CRC - Karen version

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United Nations
Convention on
the Rights
of the Child

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United Nations
Convention on
the Rights
of the Child

© Convention on the Rights of the Child (English), United Nations 1989

© Convention on the Rights of the Child (Karen), Black on White Publications 2006

© What is the Convention on the Rights of the Child? (English, Karen and drawings)
Black on White Publications 2006

© Foreword (English and Karen) Jaap Doek

ISBN: 974-685-079-2

Translation team: Christ Stone (Saw Ler Taw), Saw Henery Khu, Hsar Khi Lar,
Saw George, Saw Andy

Artist: Htoo Doh

Cover picture: Karen child 1988, Christ Church, Bangkok,
English-speaking Congregation archives

Published by: Black on White Publications
Room 3084, Siam Court
130 Sukhumvit 4
Bangkok 10110 Thailand

Tel. (+66) 02 656 2926
info@knowingchildren.org
www.knowingchildren.org/blackonwhite/

Design: Jiratham Ngamsuk, Keen Publishing (Thailand) Co., Ltd

Production: Keen Publishing (Thailand) Co., Ltd
22nd floor, Ocean Tower II
75/42 Sukhumvit 19
Bangkok 10110 Thailand

Black on White Publications , is the publications division of Knowing Children.

Save the Children Sweden, Southeast Asia and the Pacific Regional Office
supported the production of this translation

2

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o&.'d.pd=Jaap Doek
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3

Foreword
The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, which was
adopted by the General Assembly in 1989, is the most comprehensive of
all international human rights legal instruments. The civil, political,
economic, social and cultural rights it contains apply to all children,
everywhere, all the time. Almost all governments in the world have now
agreed to apply these rights within their domestic laws and to report
regularly to the Committee on the Rights of the Child about progress in
implementation.

Under Article 42, governments are obliged to be active in making the
principles and provisions of the Convention widely known by all children
and adults. In 2005 a Karen boy in a refugee camp on the Thai/Myanmar
Border requested a visitor to the orphanage in which he lives to find him
a copy of the Convention in his own language. As no Karen translation
then existed, Knowing Children took on the responsibility of translating,
printing and overseeing the distribution of the official text, prefaced by a
children-friendly explanation with pictures drawn by a Karen artist.

I congratulate the translators and artist on the result, and thank Knowing
Children for undertaking this important work. Particular thanks go to the
boy who first requested to be able to read about his own human rights.
I hope that many such translations will soon make this information
available in the mother tongues of many more children and adults from
minority and ethnic groups.

Professor Jaap Doek
Chair
Committee on the Rights of the Child
Geneva

4

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What is the Convention on the Rights of the Child?

The Convention is part of the international human rights laws. It was agreed
in1989 by countries that belong to the United Nations. This law describes
the rights of all children, including every child who lives in any Asian country.

5

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What are rights?

All human beings have the same rights, to live in peace and security, to
have their needs for shelter, food and health met, and to be involved in
decisions made about their lives.

6

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trd>ty>rh>*hR, td.xJw*Rrh>*hR

Who is a child?

A child is a human being who has not yet reached his or her 18th birthday.
All children have equal rights to live and to develop into adults
Boys and girls
Children of different religions
Children of different cultures
Poor children and rich children
Children with disabilities
Child refugees, whether they are
with their parents or alone.

7

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Who is responsible?

Governments must make sure that all children receive the rights written
in the Convention. They usually do this by supporting parents to provide
the rights. This may include making sure children are not separated from
their parents, or it may mean providing special care for children who have
no parents.

8

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What rights are described in the Convention?

9

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All children should have a name and nationality.

10

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Children should be brought up in loving homes, by their parents.
Parents must take care of children, and not hurt them.

Governments must help parents to provide a home and proper care for
their children.

11

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If children are separated from their parents they should be helped to find
them again.

12

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If their parents cannot care for them, the government of the country in
which they live must make sure children are properly cared for.
Governments should check regularly on their welfare.

13

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Children should be provided with health care, including clean water
and sanitation –

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as well as clinics, doctors and medicine.

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Children should be provided with education.
This includes good schools, good teaching, non violent discipline
and information, including about their own language and culture.

16

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Children should have leisure to play, to practice sports and creative activities.

17

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Children must be protected from any harm to their bodies or minds.
Children must be protected from war.
They must not be soldiers.
They should be protected when adults fight.
They must not be tortured.

18

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Children must be protected from working too hard, or when they are
too young.

19

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Children must be protected from using drugs.

20

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Children must not be bought and sold (trafficked).

21

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If children are caught breaking the law they must have special treatment
including:
respect for their age
equal and fair justice
access to education
communication with their parents.

22

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Children have the right to give their opinions when decisions are made that
affect them.

They have the right to express their opinions freely and be taken seriously.

23

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Children have the right to form groups so that their opinions can be heard.

24

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Under parental guidance, children are free to chose their religion and form
their own ideas.

25

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Children who have been hurt in body or mind have the right to special
care, so that they can recover and get on with their lives.

26

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All these rights should be enjoyed by all children, everywhere, all the time.
There are no exceptions.

