1) Ireland is an island located west of Great Britain, politically divided between the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland.
2) The island has a population of around 6.4 million, with lush vegetation and forests historically covering the land.
3) Irish culture has been heavily influenced by Gaelic traditions as well as English traditions, with a distinct culture in both the Republic and Northern Ireland. Major Irish holidays include Saint Patrick's Day and Halloween.
The group chose to discuss Ireland, focusing on history, music, flags, language, myths, legends, food, holidays, religion, and how intercultural communication relates. Members were assigned topics: Justin (religion), James (holidays), Moiri (food), Anthony (myths and legends), Liz (language), and Natasha S (history, music, flags). They will also discuss how nonverbal communication relates to holidays and food stereotypes. Traditional Irish music has ancient origins in drinking songs, ballads and laments. Instruments include the uilleann pipes, bodhran, fiddle, flute, accordion and concertina. In the 1950s, groups like Comhaltas Ceol
New Zealand is an island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean consisting of two main islands. The capital, Wellington, is located on the North Island and is home to the national museum. Notable features include volcanic landscapes and glaciation. The culture of New Zealand derives influences from the indigenous Māori people and more recent British settlers. Traditional Māori religion was polytheistic and centered around concepts like tapu, while Christianity is now the predominant religion. New Zealand cuisine has been shaped by Polynesian Māori traditions as well as British influences from colonial settlers.
- Ireland gained political autonomy from the UK in 1937 with the new constitution establishing the name "Ireland" and removing the British monarch as head of state. The Republic of Ireland later joined the UN in 1955 and the EU in 1973.
- The island of Ireland has an area of 84,421 square km, with the Republic occupying 70,280 km2 to the west and north and Northern Ireland occupying the rest. The landscape is mostly green fields due to the temperate climate and high rainfall.
- While Irish was historically the main language, English is now dominant though Irish is still spoken in some western regions and is compulsory in schools. Literature includes famous illuminated manuscripts like the Book of Kells from the 8th century.
Ireland is an island located northwest of Europe with a population of around 5 million people. Dublin is the capital and largest city. While Irish is the national language, English is more commonly spoken. Christianity is the dominant religion. The culture retains influences from pre-Christian pagan traditions, including festivals associated with Saint Patrick and Halloween. Traditional sports include Gaelic football and hurling. Ireland gained independence from the United Kingdom in the early 20th century after conflicts and is now a sovereign republic.
The document provides an overview of Irish art history from early carvings found at sites like Newgrange through the Bronze Age and medieval illuminated manuscripts. It notes important 19th and 20th century Irish painters and mentions some contemporary artists. Key periods and styles of Irish art are summarized in 3 sentences.
This document provides an overview of Irish history and culture. It begins with some basic facts about Ireland, including its geography, governance structure, and population breakdown. It then discusses some of the myths and romanticized notions that have developed around Irish history and culture. The document proceeds to summarize some of the key events and periods in Irish history, including the 17th century English plantation of Ireland; the 18th century penal laws and growing Irish nationalism; the 19th century Great Famine that caused massive death and emigration; and the political developments that led to Irish independence in the early 20th century. It stresses that Irish history is complex with many nuances rather than simple "right and wrong" narratives.
The document provides an overview of the history and population of the UK. It discusses how Britain was originally connected to Europe by land until the English Channel formed. It then summarizes the various peoples who inhabited Britain over time, including the Ancient Britons who constructed large stone monuments like Stonehenge and Avebury. Later, Anglo-Saxons invaded and ruled England, introducing the basis for modern English. Vikings also invaded in the 9th century. In 1066, William the Conqueror invaded and defeated the English king, establishing Norman rule.
If all of the world´s cultural heritage (sports, music, fashion, architecture, literature, painting, etc..) was contained in a time capsule, what would you include to demonstrate the legacy of your country?
The group chose to discuss Ireland, focusing on history, music, flags, language, myths, legends, food, holidays, religion, and how intercultural communication relates. Members were assigned topics: Justin (religion), James (holidays), Moiri (food), Anthony (myths and legends), Liz (language), and Natasha S (history, music, flags). They will also discuss how nonverbal communication relates to holidays and food stereotypes. Traditional Irish music has ancient origins in drinking songs, ballads and laments. Instruments include the uilleann pipes, bodhran, fiddle, flute, accordion and concertina. In the 1950s, groups like Comhaltas Ceol
New Zealand is an island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean consisting of two main islands. The capital, Wellington, is located on the North Island and is home to the national museum. Notable features include volcanic landscapes and glaciation. The culture of New Zealand derives influences from the indigenous Māori people and more recent British settlers. Traditional Māori religion was polytheistic and centered around concepts like tapu, while Christianity is now the predominant religion. New Zealand cuisine has been shaped by Polynesian Māori traditions as well as British influences from colonial settlers.
- Ireland gained political autonomy from the UK in 1937 with the new constitution establishing the name "Ireland" and removing the British monarch as head of state. The Republic of Ireland later joined the UN in 1955 and the EU in 1973.
- The island of Ireland has an area of 84,421 square km, with the Republic occupying 70,280 km2 to the west and north and Northern Ireland occupying the rest. The landscape is mostly green fields due to the temperate climate and high rainfall.
- While Irish was historically the main language, English is now dominant though Irish is still spoken in some western regions and is compulsory in schools. Literature includes famous illuminated manuscripts like the Book of Kells from the 8th century.
Ireland is an island located northwest of Europe with a population of around 5 million people. Dublin is the capital and largest city. While Irish is the national language, English is more commonly spoken. Christianity is the dominant religion. The culture retains influences from pre-Christian pagan traditions, including festivals associated with Saint Patrick and Halloween. Traditional sports include Gaelic football and hurling. Ireland gained independence from the United Kingdom in the early 20th century after conflicts and is now a sovereign republic.
The document provides an overview of Irish art history from early carvings found at sites like Newgrange through the Bronze Age and medieval illuminated manuscripts. It notes important 19th and 20th century Irish painters and mentions some contemporary artists. Key periods and styles of Irish art are summarized in 3 sentences.
This document provides an overview of Irish history and culture. It begins with some basic facts about Ireland, including its geography, governance structure, and population breakdown. It then discusses some of the myths and romanticized notions that have developed around Irish history and culture. The document proceeds to summarize some of the key events and periods in Irish history, including the 17th century English plantation of Ireland; the 18th century penal laws and growing Irish nationalism; the 19th century Great Famine that caused massive death and emigration; and the political developments that led to Irish independence in the early 20th century. It stresses that Irish history is complex with many nuances rather than simple "right and wrong" narratives.
