Radon gas occurs naturally in the environment and is present in outdoor and
indoor air throughout the world. Radium, which is the source of radon gas, is a
natural and minor constituent of many common building materials such as
concrete, brick, gypsum, and natural stone. Granite and other stones that are a
popular choice for countertops and other decorative features in homes have been
evaluated extensively. Over 500 measurements of radon emissions from granite
have been published in the peer reviewed scientific literature. This information
provides a reasonable basis for preliminary estimates of typical and upper bound
levels of radon in indoor air of homes associated with emissions from natural
stone countertops.
The average and maximum radon concentrations estimated from these data to
result from emissions by natural stone are low in comparison to relevant
benchmarks of radon exposure. The radon concentration estimated as a result of
average radon emissions from natural stone reported in the scientific literature is
approximately:
f 300 times lower than (or 0.3% of) levels of radon in outdoor air,
f 1,000 times below (or 0.001% of) the average concentration of radon found in
the air of U.S. homes, and
f 3,000 times less than (or 0.00004% of) the action level for indoor air
recommended by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
This document discusses the development and use of low-cost "PiOxide" sensors to measure carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations in urban environments. The sensors use a Raspberry Pi microcontroller and non-dispersive infrared sensors to detect CO2 levels along with temperature, pressure, and humidity readings to increase measurement accuracy. Initial testing of the sensors found higher CO2 levels in Washington D.C.'s high traffic areas compared to parks, and demonstrated CO2 fluctuations throughout the day and week. The goal is to expand the sensor network to provide an open, citywide greenhouse gas dataset and better understand local anthropogenic impacts on CO2 domes in urban areas.
This document introduces the problem of urban heat islands and their relationship to ground-level ozone formation. It aims to investigate how surface modifications in Chicago could affect temperatures and ozone levels. The document is divided into sections on the urban heat island phenomenon, air quality and ozone, and a case study of Chicago. It outlines objectives to analyze Chicago's urban fabric, temperature and ozone patterns, and evaluate mitigation strategies like increasing vegetation and using lighter surfaces.
Environmental Factors Affecting Dimensional Stone QuarryingSushant Kumar
This document summarizes a study on the use of stone waste materials in construction. It finds that up to 30% replacement of natural aggregates with stone chips in concrete is economically viable and reduces waste. Stone waste can also be used to make floor finishes, bricks, tiles, and composites. The document also examines using vetiver grass to rehabilitate mine tailings and stabilize dump yard slopes, noting its strong root system and tolerance of various soil conditions.
Our team can assist with testing and mitigating your multi-family units. Whether or not you receive HUD assistance, radon testing and mitigation is the right thing to do to prevent lung cancer in your residents.
New "research" by anti-drilling researchers at Johns Hopkins University that purports to show a connection between fracked shale wells in PA and an increase in radon in PA homes. Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health researchers rather simplistically say that levels of radon in PA homes have been going up since 2004--when the first Marcellus Shale well was drilled in the state. They also say prior to 2004 levels of radon in PA homes was pretty much steady-state--that it did not increase. Since the "big thing" that's happened over the past decade is a lot of Marcellus drilling, voila, must be those nasty frackers are the source.
Radon is a naturally occurring radioactive gas that can accumulate in homes and pose a lung cancer risk. It enters homes through cracks in foundations and walls. Testing homes with a radon kit is recommended, with levels above 200 Bq/m3 posing a health risk. Reducing radon involves sealing cracks and installing ventilation systems. Testing and mitigation services are available from certified radon professionals.
Radon is a radioactive element that naturally occurs from the normal decay of trace elements like uranium, thorium, and radium locked in rocks and soil. This gas has no odor or taste, making it impossible to detect via the senses.
New type of multi-purpose standard radon chamber in south koreaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes the development of a new multi-purpose standard radon chamber in South Korea. The chamber was designed to evaluate radon emission rates from natural and artificial sources under different conditions, calibrate radon detectors, and assess the efficiency of radon mitigation systems. It has the ability to control temperature, humidity and air flow. Computational fluid dynamics modeling can also simulate radon movement within the chamber. The chamber fills an important need as existing chambers in South Korea are not widely used due to lack of demand. It will help advance radon research and regulation in the country.
This document discusses the development and use of low-cost "PiOxide" sensors to measure carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations in urban environments. The sensors use a Raspberry Pi microcontroller and non-dispersive infrared sensors to detect CO2 levels along with temperature, pressure, and humidity readings to increase measurement accuracy. Initial testing of the sensors found higher CO2 levels in Washington D.C.'s high traffic areas compared to parks, and demonstrated CO2 fluctuations throughout the day and week. The goal is to expand the sensor network to provide an open, citywide greenhouse gas dataset and better understand local anthropogenic impacts on CO2 domes in urban areas.