27

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29

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40

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41

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74

Convention on the Rights of the Child
Convention on the Rights of the Child
Adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by
General Assembly resolution 44/25 of 20 November 1989
Entry into force 2 September 1990, in accordance with article 49
Preamble
The States Parties to the present Convention,
Considering that, in accordance with the principles proclaimed
in the Charter of the United Nations, recognition of the inherent dignity
and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human
family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world,
Bearing in mind that the peoples of the United Nations have, in
the Charter, reaffirmed their faith in fundamental human rights and in the
dignity and worth of the human person, and have determined to promote
social progress and better standards of life in larger freedom,
Recognizing that the United Nations has, in the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights and in the International Covenants on
Human Rights, proclaimed and agreed that everyone is entitled to all the
rights and freedoms set forth therein, without distinction of any kind, such
as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or
social origin, property, birth or other status,
Recalling that, in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the
United Nations has proclaimed that childhood is entitled to special care
and assistance,
Convinced that the family, as the fundamental group of society
and the natural environment for the growth and well-being of all its
members and particularly children, should be afforded the necessary
protection and assistance so that it can fully assume its responsibilities
within the community,
Recognizing that the child, for the full and harmonious
development of his or her personality, should grow up in a family
environment, in an atmosphere of happiness, love and understanding,

75

Considering that the child should be fully prepared to live an
individual life in society, and brought up in the spirit of the ideals
proclaimed in the Charter of the United Nations, and in particular in the
spirit of peace, dignity, tolerance, freedom, equality and solidarity,
Bearing in mind that the need to extend particular care to the
child has been stated in the Geneva Declaration of the Rights of the Child
of 1924 and in the Declaration of the Rights of the Child adopted by the
General Assembly on 20 November 1959 and recognized in the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights, in the International Covenant on Civil and
Political Rights (in particular in articles 23 and 24), in the International
Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (in particular in article
10) and in the statutes and relevant instruments of specialized agencies
and international organizations concerned with the welfare of children,
Bearing in mind that, as indicated in the Declaration of the
Rights of the Child, “the child, by reason of his physical and mental
immaturity, needs special safeguards and care, including appropriate legal
protection, before as well as after birth”
,
Recalling the provisions of the Declaration on Social and Legal
Principles relating to the Protection and Welfare of Children, with Special
Reference to Foster Placement and Adoption Nationally and
Internationally; the United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the
Administration of Juvenile Justice (The Beijing Rules); and the Declaration
on the Protection of Women and Children in Emergency and Armed
Conflict,
Recognizing that, in all countries in the world, there are children
living in exceptionally difficult conditions, and that such children need
special consideration,

Taking due account of the importance of the traditions and
cultural values of each people for the protection and harmonious
development of the child,

Recognizing the importance of international co-operation for
improving the living conditions of children in every country, in particular
in the developing countries,
Have agreed as follows:

76

PART I
Article 1
For the purposes of the present Convention, a child means every
human being below the age of eighteen years unless under the law appli-
cable to the child, majority is attained earlier.
Article 2
1. States Parties shall respect and ensure the rights set forth in
the present Convention to each child within their jurisdiction without
discrimination of any kind, irrespective of the child’s or his or her parent’s or
legal guardian’s race,colour,sex,language,religion,political or other opinion,
national, ethnic or social origin, property, disability, birth or other status.
2. States Parties shall take all appropriate measures to ensure that
the child is protected against all forms of discrimination or punishment on
the basis of the status, activities, expressed opinions, or beliefs of the
child’s parents, legal guardians, or family members.
Article 3
1. In all actions concerning children, whether undertaken by public
or private social welfare institutions, courts of law, administrative authorities
or legislative bodies, the best interests of the child shall be a primary
consideration.
2. States Parties undertake to ensure the child such protection
and care as is necessary for his or her well-being, taking into account the
rights and duties of his or her parents, legal guardians, or other in
dividuals legally responsible for him or her, and, to this end, shall take all
appropriate legislative and administrative measures.
3. States Parties shall ensure that the institutions, services and
facilities responsible for the care or protection of children shall conform
with the standards established by competent authorities, particularly in
the areas of safety, health, in the number and suitability of their staff, as
well as competent supervision.
Article 4
States Parties shall undertake all appropriate legislative,
administrative, and other measures for the implementation of the rights
recognized in the present Convention. With regard to economic, social

77

and cultural rights, States Parties shall undertake such measures to the
maximum extent of their available resources and, where needed, within
the framework of international co-operation.
Article 5
States Parties shall respect the responsibilities, rights and duties
of parents or, where applicable, the members of the extended family or
community as provided for by local custom, legal guardians or other
persons legally responsible for the child, to provide, in a manner
consistent with the evolving capacities of the child, appropriate direction
and guidance in the exercise by the child of the rights recognized in the
present Convention.
Article 6
1. States Parties recognize that every child has the inherent right
to life.
2. States Parties shall ensure to the maximum extent possible the
survival and development of the child.
Article 7
1. The child shall be registered immediately after birth and shall
have the right from birth to a name, the right to acquire a nationality and.
as far as possible, the right to know and be cared for by his or her parents.
2. States Parties shall ensure the implementation of these rights in
accordance with their national law and their obligations under the
relevant international instruments in this field, in particular where the
child would otherwise be stateless.
Article 8
1. States Parties undertake to respect the right of the child to
preserve his or her identity, including nationality, name and family
relations as recognized by law without unlawful interference.
2.Where a child is illegally deprived of some or all of the elements
of his or her identity, States Parties shall provide appropriate assistance
and protection, with a view to re-establishing speedily his or her identity.