The document provides an overview of the history and population of the UK. It discusses how Britain was originally connected to Europe by land until the English Channel formed. It then summarizes the various peoples who inhabited Britain over time, including the Ancient Britons who constructed large stone monuments like Stonehenge and Avebury. Later, Anglo-Saxons invaded and ruled England, introducing the basis for modern English. Vikings also invaded in the 9th century. In 1066, William the Conqueror invaded and defeated the English king, establishing Norman rule.
If all of the world´s cultural heritage (sports, music, fashion, architecture, literature, painting, etc..) was contained in a time capsule, what would you include to demonstrate the legacy of your country?
1. The document provides an overview of the history of Dublin city from its origins over 2000 years ago to modern times.
2. It traces Dublin's founding by Vikings in the 9th century and later development under British rule from the 16th to 19th centuries when it was established as the capital of Ireland.
3. It also discusses Dublin's history under Norman rule following the invasion of Strongbow in 1170 and the establishment of English control over Ireland under King Henry II.
The United Kingdom is made up of England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. It has a complex history and uses several names to refer to different geographical and political entities. The Union Flag represents the political union between the countries. There are also national flags and anthems for each country, and the national anthem for the UK is "God Save the Queen". The flag and anthem traditions illustrate the layered identities within the UK.
Overview of the rich history of Maryland's latest state park. This relatively isolated property played an unusually important role in American history.
The document discusses the history and development of the English language from its origins as Old English brought by Anglo-Saxons in the 5th century AD through the Middle English period following the Norman conquest and into Modern English. It notes the simplification of grammar and influx of vocabulary from other languages like French, Latin, and Greek at different stages. Key periods discussed include Old English from 450-1150 AD, Middle English from 1150-1500 AD, and Modern English from 1500 to present.
Saint Patrick's Day is celebrated annually on March 17th. It honors Saint Patrick, the patron saint of Ireland, who Christianized Ireland in the 5th century. Originally a religious holiday, it has become more of a secular celebration of Irish culture. It is a public holiday in Ireland and celebrated worldwide by people of Irish descent. Traditionally, people wear green and shamrocks on this day to honor Irish heritage and culture.
The document is an Irish quiz that asks a series of true/false and multiple choice questions about Ireland. Some of the key facts covered are:
- Ireland gained independence from the UK in the early 1920s
- St. Patrick's Day is celebrated on March 17th
- The main currency is the Euro and the main religion is Catholicism
- The potato famine occurred in the 19th century and greatly reduced Ireland's population
- Famous Irish writers include W.B. Yeats, James Joyce, and Oscar Wilde
- Mary McAleese was Ireland's president and was born in Belfast
- The approximate population of Ireland is 4.3 million people
The document summarizes the history of the Republic of Ireland from early settlement beginning around 8000 BC through modern times. It covers the early Christianization of Ireland in the 5th century AD, Viking invasions and settlements beginning in the 8th century, English conquest and colonization starting in the 16th century, the formation of the Irish Free State in 1922, and details about contemporary Ireland. The history is broken into sections on early history, early Christian Ireland, the early medieval period, the arrival of the Normans, early modern Ireland, Ireland from 1691-1801, Ireland from 1801-1922, the establishment of the Republic of Ireland, and Ireland today.
New Zealand is an island country located in Oceania, between Australia and the South Pole. The document provides an overview of New Zealand's history, culture, and traditions, including that the country was originally settled by Maori people, has a population of about 4 million people, and Queen Elizabeth II is the head of state. Key aspects of New Zealand culture that are discussed include the national anthem, traditional Maori music, popular films, the national flag, foods like hangi and pavlova, and the Maori and New Zealand Sign languages.
Ireland is an island west of England where Patrick was abducted from his village in England around 400 AD and taken as a slave to Ireland. He spent six years as a shepherd in Ireland before escaping and traveling 200 miles to the west coast. Patrick later returned to Ireland to introduce Christianity, building the first church in Ireland in 432 AD. He spent 40 days fasting and praying on top of a mountain in County Mayo, which today attracts over a million pilgrims annually to the site.
The document provides an overview of ancient Irish history from the 4th century up until the 1801 Act of Union. It discusses the earliest tribes in Ireland, the conversion to Christianity with St. Patrick, Viking invasions and settlements, English attempts to control Ireland politically and religiously through laws and acts, and the eventual political union of Ireland with Britain. Key figures and events discussed include St. Patrick, Oliver Cromwell, the Penal Laws, and the 1801 Act of Union.
Northern Ireland is one of the four countries that make up the United Kingdom, located on the island of Ireland north of the Republic of Ireland. It has a population of around 1.8 million people. The capital and largest city is Belfast. Nearly everyone speaks English, though some speak Irish Gaelic or Ulster Scots. Northern Ireland has a variety of music including traditional Irish music as well as rock and pop played at summer music festivals. A well-known dish is the Ulster Fry, which consists of fried bacon, eggs, sausages, and potato bread.
New Zealand has a population of over 4 million people, with its capital in Wellington. The country is home to many sheep, penguin species, and the flightless kiwi bird. Important holidays include celebrating the Treaty of Waitangi signed between British and Maori leaders, as well as Boxing Day and Queen Victoria's birthday. New Zealand was also the first country to give women the right to vote.
This document provides a multimedia tour of Ireland through a table of contents that covers topics from A to Z, including brief descriptions. Some key points covered include:
- Arthur Griffith founded the Irish republican party Sinn Féin in 1905.
- The Battle of the Boyne in 1690 was a decisive victory for King William III over King James II that ended Irish independence.
- The landscape of Ireland ranges from central lowlands to mountainous regions along the coasts, with the highest point being Carrauntoohil at 1,041 meters.
- The economy has shifted from agriculture to a service industry focused around Dublin, with GDP per capita of $24,900 in 1999.
Contemporary Traditional Maori_Culture_Part_1 (4)Ak47b3ast
The Maori are the indigenous people of New Zealand and have a rich traditional culture, though some aspects have modernized over time. Some Maori still live traditional lifestyles while others have adopted modern ways. Traditional Maori culture includes performing the ceremonial Haka dance and having distinctive tattoos on their faces and bodies, though many Maori now struggle with issues like poverty and substance abuse.
Raleigh, North Carolina was established in 1792 as the state's permanent capital. According to local legend, Joel Lane, who operated a tavern, used cherry bounce drinks to convince legislators to purchase land from him to establish the capital. Today, Raleigh is known as the "City of Oaks" and is home to museums of art, history and natural sciences that offer free admission. The area also has a vibrant music scene and is home to professional sports teams and several major universities.
This document provides a summary of Irish geography, history, culture and politics. It outlines the key periods in Irish history from early settlement starting 8000 BC through to the present day. It also describes Ireland's climate, traditional sports like Gaelic football and hurling, famous musicians, staple foods, economy and the dominant role of agriculture. The dominant religion is outlined as well as the status of the Irish and English languages.
