The document discusses concepts for a Combined Phases Propulsion Concept (CPPC) rocket engine that would utilize both gas and liquid phase air fractionation. It proposes using vortex tubes and compressors for gas phase separation and centrifugal processes for liquid phase separation. The document also discusses balancing the compression needs for oxygen and nitrogen, using gaseous nitrogen for cooling, and the potential for a throttleable rocket engine.
Design of a High Pressure Catalytic Reactor Teststand-latest version by nightOdo B. Wang
The document describes the design of a high pressure catalytic reactor teststand to remove sulfur and nitrogen impurities from petrochemical feedstocks. The primary phase involved simulating, designing, and assembling the teststand. Simulation of a hydrodenitrogenation reaction helped determine operating parameters like temperature, pressure, and flow rates. The design included a 3D model of the frame and piping diagram. Assembly of the furnace, gas chromatography, pumps, and cylinders achieved the goals for the primary phase. Future phases will explore reaction pathways and catalyst structures. The teststand was designed and assembled to safely and effectively study hydrotreating processes for cleaning oil sands feedstocks.
Distillation is one of the widely used separation method in most of the Chemical Process Industries. Improper design/ operation & maintenance leads to various troubles like reduced plant capacity, poor quality of separated products, high energy consumption, etc. This presentation is for learning about the troubleshooting of distillation systems. Through conceptual aspects of the overall distillation system, reader can easily identify the various causes of probable troubles and will be able to suggest their remedial measures.
BREEZE Incident Analyst is modeling software that uses dispersion, fire, and explosion models to predict the impacts of accidental chemical releases. It contains models like DEGADIS and SLAB to predict toxic gas dispersion, as well as pool fire, BLEVE, and explosion models. The software integrates with GIS tools and has an intuitive interface to easily enter scenario details and view graphical and tabular results. It contains a chemical database of over 150 chemicals to facilitate modeling.
Experimental study of the effect of the burner shape on the flashback in gas ...Jameel Tawfiq
The use of LPG instead of diesel achieved good economic results.
2- In the issue of stability, increasing the length of the neck of the burner is useful at low operating load.
The document discusses rocket propulsion, focusing on the launch phase of spaceflight. It describes how rockets use liquid or solid fuel engines to accelerate spacecraft to orbital velocity within 3 minutes. Liquid-fueled engines can control thrust by regulating fuel and oxidizer flow and can be stopped and restarted, while solid-fueled engines are simpler but cannot control thrust or be stopped once ignited. Common rocket fuels include liquid hydrogen and oxygen or kerosene and oxygen for liquid engines and aluminum powder for solid boosters.
1) The document classifies rocket propulsion systems based on their gas acceleration mechanism, including chemical, nuclear thermal, ion, hall thruster, electrostatic, magneto-plasma dynamics, and pulsed plasma thrusters.
2) It describes different types of chemical propellants including solid (black powder, homogeneous, heterogeneous), liquid (petroleum, cryogenic, hypergolic), and hybrid propellants.
3) Cryogenic propellants like liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen provide very high performance but are difficult to store, while hypergolic propellants provide easy ignition but are highly toxic.
This document discusses different types of rocket propulsion systems. It describes solid, liquid, gas, and hybrid rocket propellants. Solid propellant rockets have the fuel and oxidizer pre-mixed and stored in the rocket casing. Liquid propellant rockets store the fuel and oxidizer separately and pump them into the combustion chamber. Hybrid rockets combine aspects of solid and liquid rockets. The document also discusses factors to consider when selecting rocket fuels such as physical properties, performance, economic factors, and health and safety issues.
Design of a High Pressure Catalytic Reactor Teststand-latest version by nightOdo B. Wang
The document describes the design of a high pressure catalytic reactor teststand to remove sulfur and nitrogen impurities from petrochemical feedstocks. The primary phase involved simulating, designing, and assembling the teststand. Simulation of a hydrodenitrogenation reaction helped determine operating parameters like temperature, pressure, and flow rates. The design included a 3D model of the frame and piping diagram. Assembly of the furnace, gas chromatography, pumps, and cylinders achieved the goals for the primary phase. Future phases will explore reaction pathways and catalyst structures. The teststand was designed and assembled to safely and effectively study hydrotreating processes for cleaning oil sands feedstocks.