78

Article 9
1. States Parties shall ensure that a child shall not be separated
from his or her parents against their will, except when competent authorities
subject to judicial review determine, in accordance with applicable law
and procedures, that such separation is necessary for the best interests of
the child. Such determination may be necessary in a particular case such
as one involving abuse or neglect of the child by the parents, or one where
the parents are living separately and a decision must be made as to the
child’s place of residence.
2. In any proceedings pursuant to paragraph 1 of the present
article, all interested parties shall be given an opportunity to participate in
the proceedings and make their views known.
3. States Parties shall respect the right of the child who is separated
from one or both parents to maintain personal relations and direct
contact with both parents on a regular basis, except if it is contrary to the
child’s best interests.
4. Where such separation results from any action initiated by a
State Party, such as the detention, imprisonment, exile, deportation or
death (including death arising from any cause while the person is in the
custody of the State) of one or both parents or of the child, that State Party
shall, upon request, provide the parents, the child or, if appropriate, another
member of the family with the essential information concerning the
whereabouts of the absent member(s) of the family unless the provision
of the information would be detrimental to the well-being of the child.
States Parties shall further ensure that the submission of such a request
shall of itself entail no adverse consequences for the person(s) concerned.
Article 10
1. In accordance with the obligation of States Parties under article
9, paragraph 1, applications by a child or his or her parents to enter or
leave a State Party for the purpose of family reunification shall be dealt
with by States Parties in a positive, humane and expeditious manner.
States Parties shall further ensure that the submission of such a request
shall entail no adverse consequences for the applicants and for the
members of their family.
2. A child whose parents reside in different States shall have the
right to maintain on a regular basis, save in exceptional circumstances
personal relations and direct contacts with both parents.Towards that end

79

and in accordance with the obligation of States Parties under article 9,
paragraph 1, States Parties shall respect the right of the child and his or
her parents to leave any country, including their own, and to enter their
own country. The right to leave any country shall be subject only to such
restrictions as are prescribed by law and which are necessary to protect
the national security, public order (ordre public), public health or morals or
the rights and freedoms of others and are consistent with the other rights
recognized in the present Convention.
Article 11
1. States Parties shall take measures to combat the illicit transfer
and non-return of children abroad.
2. To this end, States Parties shall promote the conclusion of
bilateral or multilateral agreements or accession to existing agreements.
Article 12
1. States Parties shall assure to the child who is capable of
forming his or her own views the right to express those views freely in all
matters affecting the child, the views of the child being given due weight
in accordance with the age and maturity of the child.
2. For this purpose, the child shall in particular be provided the
opportunity to be heard in any judicial and administrative proceedings
affecting the child, either directly, or through a representative or an
appropriate body, in a manner consistent with the procedural rules of
national law.
Article 13
1. The child shall have the right to freedom of expression; this
right shall include freedom to seek, receive and impart information and
ideas of all kinds, regardless of frontiers, either orally, in writing or in print,
in the form of art, or through any other media of the child's choice.
2. The exercise of this right may be subject to certain restrictions,
but these shall only be such as are provided by law and are necessary:
(a) For respect of the rights or reputations of others; or
(b) For the protection of national security or of public order (ordre
public), or of public health or morals.

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Article 14
1. States Parties shall respect the right of the child to freedom of
thought, conscience and religion.
2. States Parties shall respect the rights and duties of the parents
and, when applicable, legal guardians, to provide direction to the child in
the exercise of his or her right in a manner consistent with the evolving
capacities of the child.
3. Freedom to manifest one's religion or beliefs may be subject
only to such limitations as are prescribed by law and are necessary to
protect public safety, order, health or morals, or the fundamental rights
and freedoms of others.
Article 15
1. States Parties recognize the rights of the child to freedom of
association and to freedom of peaceful assembly.
2. No restrictions may be placed on the exercise of these rights
other than those imposed in conformity with the law and which are
necessary in a democratic society in the interests of national security or
public safety, public order (ordre public), the protection of public health or
morals or the protection of the rights and freedoms of others.
Article 16
1. No child shall be subjected to arbitrary or unlawful interference
with his or her privacy, family, home or correspondence, nor to unlawful
attacks on his or her honour and reputation.
2.The child has the right to the protection of the law against such
interference or attacks.
Article 17
States Parties recognize the important function performed by the
mass media and shall ensure that the child has access to information and
material from a diversity of national and international sources, especially
those aimed at the promotion of his or her social, spiritual and moral
well-being and physical and mental health.To this end, States Parties shall:
(a) Encourage the mass media to disseminate information and
material of social and cultural benefit to the child and in accordance with
the spirit of article 29;