The group chose to discuss Ireland, focusing on history, music, flags, language, myths, legends, food, holidays, religion, and how intercultural communication relates. Members were assigned topics: Justin (religion), James (holidays), Moiri (food), Anthony (myths and legends), Liz (language), and Natasha S (history, music, flags). They will also discuss how nonverbal communication relates to holidays and food stereotypes. Traditional Irish music has ancient origins in drinking songs, ballads and laments. Instruments include the uilleann pipes, bodhran, fiddle, flute, accordion and concertina. In the 1950s, groups like Comhaltas Ceol
Ireland is an island located northwest of Europe. It is politically divided between the Republic of Ireland, an independent state occupying most of the island, and Northern Ireland, a constituent country of the United Kingdom. The predominant religion is Christianity and the main languages spoken are Irish and English. Agriculture heavily influences land use and the economy, though renewable energy is growing. Traditional Irish culture remains prominent through music, dance and pub culture.
This document provides a summary of an English-speaking country after playing a song:
1) The song played was identified as being from Ireland.
2) Ireland is then described as an island located in northwest Europe with coastal mountains and the River Shannon being its longest river.
3) The document then prompts the user to learn more about Ireland's geography, history, Irish language, literature, and traditions by clicking on links.
The document provides an overview of the Republic of Ireland, including its geography, climate, population, history, culture, languages, and current news. Some key points:
- Ireland is an island located in the northwestern part of Europe, separated from Britain by the Irish Sea. It has a temperate climate and landscape that includes lowlands, hills, and coastal mountains.
- The population centers are mostly located in eastern cities like Dublin, Cork, Galway, Limerick, and Waterford. Ireland has a long history of settlement and influence from Celtic tribes, Vikings, Normans, and the English.
- Culturally, Ireland is known for traditional music, dance, literature, myths and legends.
1. The document provides an overview of the history of Dublin city from its origins over 2000 years ago to modern times.
2. It traces Dublin's founding by Vikings in the 9th century and later development under British rule from the 16th to 19th centuries when it was established as the capital of Ireland.
3. It also discusses Dublin's history under Norman rule following the invasion of Strongbow in 1170 and the establishment of English control over Ireland under King Henry II.
The United Kingdom is made up of England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. It has a complex history and uses several names to refer to different geographical and political entities. The Union Flag represents the political union between the countries. There are also national flags and anthems for each country, and the national anthem for the UK is "God Save the Queen". The flag and anthem traditions illustrate the layered identities within the UK.
Overview of the rich history of Maryland's latest state park. This relatively isolated property played an unusually important role in American history.
The document discusses the history and development of the English language from its origins as Old English brought by Anglo-Saxons in the 5th century AD through the Middle English period following the Norman conquest and into Modern English. It notes the simplification of grammar and influx of vocabulary from other languages like French, Latin, and Greek at different stages. Key periods discussed include Old English from 450-1150 AD, Middle English from 1150-1500 AD, and Modern English from 1500 to present.
Saint Patrick's Day is celebrated annually on March 17th. It honors Saint Patrick, the patron saint of Ireland, who Christianized Ireland in the 5th century. Originally a religious holiday, it has become more of a secular celebration of Irish culture. It is a public holiday in Ireland and celebrated worldwide by people of Irish descent. Traditionally, people wear green and shamrocks on this day to honor Irish heritage and culture.
The document is an Irish quiz that asks a series of true/false and multiple choice questions about Ireland. Some of the key facts covered are:
- Ireland gained independence from the UK in the early 1920s
- St. Patrick's Day is celebrated on March 17th
- The main currency is the Euro and the main religion is Catholicism
- The potato famine occurred in the 19th century and greatly reduced Ireland's population
- Famous Irish writers include W.B. Yeats, James Joyce, and Oscar Wilde
- Mary McAleese was Ireland's president and was born in Belfast
- The approximate population of Ireland is 4.3 million people
The document summarizes the history of the Republic of Ireland from early settlement beginning around 8000 BC through modern times. It covers the early Christianization of Ireland in the 5th century AD, Viking invasions and settlements beginning in the 8th century, English conquest and colonization starting in the 16th century, the formation of the Irish Free State in 1922, and details about contemporary Ireland. The history is broken into sections on early history, early Christian Ireland, the early medieval period, the arrival of the Normans, early modern Ireland, Ireland from 1691-1801, Ireland from 1801-1922, the establishment of the Republic of Ireland, and Ireland today.
New Zealand is an island country located in Oceania, between Australia and the South Pole. The document provides an overview of New Zealand's history, culture, and traditions, including that the country was originally settled by Maori people, has a population of about 4 million people, and Queen Elizabeth II is the head of state. Key aspects of New Zealand culture that are discussed include the national anthem, traditional Maori music, popular films, the national flag, foods like hangi and pavlova, and the Maori and New Zealand Sign languages.
Ireland is an island west of England where Patrick was abducted from his village in England around 400 AD and taken as a slave to Ireland. He spent six years as a shepherd in Ireland before escaping and traveling 200 miles to the west coast. Patrick later returned to Ireland to introduce Christianity, building the first church in Ireland in 432 AD. He spent 40 days fasting and praying on top of a mountain in County Mayo, which today attracts over a million pilgrims annually to the site.
The document provides an overview of ancient Irish history from the 4th century up until the 1801 Act of Union. It discusses the earliest tribes in Ireland, the conversion to Christianity with St. Patrick, Viking invasions and settlements, English attempts to control Ireland politically and religiously through laws and acts, and the eventual political union of Ireland with Britain. Key figures and events discussed include St. Patrick, Oliver Cromwell, the Penal Laws, and the 1801 Act of Union.
Northern Ireland is one of the four countries that make up the United Kingdom, located on the island of Ireland north of the Republic of Ireland. It has a population of around 1.8 million people. The capital and largest city is Belfast. Nearly everyone speaks English, though some speak Irish Gaelic or Ulster Scots. Northern Ireland has a variety of music including traditional Irish music as well as rock and pop played at summer music festivals. A well-known dish is the Ulster Fry, which consists of fried bacon, eggs, sausages, and potato bread.
New Zealand has a population of over 4 million people, with its capital in Wellington. The country is home to many sheep, penguin species, and the flightless kiwi bird. Important holidays include celebrating the Treaty of Waitangi signed between British and Maori leaders, as well as Boxing Day and Queen Victoria's birthday. New Zealand was also the first country to give women the right to vote.
This document provides a multimedia tour of Ireland through a table of contents that covers topics from A to Z, including brief descriptions. Some key points covered include:
- Arthur Griffith founded the Irish republican party Sinn Féin in 1905.
- The Battle of the Boyne in 1690 was a decisive victory for King William III over King James II that ended Irish independence.