This document introduces the problem of urban heat islands and their relationship to ground-level ozone formation. It aims to investigate how surface modifications in Chicago could affect temperatures and ozone levels. The document is divided into sections on the urban heat island phenomenon, air quality and ozone, and a case study of Chicago. It outlines objectives to analyze Chicago's urban fabric, temperature and ozone patterns, and evaluate mitigation strategies like increasing vegetation and using lighter surfaces.
Environmental Factors Affecting Dimensional Stone QuarryingSushant Kumar
This document summarizes a study on the use of stone waste materials in construction. It finds that up to 30% replacement of natural aggregates with stone chips in concrete is economically viable and reduces waste. Stone waste can also be used to make floor finishes, bricks, tiles, and composites. The document also examines using vetiver grass to rehabilitate mine tailings and stabilize dump yard slopes, noting its strong root system and tolerance of various soil conditions.
Our team can assist with testing and mitigating your multi-family units. Whether or not you receive HUD assistance, radon testing and mitigation is the right thing to do to prevent lung cancer in your residents.
New "research" by anti-drilling researchers at Johns Hopkins University that purports to show a connection between fracked shale wells in PA and an increase in radon in PA homes. Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health researchers rather simplistically say that levels of radon in PA homes have been going up since 2004--when the first Marcellus Shale well was drilled in the state. They also say prior to 2004 levels of radon in PA homes was pretty much steady-state--that it did not increase. Since the "big thing" that's happened over the past decade is a lot of Marcellus drilling, voila, must be those nasty frackers are the source.
Radon is a naturally occurring radioactive gas that can accumulate in homes and pose a lung cancer risk. It enters homes through cracks in foundations and walls. Testing homes with a radon kit is recommended, with levels above 200 Bq/m3 posing a health risk. Reducing radon involves sealing cracks and installing ventilation systems. Testing and mitigation services are available from certified radon professionals.
Radon is a radioactive element that naturally occurs from the normal decay of trace elements like uranium, thorium, and radium locked in rocks and soil. This gas has no odor or taste, making it impossible to detect via the senses.
New type of multi-purpose standard radon chamber in south koreaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes the development of a new multi-purpose standard radon chamber in South Korea. The chamber was designed to evaluate radon emission rates from natural and artificial sources under different conditions, calibrate radon detectors, and assess the efficiency of radon mitigation systems. It has the ability to control temperature, humidity and air flow. Computational fluid dynamics modeling can also simulate radon movement within the chamber. The chamber fills an important need as existing chambers in South Korea are not widely used due to lack of demand. It will help advance radon research and regulation in the country.
Radon is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless radioactive gas that can seep into homes and buildings, posing serious health risks. In Nova Scotia, where radon levels can vary, it's crucial for homeowners to understand the importance of radon testing and how to proceed with the process.
This document provides information about radon and recommends testing homes for radon levels. It notes that radon is a radioactive gas that comes from soil and enters homes through cracks, causing lung cancer. It recommends testing all homes for radon levels and fixing homes with levels over 4 pCi/L. Radon can be found all over the U.S. and is a significant cause of lung cancer deaths each year. Testing is easy and inexpensive, and high radon levels can be reduced through mitigation systems.
This document provides a summary of radon and recommendations for testing homes for radon. It notes that radon is a radioactive gas that can cause lung cancer, with an estimated 21,000 lung cancer deaths per year in the US. It recommends that all homes be tested for radon using inexpensive test kits, and that high radon levels above 4 pCi/L be fixed. It provides information on how radon enters homes and how to conduct both short-term and long-term radon tests.
Radon is a colorless, odorless radioactive gas found naturally in soil and rock that can enter homes through cracks and seams in the foundation. Prolonged exposure to radon increases the risk of lung cancer, with 10% of lung cancers worldwide due to radon exposure. Health Canada provides information to test radon levels in homes and recommends taking action if levels are above 200 Bq/m3, the new safety guideline lowered from the previous level of 800 Bq/m3. Simple measures like improving basement ventilation or sealing cracks may reduce radon levels in some homes.
Radon is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless radioactive gas that can seep into homes and buildings, posing serious health risks. In Nova Scotia, where radon levels can vary, it's crucial for homeowners to understand the importance of radon testing and how to proceed with the process.
Radon is a radioactive gas produced by the natural decay of uranium in soil, rock, and water. It is the second leading cause of lung cancer in the United States. Radon cannot be seen, tasted, or smelled and can only be detected through testing. It migrates up from the soil and into homes through cracks in foundations and gaps around pipes. Indoor levels should not exceed 4.0 pCi/L according to the EPA. Short and long term testing kits are available to test radon levels in homes, and elevated levels can be mitigated through systems that vent radon gas to the outside.