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(b) Encourage international co-operation in the production,
exchange and dissemination of such information and material from a
diversity of cultural, national and international sources;
(c) Encourage the production and dissemination of children’s books;
(d) Encourage the mass media to have particular regard to the
linguistic needs of the child who belongs to a minority group or who is
indigenous;
e) Encourage the development of appropriate guidelines for the
protection of the child from information and material injurious to his or
her well-being, bearing in mind the provisions of articles 13 and 18.
Article 18
1. States Parties shall use their best efforts to ensure recognition
of the principle that both parents have common responsibilities for the
upbringing and development of the child. Parents or, as the case may be,
legal guardians, have the primary responsibility for the upbringing and
development of the child.The best interests of the child will be their basic
concern.
2. For the purpose of guaranteeing and promoting the rights set
forth in the present Convention, States Parties shall render appropriate
assistance to parents and legal guardians in the performance of their
child-rearing responsibilities and shall ensure the development of
institutions, facilities and services for the care of children.
children of working parents have the right to benefit from child-care
services and facilities for which they are eligible.
Article 19
1. States Parties shall take all appropriate legislative, administrative,
social and educational measures to protect the child from all forms of
physical or mental violence, injury or abuse, neglect or negligent
treatment, maltreatment or exploitation, including sexual abuse, while in
the care of parent(s), legal guardian(s) or any other person who has the
care of the child.
2.Such protective measures should,as appropriate,include effective
procedures for the establishment of social programmes to provide necessary
support for the child and for those who have the care of the child, as well
as for other forms of prevention and for identification, reporting, referral,

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investigation, treatment and follow-up of instances of child maltreatment
described heretofore, and, as appropriate, for judicial involvement.
Article 20
1. A child temporarily or permanently deprived of his or her family
environment, or in whose own best interests cannot be allowed to remain
in that environment, shall be entitled to special protection and assistance
provided by the State.
2. States Parties shall in accordance with their national laws
ensure alternative care for such a child.
3. Such care could include, inter alia, foster placement, kafalah of
Islamic law, adoption or if necessary placement in suitable institutions for
the care of children. When considering solutions, due regard shall be paid
to the desirability of continuity in a child’s upbringing and to the child’s
ethnic, religious, cultural and linguistic background.
Article 21
States Parties that recognize and/or permit the system of
adoption shall ensure that the best interests of the child shall be the
paramount consideration and they shall:
(a) Ensure that the adoption of a child is authorized only by
competent authorities who determine, in accordance with applicable law
and procedures and on the basis of all pertinent and reliable information,
that the adoption is permissible in view of the child’s status concerning
parents, relatives and legal guardians and that, if required, the persons
concerned have given their informed consent to the adoption on the
basis of such counselling as may be necessary;
(b) Recognize that inter-country adoption may be considered as
an alternative means of child’s care, if the child cannot be placed in a foster
or an adoptive family or cannot in any suitable manner be cared for in the
child’s country of origin;
(c) Ensure that the child concerned by inter-country adoption
enjoys safeguards and standards equivalent to those existing in the case
of national adoption;
(d) Take all appropriate measures to ensure that, in inter-country
adoption, the placement does not result in improper financial gain for
those involved in it;

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(e) Promote, where appropriate, the objectives of the present
article by concluding bilateral or multilateral arrangements or
agreements, and endeavour, within this framework, to ensure that the
placement of the child in another country is carried out by competent
authorities or organs.
Article 22
1. States Parties shall take appropriate measures to ensure that a
child who is seeking refugee status or who is considered a refugee in
accordance with applicable international or domestic law and procedures
shall, whether unaccompanied or accompanied by his or her parents or by
any other person, receive appropriate protection and humanitarian
assistance in the enjoyment of applicable rights set forth in the present
Convention and in other international human rights or humanitarian
instruments to which the said States are Parties.
2. For this purpose, States Parties shall provide, as they consider
appropriate, co-operation in any efforts by the United Nations and other
competent intergovernmental organizations or non-governmental
organizations co-operating with the United Nations to protect and assist
such a child and to trace the parents or other members of the family of any
refugee child in order to obtain information necessary for reunification
with his or her family. In cases where no parents or other members of the
family can be found, the child shall be accorded the same protection as
any other child permanently or temporarily deprived of his or her family
environment for any reason, as set forth in the present Convention.
Article 23
1. States Parties recognize that a mentally or physically disabled
child should enjoy a full and decent life, in conditions which ensure
dignity, promote self-reliance and facilitate the child's active participation
in the community.
2. States Parties recognize the right of the disabled child to
special care and shall encourage and ensure the extension, subject to
available resources, to the eligible child and those responsible for his or
her care, of assistance for which application is made and which is
appropriate to the child's condition and to the circumstances of the
parents or others caring for the child.

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3. Recognizing the special needs of a disabled child, assistance
extended in accordance with paragraph 2 of the present article shall be
provided free of charge, whenever possible, taking into account the financial
resources of the parents or others caring for the child, and shall be
designed to ensure that the disabled child has effective access to and
receives education, training, health care services, rehabilitation services,
preparation for employment and recreation opportunities in a manner
conducive to the child’s achieving the fullest possible social integration
and individual development, including his or her cultural and spiritual
development
4. States Parties shall promote, in the spirit of international
cooperation, the exchange of appropriate information in the field of
preventive health care and of medical, psychological and functional
treatment of disabled children, including dissemination of and access to
information concerning methods of rehabilitation, education and
vocational services, with the aim of enabling States Parties to improve
their capabilities and skills and to widen their experience in these areas. In
this regard, particular account shall be taken of the needs of developing
countries.
Article 24
1. States Parties recognize the right of the child to the enjoyment
of the highest attainable standard of health and to facilities for the
treatment of illness and rehabilitation of health. States Parties shall strive
to ensure that no child is deprived of his or her right of access to such
health care services.
2. States Parties shall pursue full implementation of this right and,
in particular, shall take appropriate measures:
(a) To diminish infant and child mortality;
(b) To ensure the provision of necessary medical assistance and
health care to all children with emphasis on the development of primary
health care;
(c) To combat disease and malnutrition, including within the
framework of primary health care, through, inter alia, the application of
readily available technology and through the provision of adequate
nutritious foods and clean drinking-water, taking into consideration the
dangers and risks of environmental pollution;