- The landscape of Ireland ranges from central lowlands to mountainous regions along the coasts, with the highest point being Carrauntoohil at 1,041 meters.
- The economy has shifted from agriculture to a service industry focused around Dublin, with GDP per capita of $24,900 in 1999.
Contemporary Traditional Maori_Culture_Part_1 (4)Ak47b3ast
The Maori are the indigenous people of New Zealand and have a rich traditional culture, though some aspects have modernized over time. Some Maori still live traditional lifestyles while others have adopted modern ways. Traditional Maori culture includes performing the ceremonial Haka dance and having distinctive tattoos on their faces and bodies, though many Maori now struggle with issues like poverty and substance abuse.
Raleigh, North Carolina was established in 1792 as the state's permanent capital. According to local legend, Joel Lane, who operated a tavern, used cherry bounce drinks to convince legislators to purchase land from him to establish the capital. Today, Raleigh is known as the "City of Oaks" and is home to museums of art, history and natural sciences that offer free admission. The area also has a vibrant music scene and is home to professional sports teams and several major universities.
This document provides a summary of Irish geography, history, culture and politics. It outlines the key periods in Irish history from early settlement starting 8000 BC through to the present day. It also describes Ireland's climate, traditional sports like Gaelic football and hurling, famous musicians, staple foods, economy and the dominant role of agriculture. The dominant religion is outlined as well as the status of the Irish and English languages.
The group chose to discuss Ireland, focusing on history, music, flags, language, myths, legends, food, holidays, religion, and how intercultural communication relates. Members were assigned topics: Justin (religion), James (holidays), Moiri (food), Anthony (myths and legends), Liz (language), and Natasha S (history, music, flags). They will also discuss how nonverbal communication relates to holidays and food stereotypes. Traditional Irish music has ancient origins in drinking songs, ballads and laments. Instruments include the uilleann pipes, bodhran, fiddle, flute, accordion and concertina. In the 1950s, groups like Comhaltas Ceol
Ireland is an island located northwest of Europe. It is politically divided between the Republic of Ireland, an independent state occupying most of the island, and Northern Ireland, a constituent country of the United Kingdom. The predominant religion is Christianity and the main languages spoken are Irish and English. Agriculture heavily influences land use and the economy, though renewable energy is growing. Traditional Irish culture remains prominent through music, dance and pub culture.
This document provides a summary of an English-speaking country after playing a song:
1) The song played was identified as being from Ireland.
2) Ireland is then described as an island located in northwest Europe with coastal mountains and the River Shannon being its longest river.
3) The document then prompts the user to learn more about Ireland's geography, history, Irish language, literature, and traditions by clicking on links.
The document provides an overview of the Republic of Ireland, including its geography, climate, population, history, culture, languages, and current news. Some key points:
- Ireland is an island located in the northwestern part of Europe, separated from Britain by the Irish Sea. It has a temperate climate and landscape that includes lowlands, hills, and coastal mountains.
- The population centers are mostly located in eastern cities like Dublin, Cork, Galway, Limerick, and Waterford. Ireland has a long history of settlement and influence from Celtic tribes, Vikings, Normans, and the English.
- Culturally, Ireland is known for traditional music, dance, literature, myths and legends.
Ireland has a long history dating back 7,500 BC with successive waves of settlers including farmers, Celts, Christians, Vikings, and English shaping Irish culture. The country has faced conflicts between groups but also benefited from their contributions like iron tools. Traditional Irish holidays celebrate saints and seasons through customs like wearing green on St. Patrick's Day. Irish weddings incorporate traditions such as handfasting ceremonies and Claddagh rings. Storytelling of folklore has been an important part of passing cultural knowledge through oral tradition in Ireland.
Ireland has a long history dating back 7,500 BC with successive waves of settlers including farmers, Celts, Christians, Vikings, and English shaping Irish culture. The country has faced conflicts between groups but also benefited from their contributions like iron tools. Traditional Irish holidays celebrate saints and seasons through customs like wearing green on St. Patrick's Day. Irish weddings incorporate traditions such as handfasting ceremonies and Claddagh rings. Storytelling of folklore has been an important part of passing cultural knowledge between generations in Ireland.
Ireland has a long history dating back thousands of years. Key events include the arrival of Celts in 700 BC who dominated for 2000 years, Viking invasions and settlements starting in the 9th century, English invasion and rule starting in 1170, and eventual independence in the 20th century. The island has a mix of landscapes from green fields to rocky coasts and bogs. Notable in Irish culture are its storytelling tradition and influential writers. The economy has transformed from agriculture-based to one of Europe's wealthiest.
Ireland has a long history dating back thousands of years. Key events include the arrival of Celts in 700 BC who dominated for 2000 years, Viking invasions and settlements starting in the 9th century, English invasion and rule starting in 1170, and eventual independence in the 20th century. The island has a mix of landscapes from green fields to rocky coasts shaped by glaciers. Notable parts of Irish culture include storytelling traditions and contributions to music and literature. Major cities include the capital Dublin and Cork and Limerick.
Ireland has a culture influenced by both ancient Gaelic traditions and more recent Anglicization. The country achieved greater sovereignty in the 1930s when the constitution was amended and it was declared a republic, separating further from British rule. Irish culture is seen in traditions like St. Stephen's Day celebrations on December 26th, a day of rest and large meals after Christmas, and St. Patrick's Day on March 17th, originally a religious holiday that is now celebrated worldwide. Sports and mythical creatures like leprechauns are also part of Irish culture and traditions.
The document provides an overview of Irish history from the earliest inhabitants to modern times. It discusses how Ireland was originally populated by farmers and metal workers called Celts. The Vikings later invaded and their castles dotted the countryside. The population was dramatically reduced by wars and the Great Famine in the 19th century. Ireland eventually gained independence from British rule but was divided into the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland. It joined the European Union in 1973 and experienced economic growth as the "Celtic Tiger" in the 1990s.
Between 1845-1849, a famine in Ireland caused the Irish population to fall by 25-30% due to starvation and mass emigration, mostly to the United States. Today, over 90% of Ireland's population is Roman Catholic and Gaelic is still spoken in some areas of the country alongside the dominant English language. Dublin is the largest and most important economic center in Ireland, known for its friendly culture and contributions to literature and music.
The document provides information about the United Kingdom and its constituent countries. It discusses [1] the four countries that make up the UK - England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland; [2] their unique cultures, languages, and traditions; and [3] their national emblems, days, and coats of arms. It also summarizes key aspects of life in the UK like housing, national dress, cuisine, and education system between the different countries.