Distillation is one of the widely used separation method in most of the Chemical Process Industries. Improper design/ operation & maintenance leads to various troubles like reduced plant capacity, poor quality of separated products, high energy consumption, etc. This presentation is for learning about the troubleshooting of distillation systems. Through conceptual aspects of the overall distillation system, reader can easily identify the various causes of probable troubles and will be able to suggest their remedial measures.
BREEZE Incident Analyst is modeling software that uses dispersion, fire, and explosion models to predict the impacts of accidental chemical releases. It contains models like DEGADIS and SLAB to predict toxic gas dispersion, as well as pool fire, BLEVE, and explosion models. The software integrates with GIS tools and has an intuitive interface to easily enter scenario details and view graphical and tabular results. It contains a chemical database of over 150 chemicals to facilitate modeling.
Experimental study of the effect of the burner shape on the flashback in gas ...Jameel Tawfiq
The use of LPG instead of diesel achieved good economic results.
2- In the issue of stability, increasing the length of the neck of the burner is useful at low operating load.
The document discusses rocket propulsion, focusing on the launch phase of spaceflight. It describes how rockets use liquid or solid fuel engines to accelerate spacecraft to orbital velocity within 3 minutes. Liquid-fueled engines can control thrust by regulating fuel and oxidizer flow and can be stopped and restarted, while solid-fueled engines are simpler but cannot control thrust or be stopped once ignited. Common rocket fuels include liquid hydrogen and oxygen or kerosene and oxygen for liquid engines and aluminum powder for solid boosters.
1) The document classifies rocket propulsion systems based on their gas acceleration mechanism, including chemical, nuclear thermal, ion, hall thruster, electrostatic, magneto-plasma dynamics, and pulsed plasma thrusters.
2) It describes different types of chemical propellants including solid (black powder, homogeneous, heterogeneous), liquid (petroleum, cryogenic, hypergolic), and hybrid propellants.
3) Cryogenic propellants like liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen provide very high performance but are difficult to store, while hypergolic propellants provide easy ignition but are highly toxic.
This document discusses different types of rocket propulsion systems. It describes solid, liquid, gas, and hybrid rocket propellants. Solid propellant rockets have the fuel and oxidizer pre-mixed and stored in the rocket casing. Liquid propellant rockets store the fuel and oxidizer separately and pump them into the combustion chamber. Hybrid rockets combine aspects of solid and liquid rockets. The document also discusses factors to consider when selecting rocket fuels such as physical properties, performance, economic factors, and health and safety issues.
This document provides an overview of different artificial lift methods used in oil and gas wells, including gas lift systems, electrical submersible pumps (ESPs), and sucker rod pumps. It discusses the fundamentals, equipment, and operating principles of continuous and intermittent gas lift systems. The key components of gas lift systems include surface gas injection controllers and subsurface side pocket mandrels, gas lift valves, and valve latches. ESP systems and sucker rod pump systems are also introduced.
The document discusses thermodynamic optimization of screw compressors. It describes using a numerical model of fluid flow and thermodynamic processes combined with a rotor profile generation algorithm to optimize a screw compressor design for a given application and fluid. Some key points:
- The optimization considers variables like rotor profile, compressor speed, oil flow rate, temperature to maximize efficiency and minimize size depending on the compressed gas/vapor and whether the compressor is oil-free or oil-flooded.
- A constrained simplex method called the Box complex method is used to find local minima which are then used to estimate a global minimum.
- The numerical model solves conservation equations for properties like internal energy and mass flow using a Runge
This document provides an introduction and guidelines for engineering design of an LPG unit. It discusses the conventional process and technologies used to extract LPG from natural gas liquids, including deethanizer, propane propylene splitter, depropanizer, and deisobutanizer columns. It covers general design considerations such as properties of LPG and NGL, and provides definitions of key terms. The guidelines include theories on column sizing and equipment design, example cases studies, and calculation spreadsheets.
This document discusses heat and power integration in chemical processes. It defines process integration as a holistic approach that emphasizes unity within a process. Process integration involves identifying performance targets, generating alternative process configurations, selecting optimal alternatives, and analyzing selected alternatives. Heat and power integration focuses on transferring heat between hot and cold process streams before using external utilities like steam. This reduces utility costs and improves process efficiency.
Senior Design Project - B.S. Mechanical Engineering (ITV Research and analysis)Kartik Suvarna
This document outlines the design of an intake throttle valve for a Navistar engine. It discusses the current issues with rapid closure of the throttle valve due to increasing pressure differential. Three concepts are proposed to address this - an orifice plate valve with a hole, an oval shaped valve, and a reduced diameter valve. Calculations of fluid flow and pressure differential would be used to select the best concept to prevent forced closure while meeting performance targets. Testing of a prototype part would then validate the chosen design.