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(d) To ensure appropriate pre-natal and post-natal health care
for mothers;
(e) To ensure that all segments of society, in particular parents
and children, are informed, have access to education and are supported in
the use of basic knowledge of child health and nutrition, the advantages
of breastfeeding, hygiene and environmental sanitation and the
prevention of accidents;
(f ) To develop preventive health care, guidance for parents and
family planning education and services.
3. States Parties shall take all effective and appropriate measures
with a view to abolishing traditional practices prejudicial to the health of
children.
4. States Parties undertake to promote and encourage
international co-operation with a view to achieving progressively the full
realization of the right recognized in the present article. In this regard,
particular account shall be taken of the needs of developing countries.
Article 25
States Parties recognize the right of a child who has been placed
by the competent authorities for the purposes of care, protection or
treatment of his or her physical or mental health, to a periodic review of
the treatment provided to the child and all other circumstances relevant
to his or her placement.
Article 26
1. States Parties shall recognize for every child the right to benefit
from social security, including social insurance, and shall take the
necessary measures to achieve the full realization of this right in
accordance with their national law.
2. The benefits should, where appropriate, be granted, taking into
account the resources and the circumstances of the child and persons
having responsibility for the maintenance of the child, as well as any other
consideration relevant to an application for benefits made by or on behalf
of the child.

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Article 27
1. States Parties recognize the right of every child to a standard of
living adequate for the child’s physical, mental, spiritual, moral and social
development.
2. The parent(s) or others responsible for the child have the
primary responsibility to secure, within their abilities and financial
capacities, the conditions of living necessary for the child's development.
3. States Parties, in accordance with national conditions and
within their means, shall take appropriate measures to assist parents and
others responsible for the child to implement this right and shall in case of
need provide material assistance and support programmes, particularly
with regard to nutrition, clothing and housing.
4. States Parties shall take all appropriate measures to secure the
recovery of maintenance for the child from the parents or other persons
having financial responsibility for the child, both within the State Party
and from abroad. In particular, where the person having financial
responsibility for the child lives in a State different from that of the child,
States Parties shall promote the accession to international agreements or
the conclusion of such agreements, as well as the making of other
appropriate arrangements.
Article 28
1. States Parties recognize the right of the child to education, and
with a view to achieving this right progressively and on the basis of equal
opportunity, they shall, in particular:
(a) Make primary education compulsory and available free to all;
(b) Encourage the development of different forms of secondary
education, including general and vocational education, make them
available and accessible to every child, and take appropriate measures
such as the introduction of free education and offering financial
assistance in case of need;
(c) Make higher education accessible to all on the basis of
capacity by every appropriate means;
(d) Make educational and vocational information and guidance
available and accessible to all children;
(e) Take measures to encourage regular attendance at schools
and the reduction of drop-out rates.

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school discipline is administered in a manner consistent with the child’s
human dignity and in conformity with the present Convention.
3. States Parties shall promote and encourage international
cooperation in matters relating to education, in particular with a view to
contributing to the elimination of ignorance and illiteracy throughout the
world and facilitating access to scientific and technical knowledge and
modern teaching methods. In this regard, particular account shall be
taken of the needs of developing countries.
Article 29
1. States Parties agree that the education of the child shall be
directed to:
(a) The development of the child's personality, talents and
mental and physical abilities to their fullest potential;
(b) The development of respect for human rights and
fundamental freedoms, and for the principles enshrined in the Charter of
the United Nations;
(c) The development of respect for the child's parents, his or her
own cultural identity, language and values, for the national values of the
country in which the child is living, the country from which he or she may
originate, and for civilizations different from his or her own;
(d) The preparation of the child for responsible life in a free
society, in the spirit of understanding, peace, tolerance, equality of sexes,
and friendship among all peoples, ethnic, national and religious groups
and persons of indigenous origin;
(e) The development of respect for the natural environment.
2. No part of the present article or article 28 shall be construed so
as to interfere with the liberty of individuals and bodies to establish
and direct educational institutions, subject always to the observance of
the principle set forth in paragraph 1 of the present article and to the
requirements that the education given in such institutions shall conform
to such minimum standards as may be laid down by the State.
Article 30
In those States in which ethnic, religious or linguistic minorities or
persons of indigenous origin exist, a child belonging to such a minority or
who is indigenous shall not be denied the right, in community with other