This document provides an overview of Ireland, beginning with a brief history noting that Ireland was incorporated into the United Kingdom in 1801 and became independent in 1922. It then summarizes key aspects of Irish geography, noting it is an island located in Northwestern Europe divided between the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland. Additional sections summarize Ireland's neighbors, flag, official languages including Irish Gaelic, economy focused on agriculture and fishing, capital city of Dublin and its cultural significance, predominant religion of Christianity, traditional clothing including kilts and work clothes, performing arts like theatre and folk dancing, and gastronomy including breakfast foods and beers.
The document provides information about the United Kingdom and its constituent countries. It discusses [1] the four countries that make up the UK - England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland; [2] their unique cultures, languages, and traditions; and [3] their national emblems, days, and coats of arms. It also summarizes key aspects of national dress, food, and education systems within the UK.
The document provides information about the United Kingdom and its constituent countries. It discusses [1] the four countries that make up the UK - England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland; [2] their unique cultures, languages, and traditions; and [3] their national emblems, days, and coats of arms. It also summarizes key aspects of life in the UK like housing, dress, food, and education system between the different countries.
College: Instituto Superior de Formación Docente N°41
Subject: Language and Culture 1
Name of students: Martinez Damaris, Massa Agustina, Molinari Rocío, Olivera Rocío, Pedroncini Paula.
Professor: Stella Saubidet
Group 7
1°1°
2017
The document provides information about Ireland under several sections. It begins with general information such as the flag, capital (Dublin), and population of over 4.2 million inhabitants. It then discusses the geography of Ireland, noting it is an island located off the west coast of Europe. Major rivers include the Shannon and climate is relatively uniform across the country. Sections are also devoted to three important cities: Cork, Belfast, and Galway, with brief descriptions of notable landmarks in each city like St Finbarre's Cathedral in Cork and the Tropical Ravine greenhouse in Belfast.
Ireland is an island located northwest of Europe that is politically divided between the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland. The Republic of Ireland covers most of the island, while Northern Ireland is part of the United Kingdom. Ireland has a population of approximately 6.4 million people. Culturally, Ireland has influenced other cultures through literature and has maintained indigenous traditions through Gaelic games, music, and language despite influences from Britain.
This document provides information about various countries and regions around the world, including their location, capital cities, ethnic groups, languages, and other key facts. It begins with sections focused on countries that make up the United Kingdom (Great Britain, England, Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland), followed by sections on other English-speaking countries and regions (United States, Canada, West Indies, Australia, New Zealand). Additional sections cover Asia, Africa and details on specific UK countries.
Ireland has a predominantly Catholic population, with over 90% identifying as Roman Catholic. Through the 6th and 9th centuries, Irish monks helped preserve Roman traditions. While most Irish are Catholic, there are also Protestant, Muslim, Jewish, and other minority religions. Overall, Ireland has high levels of religious tolerance and participation in religious services remains high compared to other Western European countries.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
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Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
2. Ireland is an island in the Atlantic off the north-western coast of continental Europe. It is the third-largest
island in Europe and the twentieth-largest island on Earth. To its east is the island of Great Britain, from
which it is separated by the Irish Sea and North Channel.
Politically, Ireland is divided between the Republic of Ireland, which covers five-sixths of the island,
and Northern Ireland, a part of the United Kingdom, which covers the remaining area and is located in the
north-east of the island. The population of Ireland is approximately 6.4 million. Just under 4.6 million live
in the Republic of Ireland and just over 1.8 million live in Northern Ireland.
The island's geography comprises relatively low-lying mountains surrounding a central plain, with several
navigable rivers extending inland. The island has lush vegetation, a product of its mild but changeable
oceanic climate, which avoids extremes in temperature. Thick woodlands covered the island until
medieval times. As of 2013, the amount of land that is forested in Ireland is about 11% of the total land
area, compared with European average of 35%. There are twenty-six extant mammal species native to
Ireland.
PRE HISTORIC IRELAND
Prehistoric Ireland saw the arrival of humans after 8000 BCE. Gaelic Ireland then emerged in the first
millenium and lasted until the early 17th century. The island was converted to Christianity from the 5th
century onward. Following the Norman invasion in the 12th century, England claimed sovereignty over
Ireland. However, English rule did not extend over the whole island until the 16th–17th century Tudor
conquest. This led to the colonization of northern Ireland by settlers from Britain. In the 1690s, a system
of Protestant English rule was designed to materially disadvantage the Catholic majority
and Protestant dissenters, and was extended during the 18th century. In 1801, Ireland became a part
of theUnited Kingdom. A war of independence in the early 20th century was followed by the partition of
the island, creating the Irish Free State, which became increasingly sovereign over the following decades,
and Northern Ireland which remained a part of the United Kingdom. Northern Ireland saw much civil
unrest from the late 1960s until the 1990s. This subsided following a political agreement in 1998. In 1973,
both parts of Ireland joined the European Economic Community.
3.
4. IRISH CULTURE
Irish culture has had a significant influence on other cultures, especially in the fields of literature and, to a
lesser degree, science and education. Alongside mainstream Western culture, a strong indigenous
culture exists, as expressed for example through Gaelic games, Irish music, and the Irish language. The
culture of the island has also many features shared with Great Britain, including the English language,
and sports such as association football, rugby, horse racing and golf.
Irish culture includes customs and
traditions, language, music, art, literature, folklore, cuisine and sports associated with the island of Ireland
and of the Irish and Northern Irish people. However, the culture of the people living on the island is not
homogeneous. There are notable cultural divides between urban and rural, Catholic and Protestants,Irish-
speakers and English-speakers, immigrants and native population, the Travelers and settled population
and between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. (For an overview of Ireland's culture during the
Gaelic period, see Gaelic Ireland. Also for an overview of Northern Ireland's culture see Culture of
Northern Ireland.)
Many people of the island are of Gaelic descent, although there are also large populations of Ulster
Scots and Anglo-Irish ethnicity in Northern Ireland. In addition Ireland has been ethnically diversified as a
result of large-scale immigration from many different countries throughout its history. Also, due to
emigration of the Irish people themselves overseas, Irish culture has a global reach and festivals such
as St. Patrick's Day, Halloween and The Twelfth of July are observed and celebrated all over the world.
Though there are many unique aspects of Irish culture, it shares substantial traits with the United
Kingdom (of which it was formerly a part), other English-speaking countries, other
predominantly Catholic countries and Christendom generally, other European Union countries, and
other Celtic nations. Irish culture has to some degree been inherited and modified by the Irish
diaspora which in turn influences the home country.
5. Holidays and Festivals
Much of the Irish calendar still today reflects the old pagan customs, with later Christian traditions also
having significant influence. Christmas in Ireland has several local traditions, some in no way connected
with Christianity. On 26 December (St. Stephen's Day), there is a custom of "Wrenboys" who call door to
door with an arrangement of assorted material (which changes in different localities) to represent
dead wren "caught in the furze", as their rhyme goes.