This document describes how to evaluate competing cryogenic process design alternatives for a new natural gas processing project. It provides an example comparison of two designs - a Gas Subcooled Process and a Residue Recycle Process. The key steps are to tabulate design parameters from each submission, identify differences in assumptions, and adjust submissions to use consistent assumptions to allow for an accurate comparison. In the example, adjusting theResidue Recycle Process design to be consistent revealed that the Gas Subcooled Process was a better choice given the constraints of the existing compressor package. Properly evaluating design alternatives requires maintaining consistency across submissions.
The document discusses spray technology solutions for gas cooling and conditioning in primary metals production. It describes how spray cooling using evaporative spray technology can efficiently reduce gas temperature and volume to provide benefits like precise temperature and humidity control, reduced maintenance needs, and lower emissions and energy costs. It promotes the AutoJet gas conditioning system as an automated solution that precisely controls spray and optimizes equipment efficiency for greater savings.
Transonic novel fuel injection system engine.pdfCSA Welfare
The document discusses Transonic Combustion's novel fuel injection technology called TSCi. TSCi injects fuel into the engine cylinder in a supercritical state, which allows for more precise control over ignition timing and location of combustion. This enables significantly higher efficiency combustion compared to traditional engines. Specifically:
1) TSCi raises the fuel to a supercritical state before injection, allowing for rapid mixing with air and spontaneous ignition in multiple locations for high heat release and efficiency.
2) Testing has shown promise, with one modified gasoline engine achieving 98 mpg at 50 mph.
3) By controlling ignition timing to occur after top dead center, all work from combustion produces positive work on the piston,
This document summarizes two case studies where Barracuda VR software was used to optimize fluidized catalytic cracking (FCC) units. In the first case study, the software was used to analyze excessive afterburning in a commercial FCC regenerator. It identified issues like catalyst maldistribution and insufficient dense bed residence time. In the second case study, it evaluated proposed design changes to reduce erosion in FCC reactor cyclones. It found both alternate designs would significantly reduce cyclone erosion compared to the baseline. The document promotes the software as providing insights to optimize FCC units and solve operational issues.
1) A senior capstone team at Portland State University developed a method for rapidly prototyping small bipropellant liquid fuel rocket engines using additive manufacturing.
2) They designed a 500 lbf thrust engine using liquid oxygen and ethanol as propellants, with regenerative cooling channels and a pintle injector.
3) The design process utilized Python Jupyter notebooks to generate parametric equations defining the engine geometry, which allows changing design parameters and quickly generating new geometry files for 3D printing.
Development of a new technology-rich simulation environment for exploring ene...IEA-ETSAP
This document summarizes Dr. Adam Hawkes' work developing a new simulation environment called MUSE for exploring energy system transitions with a focus on natural gas. MUSE will be a modular, technology-rich modeling tool to analyze questions around the role of gas in low-carbon energy systems and potential stranded gas assets. It will integrate various sectors like production, conversion, power and end-use demand through microeconomic foundations. The document outlines the structure and development of MUSE as well as potential applications in technology roadmapping and R&D prioritization. It also introduces Dr. Hawkes' team working on the project across various areas of natural gas including upstream production, infrastructure, and power generation.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS AbhishekPatil387
This document discusses the applications of artificial intelligence and computational fluid dynamics in the pharmaceutical industry. It begins with introducing AI and how it is being used for drug discovery through deep learning techniques. It then discusses various applications of AI in healthcare such as disease identification, personalized treatment, drug discovery/manufacturing, and clinical trial research. The document next discusses computational fluid dynamics and how it can be used to analyze and optimize unit operations in pharmaceutical industry like mixing, solids handling, separation, drying, and packaging. It concludes by stating that integrating CFD methods can improve processes and shorten product development cycles in pharmaceutical industry.
Using a Detailed Chemical-Kinetics Mechanism to Ensure Accurate Combustion Si...Reaction Design
Today’s market opportunities for combustion systems require focus on high-efficiency, low emissions and fuel-flexibility. In three previous white papers , we have discussed how use of detailed chemical kinetics in combustion simulation can provide accurate emissions predictions, simulate fuel effects and help gain insight into instability phenomena like Lean Blow Off (LBO). All of these topics focus on the use of high-fidelity chemistry simulation models for advanced combustion simulation by using highly accurate and detailed kinetics mechanisms. This white paper describes what a detailed kinetics mechanism is, how it is developed and validated and how it can be used in high-fidelity combustion simulation models to accelerate advanced combustion technology development.
