The document summarizes monitoring techniques used at the Cranfield carbon sequestration site in Mississippi. It discusses injecting 1 million metric tons of CO2 per year and using in-zone pressure monitoring, cross-well seismic monitoring, and shallow groundwater and soil gas monitoring to detect any leaks or changes above the injection zone. Geochemical modeling is also used to determine how groundwater chemistry may indicate leaks. Continuous monitoring data from a dedicated well shows even small pressure changes are detectable to evaluate CO2 containment.

1. Michael Young, Associate Director
Susan Hovorka, PI
Bureau of Economic Geology
Jackson School of Geosciences
The University of Texas at Austin
International MVA/MMV Workshop
Mobile , AL,
May 16-17, 2012

2. Gulf Coast Carbon Center (GCCC)
LNL
Collaborators IA sponsors
LBNL
Scott Tinker LLNL
Michael Young ORNL
Sue Hovorka
SNL
Tip Meckel
J. P. Nicot Mississippi State U
Rebecca Smyth U of Mississippi
Ramon Trevino SECARB
Sigrid Clift UT-PGE
Katherine Romanak UT Chem-E
Seyyed Hosseini CFSES- BES
Changbing Yang UT- CIEEP
Vanessa Nunez
UT- DoGS
Dave Carr
Brad Wolaver UT- LBJ school
Alex Sun BEG- CEE China Petroleum
Jiemin Lu JSG – EER Co. Taiwan
Jong Won Choi Univ. Edinburgh
Ian Duncan Univ. Durham
Carey King RITE
Mehdi Zeidouni CO2-CRC
students and others
AWWA

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4. Cranfield Geologic Setting
Mississippi River Mississippi
Natchez
Mississippi
Oil and gas field
Discovery 1943
Depth 3000 m
15 m thick lower Tuscaloosa Fm.
Heterogeneous fluvial sandstones
Pipeline CO2 from Jackson Dome
Illustration by Tip Meckel
@ 1 Million metric tones/year

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8. Cranfield Monitoring Layout
Injector
5km Producer
(monitoring point)
Observation Well
EGL-7
Psite RITE Microseismic
Phase II
4-D seismic
Pipeline head&
Separation facility Detail Area
Study DAS
8
GIS base Tip Meckel

9. tons CO2
Cranfield Project Status
Surface monitoring
metric
Million
1 million Repeat 3-D
ton/year VSP
5 rate Cross well
Start DAS
injection
4 Logging
Baseline
3 Baseline 3-D VSP
Cross well
Start
2
Phase 3
injection
1 Start Geochemical monitoring
Phase 2
injection
0 Real-time monitoring – BHP, BHT, AZMI, DST
2008
2009
2010
2012
2011

10. RCSP program goal: Evaluate protocols to
demonstrate that it is probable that 99% of
CO2 is retained
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11. In-zone and AZMI pressure monitoring
AZMI
CONFINING SYSTEM
INJECTION INTERVAL
Tip Meckel

12. Continuous field data from dedicated monitoring well
•! Large perturbations obvious
•! Even small perturbations observable (100’s tons/day flux from 1 km)
•! Fault observed to be sealing
Meckel et al., in review

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4460 psi
AZMI gauge depth ambient pressure is 4460 psi / 307 bar / 30.7 MPa.
Tip Meckel
Maximum sustained pressure differential ~1,200 psi / 80 bar / 8 MPa

14. Velocity difference above zone
Cross-section flattened
Velocity difference
Initial result: Hongliu Zeng

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•! Shallow groundwater monitoring
•! Soil gas monitoring (P-site)
Atmosphere
Biosphere
Near-Surface Vadose zone
Monitoring
Zone Shallow groundwater
Objective
•! GroundwaterAquifer and USDW
monitoring
Seal
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Changbing Yang

17. Geochemical modeling to determine
sensitivity of groundwater chemistry to CO2
leakage
Simulating CO2 leakage into the
!C13 of DIC
Cranfield-type shallow aquifers
as CO2 pressure builds up:
•! pH will be lowered
•! DIC will increase
•! !C13 of DIC will approach -3‰,
the value of !C13 of CO2 injected
Changbing Yang

18. Soil Gas Monitoring via
process accounting
Katherine Romanak

19. CO2 concentrations at different depths(
)EA(&$*&,*1#%D$*(%-$*,(6%=(*$1(#,-0%:-,(0*.0&%1$#(J$#(-,%>%2,(
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Near-surface observatory
at 1.5m
at 3m
at atmosphere
•! CO2 concentrations show variations in depth, average CO2 conc.
~350 ppm in the atmosphere, ~630 ppm at depth of 1.5 m below
surface show, and ~99000 ppm at depth of 3 m over the observation
time period
Changbing Yang and Katherine Romanak

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CH4 < 34 vol. %
N2 42-85%
O2 2- 21%
CO2 < 45 vol.
%
Methane oxidation
CH4+2O2! CO2+ 2H2O
Org. oxidation
CH2O+ 2O2 ! CO2+ H2O
Soil gas distribution
Katherine Romanak

21. RCSP program goal:
Predict storage capacities within +/- 30%
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22. 4!?(/$*01$#0*2(
Injector Obs Obs
CFU 31F1 CFU 31 F2 CFU 31 F3
Above-zone
Closely spaced F1 F2 F3 monitoring
well array to LLNL ERT
examine flow in Above Zone Monitoring
complex reservoir
Tuscaloosa D-E 10,500 feet BSL
reservoir
Petrel model Tip Meckel
Injection Zone
68m
X. Yang, C Carrigan
112 m

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Data collected:
•! Tracer
breakthrough
times
•! 1-D and 2-
Saturation
Update model –
match
•! Multiple
modeling
teams
Seyyed Hosseini, Jong-Won Choi and J.-P Nicot BEG

24. LLNL Test of Electrical Resistance
Tomography
F2 F3
F1
C. Carrigan, X Yang, D. LaBreque

25. Research fluid sampling via U-tube yields
data on flow processes
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UTDoG,

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Arrive on May18
5.E-06
211 h CBB(
4.E-06
Travel time = 319 h Inj. rate
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Jiemin Lu

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28. Lessons learned
•! In-zone monitoring does not yield unique non-leakage
determination
•! Continuous AZMI pressure monitoring for permanence
–! Viable method
–! Invest characterization and well completion
–! Geomechanical study needed
•! Near surface leakage monitoring strategy based on
modeling
–! Process-based soil gas methods
–! Geochemical – groundwater methods