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members of his or her group, to enjoy his or her own culture, to profess
and practise his or her own religion, or to use his or her own language.
Article 31
1. States Parties recognize the right of the child to rest and leisure,
to engage in play and recreational activities appropriate to the age of the
child and to participate freely in cultural life and the arts.
2. States Parties shall respect and promote the right of the child to
participate fully in cultural and artistic life and shall encourage the
provision of appropriate and equal opportunities for cultural, artistic,
recreational and leisure activity.
Article 32
1. States Parties recognize the right of the child to be protected
from economic exploitation and from performing any work that is likely to
be hazardous or to interfere with the child's education, or to be harmful to
the child’s health or physical, mental, spiritual, moral or social development.
2. States Parties shall take legislative, administrative, social and
educational measures to ensure the implementation of the present
article. To this end, and having regard to the relevant provisions of other
international instruments, States Parties shall in particular:
(a) Provide for a minimum age or minimum ages for admission
to employment;
(b) Provide for appropriate regulation of the hours and
conditions of employment;
(c) Provide for appropriate penalties or other sanctions to
ensure the effective enforcement of the present article.
Article 33
States Parties shall take all appropriate measures, including
legislative, administrative, social and educational measures, to protect
children from the illicit use of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances
as defined in the relevant international treaties, and to prevent the use of
children in the illicit production and trafficking of such substances.
Article 34
States Parties undertake to protect the child from all forms of
sexual exploitation and sexual abuse. For these purposes, States Parties

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shall in particular take all appropriate national, bilateral and multilateral
measures to prevent:
(a) The inducement or coercion of a child to engage in any
unlawful sexual activity;
(b) The exploitative use of children in prostitution or other
unlawful sexual practices;
(c) The exploitative use of children in pornographic
performances and materials.
Article 35
States Parties shall take all appropriate national, bilateral and
multilateral measures to prevent the abduction of, the sale of or traffic in
children for any purpose or in any form.
Article 36
States Parties shall protect the child against all other forms of
exploitation prejudicial to any aspects of the child's welfare.
Article 37
States Parties shall ensure that:
(a) No child shall be subjected to torture or other cruel, inhuman
or degrading treatment or punishment. Neither capital punishment nor
life imprisonment without possibility of release shall be imposed for
offences committed by persons below eighteen years of age;
(b) No child shall be deprived of his or her liberty unlawfully or
arbitrarily. The arrest, detention or imprisonment of a child shall be in
conformity with the law and shall be used only as a measure of last resort
and for the shortest appropriate period of time;
(c) Every child deprived of liberty shall be treated with humanity
and respect for the inherent dignity of the human person, and in a manner
which takes into account the needs of persons of his or her age. In
particular, every child deprived of liberty shall be separated from adults
unless it is considered in the child's best interest not to do so and shall
have the right to maintain contact with his or her family through
correspondence and visits, save in exceptional circumstances;
(d) Every child deprived of his or her liberty shall have the right
to prompt access to legal and other appropriate assistance, as well as the
right to challenge the legality of the deprivation of his or her liberty

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before a court or other competent, independent and impartial authority,
and to a prompt decision on any such action.
Article 38
1. States Parties undertake to respect and to ensure respect for
rules of international humanitarian law applicable to them in armed
conflicts which are relevant to the child.
2. States Parties shall take all feasible measures to ensure that
persons who have not attained the age of fifteen years do not take a direct
part in hostilities.
3. States Parties shall refrain from recruiting any person who has
not attained the age of fifteen years into their armed forces. In recruiting
among those persons who have attained the age of fifteen years but who
have not attained the age of eighteen years, States Parties shall endeavour
to give priority to those who are oldest.
4. In accordance with their obligations under international
humanitarian law to protect the civilian population in armed conflicts,
States Parties shall take all feasible measures to ensure protection and
care of children who are affected by an armed conflict.
Article 39
States Parties shall take all appropriate measures to promote
physical and psychological recovery and social reintegration of a child
victim of: any form of neglect, exploitation, or abuse; torture or any other
form of cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment; or armed
conflicts. Such recovery and reintegration shall take place in an
environment which fosters the health, self-respect and dignity of the child.
Article 40
1. States Parties recognize the right of every child alleged as,
accused of, or recognized as having infringed the penal law to be treated
in a manner consistent with the promotion of the child’s sense of dignity
and worth, which reinforces the child's respect for the human rights and
fundamental freedoms of others and which takes into account the child's
age and the desirability of promoting the child's reintegration and the
child’s assuming a constructive role in society.
2. To this end, and having regard to the relevant provisions of
international instruments, States Parties shall, in particular, ensure that:

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(a) No child shall be alleged as, be accused of, or recognized as
having infringed the penal law by reason of acts or omissions that were
not prohibited by national or international law at the time they were
committed;
(b) Every child alleged as or accused of having infringed the
penal law has at least the following guarantees:
(i) To be presumed innocent until proven guilty according to law;
(ii) To be informed promptly and directly of the charges
against him or her, and, if appropriate, through his or her parents or legal
guardians, and to have legal or other appropriate assistance in the
preparation and presentation of his or her defence;
(iii) To have the matter determined without delay by a
competent, independent and impartial authority or judicial body in a fair
hearing according to law, in the presence of legal or other appropriate
assistance and, unless it is considered not to be in the best interest of the
child, in particular, taking into account his or her age or situation, his or her
parents or legal guardians;
(iv) Not to be compelled to give testimony or to confess
guilt; to examine or have examined adverse witnesses and to obtain the
participation and examination of witnesses on his or her behalf under
conditions of equality;
(v) If considered to have infringed the penal law, to have
this decision and any measures imposed in consequence thereof
reviewed by a higher competent, independent and impartial authority or
judicial body according to law;
(vi) To have the free assistance of an interpreter if the child
cannot understand or speak the language used;
(vii) To have his or her privacy fully respected at all stages of
the proceedings.
3. States Parties shall seek to promote the establishment of laws,
procedures, authorities and institutions specifically applicable to children
alleged as, accused of, or recognized as having infringed the penal law,
and, in particular:
(a) The establishment of a minimum age below which children
shall be presumed not to have the capacity to infringe the penal law;
(b) Whenever appropriate and desirable, measures for dealing
with such children without resorting to judicial proceedings, providing
that human rights and legal safeguards are fully respected.

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4. A variety of dispositions, such as care, guidance and supervision
orders; counselling; probation; foster care; education and vocational training
programmes and other alternatives to institutional care shall be available
to ensure that children are dealt with in a manner appropriate to their
well-being and proportionate both to their circumstances and the
offence.
Article 41
Nothing in the present Convention shall affect any provisions
which are more conducive to the realization of the rights of the child and
which may be contained in:
(a) The law of a State party; or
(b) International law in force for that State.

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PART II
Article 42
States Parties undertake to make the principles and provisions of
the Convention widely known, by appropriate and active means, to adults
and children alike.
Article 43
1. For the purpose of examining the progress made by States
Parties in achieving the realization of the obligations undertaken in the
present Convention, there shall be established a Committee on the Rights
of the Child, which shall carry out the functions hereinafter provided.
2.The Committee shall consist of ten experts of high moral standing
and recognized competence in the field covered by this Convention.
The members of the Committee shall be elected by States Parties from
among their nationals and shall serve in their personal capacity,
consideration being given to equitable geographical distribution, as well
as to the principal legal systems. (amendment)
3. The members of the Committee shall be elected by secret
ballot from a list of persons nominated by States Parties. Each State Party
may nominate one person from among its own nationals.
4.The initial election to the Committee shall be held no later than
six months after the date of the entry into force of the present Convention
and thereafter every second year. At least four months before the date of
each election, the Secretary-General of the United Nations shall address a
letter to States Parties inviting them to submit their nominations within
two months. The Secretary-General shall subsequently prepare a list in
alphabetical order of all persons thus nominated, indicating States Parties
which have nominated them, and shall submit it to the States Parties to
the present Convention.
5. The elections shall be held at meetings of States Parties
convened by the Secretary-General at United Nations Headquarters. At
those meetings, for which two thirds of States Parties shall constitute a
quorum, the persons elected to the Committee shall be those who obtain
the largest number of votes and an absolute majority of the votes of the
representatives of States Parties present and voting.

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6. The members of the Committee shall be elected for a term of
four years.They shall be eligible for re-election if renominated.The term of
five of the members elected at the first election shall expire at the end of
two years; immediately after the first election, the names of these five
members shall be chosen by lot by the Chairman of the meeting.
7. If a member of the Committee dies or resigns or declares that
for any other cause he or she can no longer perform the duties of the
Committee, the State Party which nominated the member shall appoint
another expert from among its nationals to serve for the remainder of the
term, subject to the approval of the Committee.
8. The Committee shall establish its own rules of procedure.
9. The Committee shall elect its officers for a period of two years.
10. The meetings of the Committee shall normally be held at
United Nations Headquarters or at any other convenient place as
determined by the Committee. The Committee shall normally meet
annually. The duration of the meetings of the Committee shall be
determined, and reviewed, if necessary, by a meeting of the States Parties
to the present Convention, subject to the approval of the General Assembly.
11. The Secretary-General of the United Nations shall provide the
necessary staff and facilities for the effective performance of the functions
of the Committee under the present Convention.
12. With the approval of the General Assembly, the members of
the Committee established under the present Convention shall receive
emoluments from United Nations resources on such terms and conditions
as the Assembly may decide.
Article 44
1. States Parties undertake to submit to the Committee, through
the Secretary-General of the United Nations, reports on the measures they
have adopted which give effect to the rights recognized herein and on the
progress made on the enjoyment of those rights:
(a) Within two years of the entry into force of the Convention
for the State Party concerned;
(b) Thereafter every five years.
2. Reports made under the present article shall indicate factors
and difficulties, if any, affecting the degree of fulfilment of the obligations
under the present Convention. Reports shall also contain sufficient