This document discusses reactive distillation (RD), which combines a chemical reaction with distillation in a single unit. RD offers several advantages over conventional processes that separate reaction and distillation into separate units, including increased conversion, lower capital costs, improved selectivity, and the ability to break azeotropes. The document outlines the basic principles and constraints of RD, provides an overview of mathematical modeling approaches, and discusses industrial applications and commercial packing structures used. Key reaction types that can benefit from RD include esterifications, transesterifications, and alkylations.
Research Associate Dr Callum Rae discusses
the challenges presented by the growth in the
Energy Centre market, and outlines our alternative
approach to Energy Centre design, which has
successfully been applied to the AECC Energy
Centre project.
As the highly prestigious London Wall Place
project approaches completion of the shell
and core, Director, James O’Byrne reviews the
project and the application of BIM, and discusses
the various benefits on the overall design and
coordination process.
Diesel fuel is now a Category 3 flammable liquid.
Technical Board Director Wyn Turnbull reports
on the impact to diesel storage and use, as the
result of the recent Classification, Labelling and
Packaging of Chemical (CLP) Regulations 2015
which have replaced the now revoked CHIP
Regulations.
Associate Director Paul Scriven provides a brief
overview of the WELL Building Standard and
discusses why and how its popularity is growing.
Finally, Group Director Robert Thorogood discusses
how far standardisation of controls and automation
have developed using the IEC 61850 integration
standard, and what the benefits may bring to the
control of power distribution.
Paul Flatt, Group Chairman and CEO,
Hurley Palmer Flatt.
In this report everything about “CFD ANALYSIS OF PARALLEL FLOW HEAT EXCHANGERS” is written. The idea of choosing this topic is that in any industry a considerable portion of investment is being made for machinery installation and running.
Today in this world every task have been made quicker and fast due to technology advancement but this advancement also demands huge investments and expenditure, every industry desires to make high productivity rate maintaining the quality and standard of the product at low average cost.
Artificial intelligence-based software has been used for over 15 years to optimize fossil fuel power plant boiler operations by reducing nitrogen oxide emissions and improving efficiency. The technology has evolved from early advisory systems to current closed-loop applications that can optimize the entire boiler process. Boiler optimization now aims to address more diverse goals, like efficiency improvements, integrating renewable energy, and complying with new regulations. Modern systems use hybrid approaches combining neural networks, model predictive control, and expert rules to provide enhanced transparency and customizable solutions for power producers.
Artificial intelligence-based software has been used for over 15 years to optimize fossil fuel power plant boiler operations by reducing nitrogen oxide emissions and improving efficiency. The technology has evolved from early advisory systems to current closed-loop applications that optimize the entire boiler process. Boiler optimization now aims to address more diverse goals, like efficiency improvements, integrating renewable energy, and complying with new regulations. Modern systems use hybrid approaches combining neural networks, model predictive control, and expert rules to optimize complex, integrated processes across the boiler and improve transparency for operators.
Review on Boiler Control Automation for Sugar IndustriesIRJET Journal
This document discusses boiler automation systems for sugar industries. It begins with an abstract that outlines controlling boiler parameters like steam generation and drum water level using PID controllers and SCADA systems. It then discusses several key boiler parameters that are controlled like drum level, pressures, temperatures, and flows. Upgrading to advanced automation controls is recommended to improve efficiency by minimizing excess air, allowing tighter emissions control, and improving combustion characterization. Automating the control of critical parameters can help ensure efficient and reliable plant operation.
IRJET- Design and Analysis of Catalytic Converter of Automobile EngineIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the design and analysis of a catalytic converter for an automobile engine. The researchers designed a baseline catalytic converter model using CAD software and analyzed it using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to study the pressure and velocity distribution. They found high pressure losses and non-uniform flow distribution. Various modifications to the honeycomb structure diameter, thickness, and position as well as the inlet and outlet design were tested. The optimal design was found to have a centered inlet, conical inlets/outlets, and a honeycomb structure with 30mm holes positioned at the casing mid-length. This design showed improved uniform flow distribution and reduced pressure losses compared to the baseline design.
