.
• Comparison of the simulation results with pressure trace and injection rate profile from the injection analyzer dataset.
Calibration of the crdi model
21/9/2016 24THIYAM DANNISH, DTHIYAM, 97622, SECURITYCLASS:PROPRIETARY
26. • Time shift in order of 0.1ms. Maximum
pressure overshoot of 15 bar.
• Steady pressure level is equal for
simulation and experimental.
• There is pressure dynamics involved in
the engine cylinder whereas the
pressure is more or less constant in
injector analyzer.
• Since resistance of air is lesser than
diesel fuel the rate will be higher as
compared to data from injector
analyzer.
Comparison with engine data
21/9/2016 25THIYAM DANNISH, DTHIYAM, 97622, SECURITYCLASS:PROPRIETARY
27. Method produces accurate results (97% match) for the present state.
A strong groundwork for further research and analysis since the results
are within the acceptable range for a project in its budding stage.
Extracted information not only for injected mass but injection rate profile.
An example use of the information: Help in the research regarding
dynamics of fuel mixing inside the CC.
Inference from the study
21/9/2016 26THIYAM DANNISH, DTHIYAM, 97622, SECURITYCLASS:PROPRIETARY
28. Foremost detalize the model adding more physics in,
..ex: cylinder pressure dynamics, friction model in rail,
..etc.
Development of better relations defining the timings
..for control points.
Eliminate variable parameters to make it dependent
..only on pressure and energizing timing.
Introduction of multiple injections and determining its
..limitation (analysis on separation time).
Start work on algorithm for online implementation.
The road ahead
21/9/2016 27THIYAM DANNISH, DTHIYAM, 97622, SECURITYCLASS:PROPRIETARY