The national holiday in the Republic of Ireland is Saint Patrick's Day, 17 March and is marked by parades
and festivals in cities and towns across the island of Ireland, and by the Irish diaspora around the world.
The festival is in remembrance to Saint Patrick, the patron saint of Ireland. Pious legend credits Patrick
with banishing snakes from the island, and legend also credits Patrick with teaching the Irish about the
concept of the Trinity by showing people the shamrock, a 3-leaved clover, using it to highlight the
Christian belief of 'three divine persons in the one God'.
In Northern Ireland the The Twelfth of July, which commemorates William III's victory at the Battle of the
Boyne is a public holiday. The holiday is celebrated by Irish Protestants the vast majority of whom live in
Northern Ireland and is notable for the numerous parades organized by the Orange Order which take
place throughout Northern Ireland. These parades are colourful affairs with Orange Banners and sashes
on display and include music in the form of traditional songs such as The Sash and Derry's
6. Walls performed by a mixture of Pipe, Flute, Accordion, and Brass marching bands.
Brigid's Day (1 February, known as Imbolc or Candlemas) also does not have its origins in Christianity,
being instead another religious observance superimposed at the beginning of spring. The Brigid's
cross made from rushes on this day represents a pre-Christian solar wheel.
Other pre-Christian festivals, whose names survive as Irish month names,
are Bealtaine (May), Lúnasa (August) and Samhain (November). The last is still widely observed
as Halloween which is celebrated all over the world, including in the United States followed by All Saints'
Day, another Christian holiday associated with a traditional one. Important church holidays include
Easter, and various Marian observances.
Religion
Christianity in the form of both Roman Catholicism and Protestantism is the most widely practised religion
in Ireland. Christianity was brought to Ireland during or prior to the 5th century and its early history among
the Irish is in particular associated with Saint Patrick, who is generally considered Ireland's patron
saint. The Celtic festival of Samhain, known as Halloween, originated in Ireland and is now celebrated all
over the world.
Ireland is a place where religion and religious practice have always been held in high esteem. The
majority of people on the island are Roman Catholics, however there is significant minority
of Protestants who are mostly concentrated in Northern Ireland where they make up aplurality of the
population. The three main Protestant denominations on the island are the Church of Ireland,
the Presbyterian Church in Ireland and the Methodist Church in Ireland. These are also joined by
numerous other smaller denominations including, The Baptists, several American gospel groups and the
Salvation Army. As well as these Protestant Churches other minority denominations include Eastern
Orthodox, Jehovah's Witnesses and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (LDS) . In addition
to the Christian denominations there are centres for Buddhists, Hindus, Bahais and for people of the
Islamic and Jewish faiths.
7. In the Republic of Ireland, the last time a census asked people to specify what their religion was in 2006.
The result was 86.8% Roman Catholic, 3% Church of Ireland (Anglican), 0.8% Islam, 0.6% Presbyterian,
0.3% Methodist, less than 0.05% Jewish, approximately 1.4% other religious groupings and 4.4%
identified as having no religion. About 2% did not state their religious identity. Amongst the Republic's
Roman Catholics, weekly church attendance dropped from 87% in 1981 to 60% in 1998, though this
remained one of the highest attendance rates in Europe.
In Northern Ireland in 2001, the population was 40.3% Roman Catholic, 20.7% Presbyterian, 15.3%
Church of Ireland (Anglican), 3.5% Methodist, 6.1% other Christian, 0.3% other religion and philosophy,
and 13.9% religion not stated.
8. Literature and Arts
For a comparatively small place, the island of Ireland has made a disproportionate contribution to world
literature in all its branches, in both the Irish and English languages. The island's most widely known
literary works are undoubtedly in English. Particularly famous examples of such works are those of James
Joyce, Bram Stoker, Jonathan Swift, Oscar Wilde and Ireland's four winners of the Nobel Prize for
Literature; William Butler Yeats, George Bernard Shaw, Samuel Beckett and Seamus Heaney. Three of
the four Nobel prize winners were born in Dublin (Heaney being the exception, having lived in Dublin but
being born in County Londonderry), making it the birthplace of more Nobel literary laureates than any
other city in the world. The Irish language has the third oldest literature in Europe
(after Greek and Latin), the most significant body of written literature (both ancient and recent) of
any Celtic language, as well as a strong oral tradition of legends and poetry. Poetry in Irish represents the
oldest vernacular poetry in Europe, with the earliest examples dating from the 6th century.
The early history of Irish visual art is generally considered to begin with early carvings found at sites such
as Newgrange and is traced through Bronze age artefacts, particularly ornamental gold objects, and
the Celtic brooches and illuminated manuscripts of the "Insular" Early Medieval period. During the course
of the 19th and 20th centuries, a strong indigenous tradition of painting emerged, including such figures
as John Butler Yeats, William Orpen, Jack Yeats and Louis le Brocquy.
The Irish tradition of folk music and dance is also widely known. In the middle years of the 20th century,
as Irish society was attempting to modernise, traditional Irish music fell out of favour to some extent,
especially in urban areas. Young people at this time tended to look to Britain and, particularly, the United
States as models of progress and jazz and rock and roll became extremely popular. During the 1960s,
and inspired by the American folk music movement, there was a revival of interest in the Irish tradition.
This revival was inspired by groups like The Dubliners, the Clancy Brothers and Sweeney's Men and
9. individuals like Seán Ó Riada. The annual Fleadh Cheoil na hÉireann is the largest festival of Irish music
in Ireland.
Before long, groups and musicians like Horslips, Van Morrison and even Thin Lizzy were incorporating
elements of traditional music into a rock idiom to form a unique new sound. During the 1970s and 1980s,
the distinction between traditional and rock musicians became blurred, with many individuals regularly
crossing over between these styles of playing as a matter of course. This trend can be seen more
recently in the work of bands like U2, Snow Patrol, The Cranberries and The Corrs.
Irish Nobel Prize in Literature laureates
W.B. Yeats
(1865–1939)
George Bernard Shaw
(1856–1950)
Samuel Beckett
(1906–1989)
Seamus Heaney
(1939–2013)
10. Languages
Irish and English are the most widely spoken languages in Ireland. English is the most widely spoken
language on the island overall, and Irish is spoken as a first language only by a small minority, primarily,
though not exclusively, in the government-defined Gaeltacht regions in the Republic. A larger minority
speak Irish as a second language, with 40% of people in the Republic of Ireland. Article 8 of
the Constitution of Ireland states that Irish is the national and first official language of the Republic of
Ireland. English in turn is recognised as the state's second official language. Hiberno-English, the dialect
of English spoken in most of the Republic of Ireland, has been greatly influenced by Irish.