This document provides an overview of different artificial lift methods used in oil and gas wells, including gas lift systems, electrical submersible pumps (ESPs), and sucker rod pumps. It discusses the fundamentals, equipment, and operating principles of continuous and intermittent gas lift systems. The key components of gas lift systems include surface gas injection controllers and subsurface side pocket mandrels, gas lift valves, and valve latches. ESP systems and sucker rod pump systems are also introduced.
The document discusses thermodynamic optimization of screw compressors. It describes using a numerical model of fluid flow and thermodynamic processes combined with a rotor profile generation algorithm to optimize a screw compressor design for a given application and fluid. Some key points:
- The optimization considers variables like rotor profile, compressor speed, oil flow rate, temperature to maximize efficiency and minimize size depending on the compressed gas/vapor and whether the compressor is oil-free or oil-flooded.
- A constrained simplex method called the Box complex method is used to find local minima which are then used to estimate a global minimum.
- The numerical model solves conservation equations for properties like internal energy and mass flow using a Runge
This document provides an introduction and guidelines for engineering design of an LPG unit. It discusses the conventional process and technologies used to extract LPG from natural gas liquids, including deethanizer, propane propylene splitter, depropanizer, and deisobutanizer columns. It covers general design considerations such as properties of LPG and NGL, and provides definitions of key terms. The guidelines include theories on column sizing and equipment design, example cases studies, and calculation spreadsheets.
This document discusses heat and power integration in chemical processes. It defines process integration as a holistic approach that emphasizes unity within a process. Process integration involves identifying performance targets, generating alternative process configurations, selecting optimal alternatives, and analyzing selected alternatives. Heat and power integration focuses on transferring heat between hot and cold process streams before using external utilities like steam. This reduces utility costs and improves process efficiency.
Senior Design Project - B.S. Mechanical Engineering (ITV Research and analysis)Kartik Suvarna
This document outlines the design of an intake throttle valve for a Navistar engine. It discusses the current issues with rapid closure of the throttle valve due to increasing pressure differential. Three concepts are proposed to address this - an orifice plate valve with a hole, an oval shaped valve, and a reduced diameter valve. Calculations of fluid flow and pressure differential would be used to select the best concept to prevent forced closure while meeting performance targets. Testing of a prototype part would then validate the chosen design.
This document describes how to evaluate competing cryogenic process design alternatives for a new natural gas processing project. It provides an example comparison of two designs - a Gas Subcooled Process and a Residue Recycle Process. The key steps are to tabulate design parameters from each submission, identify differences in assumptions, and adjust submissions to use consistent assumptions to allow for an accurate comparison. In the example, adjusting theResidue Recycle Process design to be consistent revealed that the Gas Subcooled Process was a better choice given the constraints of the existing compressor package. Properly evaluating design alternatives requires maintaining consistency across submissions.
The document discusses spray technology solutions for gas cooling and conditioning in primary metals production. It describes how spray cooling using evaporative spray technology can efficiently reduce gas temperature and volume to provide benefits like precise temperature and humidity control, reduced maintenance needs, and lower emissions and energy costs. It promotes the AutoJet gas conditioning system as an automated solution that precisely controls spray and optimizes equipment efficiency for greater savings.
Transonic novel fuel injection system engine.pdfCSA Welfare
The document discusses Transonic Combustion's novel fuel injection technology called TSCi. TSCi injects fuel into the engine cylinder in a supercritical state, which allows for more precise control over ignition timing and location of combustion. This enables significantly higher efficiency combustion compared to traditional engines. Specifically:
1) TSCi raises the fuel to a supercritical state before injection, allowing for rapid mixing with air and spontaneous ignition in multiple locations for high heat release and efficiency.
2) Testing has shown promise, with one modified gasoline engine achieving 98 mpg at 50 mph.
3) By controlling ignition timing to occur after top dead center, all work from combustion produces positive work on the piston,
This document summarizes two case studies where Barracuda VR software was used to optimize fluidized catalytic cracking (FCC) units. In the first case study, the software was used to analyze excessive afterburning in a commercial FCC regenerator. It identified issues like catalyst maldistribution and insufficient dense bed residence time. In the second case study, it evaluated proposed design changes to reduce erosion in FCC reactor cyclones. It found both alternate designs would significantly reduce cyclone erosion compared to the baseline. The document promotes the software as providing insights to optimize FCC units and solve operational issues.
1) A senior capstone team at Portland State University developed a method for rapidly prototyping small bipropellant liquid fuel rocket engines using additive manufacturing.