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information to provide the Committee with a comprehensive understanding
of the implementation of the Convention in the country concerned.
3. A State Party which has submitted a comprehensive initial
report to the Committee need not, in its subsequent reports submitted
in accordance with paragraph 1 (b) of the present article, repeat basic
information previously provided.
4. The Committee may request from States Parties further
information relevant to the implementation of the Convention.
5. The Committee shall submit to the General Assembly, through
the Economic and Social Council, every two years, reports on its activities.
6. States Parties shall make their reports widely available to the
public in their own countries.
Article 45
In order to foster the effective implementation of the Convention
and to encourage international co-operation in the field covered by the
Convention:
(a) The specialized agencies, the United Nations Children’s
Fund, and other United Nations organs shall be entitled to be represented
at the consideration of the implementation of such provisions of the
present Convention as fall within the scope of their mandate. The
Committee may invite the specialized agencies, the United Nations
Children’s Fund and other competent bodies as it may consider
appropriate to provide expert advice on the implementation of the
Convention in areas falling within the scope of their respective mandates.
The Committee may invite the specialized agencies, the United Nations
Children’s Fund, and other United Nations organs to submit reports on the
implementation of the Convention in areas falling within the scope of
their activities;
(b) The Committee shall transmit, as it may consider appropriate,
to the specialized agencies, the United Nations Children’s Fund and other
competent bodies, any reports from States Parties that contain a request,
or indicate a need, for technical advice or assistance, along with the
Committee’s observations and suggestions, if any, on these requests or
indications;
(c) The Committee may recommend to the General Assembly to
request the Secretary-General to undertake on its behalf studies on
specific issues relating to the rights of the child;

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(d) The Committee may make suggestions and general
recommendations based on information received pursuant to articles 44
and 45 of the present Convention. Such suggestions and general
recommendations shall be transmitted to any State Party concerned and
reported to the General Assembly, together with comments, if any, from
States Parties.

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PART III
Article 46
The present Convention shall be open for signature by all States.
Article 47
The present Convention is subject to ratification. Instruments of
ratification shall be deposited with the Secretary-General of the United
Nations.
Article 48
The present Convention shall remain open for accession by any
State. The instruments of accession shall be deposited with the Secretary-
General of the United Nations.
Article 49
1. The present Convention shall enter into force on the thirtieth
day following the date of deposit with the Secretary-General of the United
Nations of the twentieth instrument of ratification or accession.
2. For each State ratifying or acceding to the Convention after the
deposit of the twentieth instrument of ratification or accession, the
Convention shall enter into force on the thirtieth day after the deposit by
such State of its instrument of ratification or accession.
Article 50
1. Any State Party may propose an amendment and file it with the
Secretary-General of the United Nations. The Secretary-General shall
thereupon communicate the proposed amendment to States Parties, with
a request that they indicate whether they favour a conference of States
Parties for the purpose of considering and voting upon the proposals. In
the event that, within four months from the date of such communication,
at least one third of the States Parties favour such a conference, the
Secretary-General shall convene the conference under the auspices of the
United Nations. Any amendment adopted by a majority of States Parties
present and voting at the conference shall be submitted to the General
Assembly for approval.
2. An amendment adopted in accordance with paragraph 1 of the
present article shall enter into force when it has been approved by the

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General Assembly of the United Nations and accepted by a two-thirds
majority of States Parties.
3. When an amendment enters into force, it shall be binding on
those States Parties which have accepted it, other States Parties still being
bound by the provisions of the present Convention and any earlier
amendments which they have accepted.
Article 51
1. The Secretary-General of the United Nations shall receive and
circulate to all States the text of reservations made by States at the time of
ratification or accession.
2. A reservation incompatible with the object and purpose of the
present Convention shall not be permitted.
3. Reservations may be withdrawn at any time by notification to
that effect addressed to the Secretary-General of the United Nations, who
shall then inform all States. Such notification shall take effect on the date
on which it is received by the Secretary-General
Article 52
A State Party may denounce the present Convention by written
notification to the Secretary-General of the United Nations. Denunciation
becomes effective one year after the date of receipt of the notification by
the Secretary-General.
Article 53
The Secretary-General of the United Nations is designated as the
depositary of the present Convention.
Article 54
The original of the present Convention, of which the Arabic,
Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish texts are equally authentic,
shall be deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations.
IN WITNESS THEREOF the undersigned plenipotentiaries, being
duly authorized thereto by their respective governments, have signed the
present Convention.

99

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tw>ChouGHmun;vXuM>b.vHmwbh.tHRvXteD>up>usdm
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t'k;eJ.zsgxD.zdo.tw>cGJ;w>,mtd.zsgvXvHmw>tX.vDRtD
vDRtylRvXtzdS.'D;zk.udmzd'D;y.Ckmph>ud;'D;w>uwdRvXng
vXb.w>uGJ;tDRvX (Pofessor Jaap Doek) vXtrh>0Jzdo.cGJ;,m
urHwHmtySRyXRvD>qh.eDRw*RMh.vDRI

zdo.vXtoh.ngteD>up>tw>cGJ;w>,m'D;trlt'goh.wz.
M.uoh.ngym'd.ymuJ0JySR*Rtw>cGJ;w>,m'D;uuJxD.b.ySR
'd.wkmcd.ySJRwz.vXtoh[HM>rl'gw*RM.vDRI

This translation of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of
the Child is a response to the request of an orphaned Karen boy for
a copy in his own language. The book includes an illustrated
children-friendly summary of the rights in the Convention, as well as
the full text in Karen and English, with a Foreword by Professor Jaap
Doek, the Chair of the Committee on the Rights of the Child.

Children who know their rights and duties will learn to respect the
rights of others and become responsible adults.sible adults.

CRC - Karen version

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CRC - Karen version