In contrast Northern Ireland like the rest of the United Kingdom has no official language however English
is the de facto official language. In addition Irish and Ulster Scots have recognition as European minority
languages with 8.1% having some ability in Ulster Scots 11% in Irish. Also the dialect and accent of the
people of Northern Ireland is noticeably different from that of the majority of the Republic of Ireland, being
influenced by Ulster Scots and Northern Ireland's proximity to Scotland.
Several other languages are spoken on the island, including Shelta, a mixture of Irish, Romany and
English, spoken widely by Travellers. Two sign languages have also been developed on the
island, Northern Irish Sign Language and Irish Sign Language.
Some other languages have entered Ireland with immigrants – for example, Polish is now the second
most widely spoken language in Ireland after English, Irish being the third most commonly spoken
language.
Irish language
Irish Sign Language
Hiberno-English
Ulster Scots language
Mid-Ulster English
Northern Ireland Sign Language
Shelta language
11. Food and Drink
Early Ireland
There are many references to food and drink in early Irish literature. Honey seems to have been widely
eaten and used in the making of mead. The old stories also contain many references to banquets,
although these may well be greatly exaggerated and provide little insight into everyday diet. There are
also many references to fulacht fia, which are archaeological sites commonly believed to have once been
used for cooking venison. The fulacht fia have holes or troughs in the ground which can be filled with
water. Meat can then be cooked by placing hot stones in the trough until the water boils. Many fulach
fia sites have been identified across the island of Ireland, and some of them appear to have been in use
up to the 17th century.
Excavations at the Viking settlement in the Wood Quay area of Dublin have produced a significant
amount of information on the diet of the inhabitants of the town. The main animals eaten were cattle,
sheep and pigs, with pigs being the most common. This popularity extended down to modern times in
Ireland. Poultry and wild geese as well as fish and shellfish were also common, as were a wide range of
native berries and nuts, especially hazel. The seeds of knotgrass and goosefoot were widely present and
may have been used to make a porridge.
The potato in Ireland
The potato would appear to have been introduced into Ireland in the second half of the 16th century,
initially as a garden crop. It eventually came to be the main food field crop of the tenant and labouring
classes. As a food source, the potato is extremely efficient in terms of energy yielded per unit area of
land. The potato is also a good source of many vitamins and minerals, particularly vitamin C (especially
when fresh). As a result, the typical 18th- and 19th-century Irish diet of potatoes and buttermilk was a
contributing factor in the population explosion that occurred in Ireland at that time. However, due to the
political rule of the time, the majority of Irish produce (root crops, cereals and animal produce) was
exported to Britain, leaving few strains of potato as the sole food source for the Irish. This, along with the
spread of potato blight led to shortages and famine, the most notable instance being the Great Irish
Famine (1845–1849), which more or less undid all the growth in population of the previous century. The
cause of which was partially due to an adherence to lassie faire economic policies by the government
which kept food exports at the pre famine level leading to disease and emigration.
In the 20th century the usual modern selection of foods common to Western cultures has been adopted in
Ireland. Both US fast-food culture and continental European dishes have influenced the country, along
12. with other world dishes introduced in a similar fashion to the rest of the Western world. Common meals
include pizza, curry, Chinese food, and lately, some west African dishes have been making an
appearance. Supermarket shelves now contain ingredients for, among others, traditional, European,
American (Mexican/Tex-Mex), Indian, Polish and Chinese dishes.
The proliferation of fast food has led to increasing public health problems including obesity, and one of
the highest rates of heart disease in the world. Due to the current "anti-meat fad", the government has
broadcast television advertisements to discourage meat consumption. In theNorthern Ireland, the Ulster
fry has been particularly cited as being a major source for a higher incidence of cardiac problems, quoted
as being a"heart attack on a plate". All the ingredients are fried, although more recently the trend is
to grill as many of the ingredients as possible. These advertisements however, do not explain the health
and vigor of native Irish people while eating their traditional diets high in both fat and meat.
In tandem with these developments, the last quarter of the century saw the emergence of a new Irish
cuisine based on traditional ingredients handled in new ways. This cuisine is based on fresh vegetables,
fish, especially salmon and trout, oysters and other shellfish, traditional soda bread, the wide range of
hand-made cheeses that are now being made across the country, and, of course, the potato. Traditional
dishes, such as the Irish stew, Dublin coddle, the Irish breakfast and potato bread, have enjoyed a
resurgence. Schools like the Ballymaloe Cookery School have emerged to cater for the associated
increased interest in cooking with traditional ingredients.
Pub Culture
Pub culture pervades Irish society, across all cultural divides. The term refers to the Irish habit of
frequenting public houses (pubs) or bars. Traditional pub culture is concerned with more than just
drinking, even though Ireland has a recognised problem with over-consumption of alcohol. In 2003,
Ireland had the second-highest per capita alcohol consumption in the world, just below Luxembourg at
13.5 litres (per person 15 or more years old), according to the OECD Health Data 2009 survey. Typically
pubs are important meeting places, where people can gather and meet their neighbours and friends in a
relaxed atmosphere; similar to the cafe cultures of other countries. Pubs vary widely according to the
clientele they serve, and the area they are in. Best known, and loved amongst tourists is the traditional
pub, with its traditional Irish music (or "trad music"), tavern-like warmness, and memorabilia filling it. Often
such pubs will also serve food, particularly during the day. Many more modern pubs, not necessarily
13. traditional, still emulate these pubs, only perhaps substituting traditional music for a DJ or non-traditional
live music.
Many larger pubs in cities eschew such trappings entirely, opting for loud music, and focusing more on
the consumption of drinks, which is not a focus of traditional Irish culture. Such venues are popular "pre-
clubbing" locations. "Clubbing" has become a popular phenomenon amongst young people in Ireland
during the celtic tiger years. Clubs usually vary in terms of the type of music played, and the target
audience.
A significant recent change to pub culture in the Republic of Ireland has been the introduction of
a smoking ban, in all workplaces, which includes pubs and restaurants. Ireland was the first country in the
world to implement such a ban which was introduced on 29 March 2004. A majority of the population
support the ban, including a significant percentage of smokers. Nevertheless, the atmosphere in pubs has
changed greatly as a result, and debate continues on whether it has boosted or lowered sales, although
this is often blamed on the ever-increasing prices, or whether it is a "good thing" or a "bad thing". A similar
ban, under the Smoking (Northern Ireland) Order 2006 came into effect in Northern Ireland on 30 April
2007.
14. Sports
Sport on the island of Ireland is popular and widespread. Throughout the island a wide variety of sports
are played, the most popular being Gaelic football, hurling, rugby union, soccer and hockey. Gaelic
football is the most popular sport in Ireland in terms of match attendance and community involvement,
and represents 34% of total sports attendances at events in the Republic of Ireland and abroad, followed
by hurling at 23%, soccer at 16% and rugby at 8%. and the All-Ireland Football Final is the most watched
event in Ireland's sporting calendar. Swimming, golf, aerobics, soccer, cycling, Gaelic football and
billiards/snooker are the sporting activities with the highest levels of playing participation. Soccer is the
most popular sport involving national teams.