2) They designed a 500 lbf thrust engine using liquid oxygen and ethanol as propellants, with regenerative cooling channels and a pintle injector.
3) The design process utilized Python Jupyter notebooks to generate parametric equations defining the engine geometry, which allows changing design parameters and quickly generating new geometry files for 3D printing.
Development of a new technology-rich simulation environment for exploring ene...IEA-ETSAP
This document summarizes Dr. Adam Hawkes' work developing a new simulation environment called MUSE for exploring energy system transitions with a focus on natural gas. MUSE will be a modular, technology-rich modeling tool to analyze questions around the role of gas in low-carbon energy systems and potential stranded gas assets. It will integrate various sectors like production, conversion, power and end-use demand through microeconomic foundations. The document outlines the structure and development of MUSE as well as potential applications in technology roadmapping and R&D prioritization. It also introduces Dr. Hawkes' team working on the project across various areas of natural gas including upstream production, infrastructure, and power generation.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS AbhishekPatil387
This document discusses the applications of artificial intelligence and computational fluid dynamics in the pharmaceutical industry. It begins with introducing AI and how it is being used for drug discovery through deep learning techniques. It then discusses various applications of AI in healthcare such as disease identification, personalized treatment, drug discovery/manufacturing, and clinical trial research. The document next discusses computational fluid dynamics and how it can be used to analyze and optimize unit operations in pharmaceutical industry like mixing, solids handling, separation, drying, and packaging. It concludes by stating that integrating CFD methods can improve processes and shorten product development cycles in pharmaceutical industry.
Using a Detailed Chemical-Kinetics Mechanism to Ensure Accurate Combustion Si...Reaction Design
Today’s market opportunities for combustion systems require focus on high-efficiency, low emissions and fuel-flexibility. In three previous white papers , we have discussed how use of detailed chemical kinetics in combustion simulation can provide accurate emissions predictions, simulate fuel effects and help gain insight into instability phenomena like Lean Blow Off (LBO). All of these topics focus on the use of high-fidelity chemistry simulation models for advanced combustion simulation by using highly accurate and detailed kinetics mechanisms. This white paper describes what a detailed kinetics mechanism is, how it is developed and validated and how it can be used in high-fidelity combustion simulation models to accelerate advanced combustion technology development.
This document discusses reactive distillation (RD), which combines a chemical reaction with distillation in a single unit. RD offers several advantages over conventional processes that separate reaction and distillation into separate units, including increased conversion, lower capital costs, improved selectivity, and the ability to break azeotropes. The document outlines the basic principles and constraints of RD, provides an overview of mathematical modeling approaches, and discusses industrial applications and commercial packing structures used. Key reaction types that can benefit from RD include esterifications, transesterifications, and alkylations.
Research Associate Dr Callum Rae discusses
the challenges presented by the growth in the
Energy Centre market, and outlines our alternative
approach to Energy Centre design, which has
successfully been applied to the AECC Energy
Centre project.
As the highly prestigious London Wall Place
project approaches completion of the shell
and core, Director, James O’Byrne reviews the
project and the application of BIM, and discusses
the various benefits on the overall design and
coordination process.
Diesel fuel is now a Category 3 flammable liquid.
Technical Board Director Wyn Turnbull reports
on the impact to diesel storage and use, as the
result of the recent Classification, Labelling and
Packaging of Chemical (CLP) Regulations 2015
which have replaced the now revoked CHIP
Regulations.
Associate Director Paul Scriven provides a brief
overview of the WELL Building Standard and
discusses why and how its popularity is growing.
Finally, Group Director Robert Thorogood discusses
how far standardisation of controls and automation
have developed using the IEC 61850 integration
standard, and what the benefits may bring to the
control of power distribution.
Paul Flatt, Group Chairman and CEO,
Hurley Palmer Flatt.
In this report everything about “CFD ANALYSIS OF PARALLEL FLOW HEAT EXCHANGERS” is written. The idea of choosing this topic is that in any industry a considerable portion of investment is being made for machinery installation and running.
Today in this world every task have been made quicker and fast due to technology advancement but this advancement also demands huge investments and expenditure, every industry desires to make high productivity rate maintaining the quality and standard of the product at low average cost.
Artificial intelligence-based software has been used for over 15 years to optimize fossil fuel power plant boiler operations by reducing nitrogen oxide emissions and improving efficiency. The technology has evolved from early advisory systems to current closed-loop applications that can optimize the entire boiler process. Boiler optimization now aims to address more diverse goals, like efficiency improvements, integrating renewable energy, and complying with new regulations. Modern systems use hybrid approaches combining neural networks, model predictive control, and expert rules to provide enhanced transparency and customizable solutions for power producers.
Artificial intelligence-based software has been used for over 15 years to optimize fossil fuel power plant boiler operations by reducing nitrogen oxide emissions and improving efficiency. The technology has evolved from early advisory systems to current closed-loop applications that optimize the entire boiler process. Boiler optimization now aims to address more diverse goals, like efficiency improvements, integrating renewable energy, and complying with new regulations. Modern systems use hybrid approaches combining neural networks, model predictive control, and expert rules to optimize complex, integrated processes across the boiler and improve transparency for operators.
Review on Boiler Control Automation for Sugar IndustriesIRJET Journal
This document discusses boiler automation systems for sugar industries. It begins with an abstract that outlines controlling boiler parameters like steam generation and drum water level using PID controllers and SCADA systems. It then discusses several key boiler parameters that are controlled like drum level, pressures, temperatures, and flows. Upgrading to advanced automation controls is recommended to improve efficiency by minimizing excess air, allowing tighter emissions control, and improving combustion characterization. Automating the control of critical parameters can help ensure efficient and reliable plant operation.
IRJET- Design and Analysis of Catalytic Converter of Automobile EngineIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the design and analysis of a catalytic converter for an automobile engine. The researchers designed a baseline catalytic converter model using CAD software and analyzed it using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to study the pressure and velocity distribution. They found high pressure losses and non-uniform flow distribution. Various modifications to the honeycomb structure diameter, thickness, and position as well as the inlet and outlet design were tested. The optimal design was found to have a centered inlet, conical inlets/outlets, and a honeycomb structure with 30mm holes positioned at the casing mid-length. This design showed improved uniform flow distribution and reduced pressure losses compared to the baseline design.
IRJET- Design and Analysis of Catalytic Converter of Automobile Engine
CPPCV2.0
1. CPPC - Combined Phases Propulsion Concept
Liquid Phase
Fuel Mixer Thrust
Rocket
Nozzle
Atmospheric
Intake Fan
LOX
Gas Phase
Vortex Tube
Compressors
Liquid Phase
Centrifuge
Supplemental
Liquefaction
Processes
LN
FUEL
High
Pressure
LN Coolant
Pump
Auxiliary
Power Unit
Heat Pumps
and
Condensers
Waste Heat
SolidWaste
Tech Note
Concerning waste,
ideally there would be
none. In an ideal engine
any excess
gaseous nitrogen taken in
by the front fan would be
routed to the exhaust
diverter where it would
increase efficiency by either
raising the exhaust
temperature (hence
increasing exit
velocity/thrust); or lowering
the exhaust temperature
(by routing any excess
heat captured in the gas to
improve the operation of
the liquefaction and/or the
compressor functions).
FUEL
AIR
POWER
LOX
LN
Moisture
Moisture
2. Air Fractionation Options
• GAS PAHSE FRACTIONATION – fractionate air as a gas
• LIQUID PHASE FRACTIONATION – fractionate air as a liquid
• COMBINED PHASES FRACTIONATION – fractionate as gas, then as liquid
Gas Phase
Liquid Phase
Combined Phase
1) Vortex Tube
2) Catalytic/Biological
3) Thermo-physical
4) Chemical
5) Other/Combined
1) Centrifugal
2) Chemical
3) Biological
4) Other
1) Vortex Tube
2) Catalytic/Biological
3) Thermo-physical
4) Chemical
5) Other/Combined
1) Centrifugal
2) Chemical
3) Biological
4) Catalytic
4) Other/Combined
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Liquid Oxygen
Liquid Nitrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Liquid Oxygen
Liquid Nitrogen
L
i
Technical Note:
Liquefaction of nitrogen
is optional when gas
phase separation is
used. It is not clear
whether liquefaction of
all the nitrogen would
be beneficial. Nitrogen
could be used for
cooling in both its gas
and its liquid form.