In Ireland many sports, such as rugby union, Gaelic football and hurling, are organised in an all-island
basis, with a single team representing the island of Ireland in international competitions. Other sports,
such as soccer, have separate organising bodies in Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. At the
Olympics, a person from Northern Ireland can choose to represent either the Great Britain team or
the Ireland team. Also as Northern Ireland is a Home Nation of the United Kingdom it also sends
a Northern Ireland Team to the Commonwealth Games every four years.
Gaelic Athletic Association
Northern Ireland national football team
Republic of Ireland national football team
Irish Rugby Football Union
Northern Ireland Commonwealth Games Team
British Olympic Association
Olympic Council of Ireland
Community Games
Irish Derby Stakes
15. Economy
Despite the two jurisdictions using two distinct currencies (the euro and pound sterling), a growing
amount of commercial activity is carried out on an all-island basis. This has been facilitated by the two
jurisdictions' shared membership of the European Union, and there have been calls from members of the
business community and policymakers for the creation of an "all-island economy" to take advantage
of economies of scale and boost competitiveness.
Energy
Ireland has an ancient industry based on peat (known locally as "sod" or "turf") as a source of energy for
home fires. A form of biomass energy, this source of heat is still widely used inrural areas. In cities, heat
is generally supplied by heating oil, although some urban suppliers distribute "sods of turf" as "smokeless
fuel."
An area in which the island operates as a single market is electricity. For much of their
existence electricity networks in the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland were entirely separate. Both
networks were designed and constructed independently post partition. However, as a result of changes
over recent years they are now connected with three interlinks and also connected through Great Britain
to mainland Europe. The situation in Northern Ireland is complicated by the issue of private companies
not supplying Northern Ireland Electricity (NIE) with enough power. In the Republic of Ireland, the ESB
has failed to modernise its power stations and the availability of power plants has recently averaged only
66%, one of the worst such rates in Western Europe. EirGrid is building a HVDC transmission line
between Ireland and Great Britain with a capacity of 500 MW, about 10% of Ireland's peak demand.
As with electricity, the natural gas distribution network is also now all-island, with a pipeline
linking Gormanston, County Meath, and Ballyclare, County Antrim. Most of Ireland's gas comes through
interconnectors between Twynholm in Scotland and Ballylumford, County Antrim
and Loughshinny, County Dublin. A decreasing supply is coming from the Kinsale gas field off the County
Cork coast and the Corrib Gas Field off the coast of County Mayo has yet to come on-line. The County
Mayo field is facing some localised opposition over a controversial decision to refine the gas onshore.
Research and development in Ireland in renewable energy such as wind power has increased since
2004. Large wind farms are being constructed in coastal counties such as Cork, Donegal, Mayo and
Antrim. The construction of wind farms has in some cases been delayed by opposition from local
communities, some of whom overall consider the wind turbines to be unsightly. The Republic of Ireland is
also hindered by an ageing network that was not designed to handle the varying availability of power that
comes from wind farms. The ESB's Turlough Hill facility is the only power-storage facility in the state.
16. Management Style
Intercultural Management
Being a Manager in Ireland
Successful cross cultural management should take into account the fact that the business set
up in Ireland is a bit less formal and ritualized than it is in many European countries. In general,
the Irish work hard but they also take time to enjoy life and expect others to do the same.
There are radical differences between entrepreneurial and high tech companies and those that
favor the old traditions. One might expect these two perspectives to be in constant conflict;
however, the Irish seem able to balance them.
The Role of a Manager
Cross cultural communiciation will be more effective when working in Ireland when you
remember that the most productive managers in Ireland recognize and value the specialized
knowledge that employees at all levels bring. Employees expect to be consulted on decisions
that affect them and the greater good of the organization.
Newcomers to the Irish management style should carefully study the corporate culture of
specific companies because they may vary from being hierarchical to rather egalitarian.
Consequently, employees will range from feeling empowered to speak out in the management
process, to those who believe it is most important to simply execute the instructions by their
leadership.
Employees expect to be praised and complimented for work done well, although they prefer
praise be given in private. The Irish are wary of praise that is not deserved, so be certain that
your comments are genuine and specific to the individual performance.
Approach to Change
Ireland’s intercultural adaptability and readiness for change is developing all the time. Ireland is
seen to have a medium tolerance for change and risk. It is important for innovations to have a
track record or history noting the benefits if they are to be accepted and implemented.
17. The fear of exposure, and the potential of embarrassment that may accompany failure, brings
about aversion to risk and the need to thoroughly examine the potential negative implications.
While in risk-tolerant environments, failure is perceived as a learning process that encourages
confidence in future ventures, failure in Ireland causes a long-term loss of confidence by the
individual as well as by others. Because of this attitude, intercultural sensitivity is going to be
required, especially when conducting group meetings and discussing contributions made my
participating individuals.
Approach to Time and Priorities
Ireland is a moderate time culture meaning they may, at times, be slightly more relaxed about
deadlines. Nevertheless, the expectations of intercultural and global expansion have caused the
Irish to adopt relatively strict standards of adhering to schedules.
When working with people from Ireland, it’s advisable to reinforce the importance of the agreed-
upon deadlines and how that may affect the rest of the organization. Successful intercultural
management will depend on the individual’s ability to meet deadlines.
Decision Making
The Irish have a rather democratic approach to hierarchy and do not see marked differences
between managers and their subordinates. While in some large companies, senior level
managers are the key decision-makers, employees' opinions are still sought and considered
before a final determination is made.
Boss or Team Player ?
In Ireland, groups collaborate well together as teams. Members are generally chosen to
participate based on tangible skills or the knowledge base they bring, and are equally welcome
to contribute to any discussion that may arise. They are encouraged to generate new ideas that
may further the direction of the plan or spawn a new track entirely. In successful, dynamic
teams, all members are valued for their actual and potential contribution, and all are treated with
equal respect.
18. Communication and Negotiation Styles
The Irish do not like to say "no" so to avoid cross cultural miscommunication, make sure
you understand what has or has not been agreed. They prefer to offer noncommittal
responses such as "maybe". The Irish focus on short-term results and benefits when
reaching decisions. Avoid confrontational behavior or high-pressure tactics, which can
be counterproductive. Never make exaggerated claims about your products or delivery
dates. The Irish are more impressed by results than promises. The Irish prefer to do
business with people they feel comfortable with, so be prepared to engage in some
casual relationship building, such as dinner or drinks at a local pub.