Liquefaction
Post-liquefaction
Pre-liquefaction
Pre-liquefaction
3. Available COTS (Commercial Off The Shelf) Liquefaction Technologies
Compressors Lobe Compressors
Screw Compressors
Piston Compressors
Staged Turbines
Reverse Osmosis
Cryogenics
Physics
Processes
Chemistry
Intercoolers
Heat Pumps
Dry Ice
Reverse Thermocouple
Endothermic Reactors
Catalytic Converters
Condensation
Vortex Tubes
Evaporation Pumps
Ionic Wind Generator
Biological Biological Reactors
Photosynthesis
Other
An important aspect of innovative
design is to break with traditional
thinking, but do so only in constructive
ways. Core to this process, is making
use of the commercial market and all
that it has to offer. Not just in terms of
products, but also services and
expertise. Simple and effective
solutions are often found in trade
magazine advertisements. All team
members need to be aware that
innovation often starts with what is
readily available. Know this: 50-75% of
the components needed to build a
working prototype of a combined
phase engine are already available for
purchase. The challenge is balancing
the most innovative aspects of design,
with what the market can actually
deliver, and successfully integrating
these elements into a live, working,
DEMONSTRATION.
DESIGN PHILOSOPHYProcesses Tech Options
4. A WORD ABOUT SCALE
• A successful CPPC is unlikely to coincide with the physical scale of other
propulsion systems. Nor is the shape necessarily going to be familiar.
• We should avoid the temptation to think of this new engine as a modified version of
jet engine technology.
• The laws of physics are not scale independent.
• The primary advantage of using a liquid is “energy density,” this tends to indicate
we should think about an engine that is substantially smaller than a conventional
jet engine.
• Generally speaking, small engines can be scaled up, but large engines cannot be
scaled down.
5. How do we separate the air?
There are three primary strategies, each with a number of viable process permutations. The primary strategies are gas phase
separation, liquid phase separation, and combined stage separation (some combination of the two). With each strategy we can
consider gravimetric, chemical, catalytic, electrochemical, electromechanical, and biological process steps; among others. Effective
approaches should be evaluated on the basis of thermodynamic efficiency and power density, as these are the most fundamental
metrics we can develop for Ultra Efficiency.
Can we compress the air fast enough to keep up with the flow demands of the final stage?
This is going to be a central issue, but not a show stopper. As oxygen represents only 16% of the intake mass, we have
already cut off 85% of the problem. I can’t get into the details of how this can be accomplished, but allow me to point out a couple of
important facts. 1) We don’t have to compress all the nitrogen out of the atmosphere right away, some nitrogen can be used for
cooling in gaseous form. Using gaseous nitrogen from the forward airstream does not sacrifice efficiency the way taking air off the
front fan (for cooling) lowers the efficiency of conventional jets - because it’s not using fuel for cooling. 2) Only the oxygen component
of the atmosphere may have to be compressed in “100% net real-time.” Even there, we may be able to utilize a pulsed cycle. Sure,
we still need to compress nitrogen, to be used as coolant in the rocket stage: but how much of it will we need, and at what total flow
rate? Just because the oxygen probably needs to run in real time (not a foregone conclusion with a propulsion system that may be
throttleable) does not mean the nitrogen must also run uninterrupted cycles. 3) We can probably balance the total need for
compression between nitrogen and oxygen, according to throttle requirements for specific applications. Talk about efficient! Imagine
a 747 that can throttle back to a lower RPM, and power consumption, on short notice, as altitude and atmospheric conditions allow.
Such a development would change the economics of the entire aviation industry. The “reason-detre” of the UEET program.
We must also consider cost.
We must bear in mind the lessons of the innovative processes we have developed! We’ve learned not to weight cost
considerations too heavily in advance of actual commercialization, because we have proven that premature cost estimations are the
primary cause of cost over runs. What we do instead is integrate cost into our DFM/DTC (DesignForManufacture / DesignToCost)
best practices, we then rely on the strengths of our advanced process design methodologies to deliver cost effective results. It is not
critical for everyone involved to be well versed in the new science of innovation, but it is helpful if everyone is at least aware that all
Office of Naval Innovation Programs are meant to advance and disseminate the best of Innovation Science to the technical community
at large, and to illustrate the exciting potential of this new approach to energize both the management and the practice of S&T
programs.
Why an interdisciplinary approach from the outset?
As this project develops, we need to integrate a multi-disciplinary approach into the DNA of the program. As is
necessarily the case with any successful innovation driven project, the effort will spawn new projects, and is likely to
develop into a program of it’s own. This is both a curse and a blessing. On the one hand, it’s a blessing, because small
investments up front lead to large quantities of downstream technology. On the other hand, managers must be careful not
to lose focus of the primary objectives, as promising new areas of research are opened up by vigorous, well guided,
innovation driven, experimentalism.
Other Miscellaneous Thoughts