Radon is a radioactive gas that occurs naturally and can accumulate in homes, potentially causing lung cancer. It is colorless, odorless and tasteless. It is produced from the radioactive decay of uranium in soil and rock and enters homes through cracks and gaps in foundations. Testing involves measuring radon levels over a minimum of 48 hours using various devices. If levels exceed 4 pCi/L, mitigation such as sealing entry points and installing sub-slab depressurization systems is recommended to reduce radon levels.
Statement of Robert W. Howarth to Congress on the Dangers of FrackingMarcellus Drilling News
Cornell Professor Robert Howarth, Ph.D., appeared before a congressional subcommittee on May 31, 2012 to deliver his standard litany of fearmongering that fracking is unsafe and should be slowed or stopped. This is the official trascript of his prepared remarks.
Influence of chimney effect on the radon effective dose of the lung simulated...IOSR Journals
One of the well-known radon prone areas of the world is Ramsar in Iran, which is surrounded by the
Alborz Mountain in its southern part and Caspian Sea on the north. The annual effective dose in the district of
Talesh-Mahalleh is higher than the annual dose limits for radiation workers. In this study, the indoor radon
level and effective dose of the lung were estimated using a Prassi portable radon gas survey meter in a model
house containing top soil samples from different parts of Ramsar. For the extremely hot samples, the effective
dose of the lung in winter season was 27.75±2.55mSv, when the windows and exhaust part of chimney were
closed. However, when the chimney was turned on and the exhaust part of chimney was open, the effective dose
of the lung was reduced to 1.27±0.23mSv. Also the seasonal radon effective doses of the lung with other samples
were reduced to low values. The results suggest by using chimney effect and chimney heaters a significant
lessening of the radon seasonal effective dose in dwellings of Ramsar can be achieved.
2 studies on radon exhalation rate from construction materials of mandya dist...BIOLOGICAL FORUM
ABSTRACT: Human beings are continuously exposed to ionizing radiation from naturally occurring radioactive elements present in the earth crust and in the atmosphere. On the surface of the earth, the concentration of radionuclides varies from place to place depending on local geology and geography. Radon is a radioactive inert gas, which contribute a major portion of the radiation dose received by the world population. The 222Rn exhalation rate was studied in the samples of construction materials used in Mandya district, Karnataka state, India. The 222Rn exhalation rate in the samples of construction materials used in large amounts varied from 5.75 to 15.62 mBq kg-1 h-1. Higher 222Rn exhalation rates were observed in M-sand and crusher dust. The 222Rn exhalation rate in the samples of construction materials used in small amounts varied from below detection level to 32.73 mBq kg-1 h-1. Maximum rate of 222Rn exhalation was observed in the samples of red granite.
Effect of Temperature and Humidity on Indoor Radon Concentrationijtsrd
This document presents the results of an experiment that investigated the effect of temperature and humidity on indoor radon concentration. Nine experiments were conducted in a laboratory where the temperature and humidity were controlled. Indoor radon concentration was measured under different temperature (10°C, 20°C, 30°C) and humidity (20%, 50%, 80%) conditions. The results showed a negative correlation between temperature and radon concentration, with radon concentration decreasing as temperature increased. There was a slight positive correlation between humidity and radon concentration. Specifically, at lower temperatures, higher humidity was correlated with higher radon levels.
Radon is the second leading cause of lung cancer, causing an estimated 21,000 deaths in the United States annually. Unfortunately, Tennessee is a hotbed for radon.
Most of the cancer risk resulting from radon in the household water supply is due to inhalation of the radioactive by-products that are produced from radon that has been released from the water into the air, rather than from drinking water.
This document summarizes a study that measured levels of radon, thoron, and their progeny in dwellings in some areas of India over different seasons. Radon-thoron dosimeter cups containing solid state nuclear track detectors were placed in dwellings for three months periods during rainy, winter, and summer seasons. Higher average radon concentrations and annual effective doses were observed during winter compared to other seasons. Measurements were made to observe the effect of environmental conditions on radon-thoron levels throughout the year.
This document summarizes a study that measured 222Rn activity levels in 198 groundwater wells in southern Quebec, Canada. The goals were to examine the relationship between 222Rn levels and local geology/hydrogeology and to estimate potential health risks. Most wells showed low 222Rn activities below 100 Bq/L, the WHO limit for groundwater. Higher levels up to 310 Bq/L were found in wells tapping the Appalachian Mountains and Mont-Saint-Hilaire intrusion, known U-rich areas. 222Rn levels seemed related to lithological differences between more U-rich metasediments and magmatic intrusions versus carbonaceous silty shales. Radon was slightly enriched
This document discusses radon gas and its applications in geology and environmental science. It begins by defining radon as a radioactive gas produced by the decay of radium within uranium. It then covers several key points about radon including its mobility in geological environments, concentrations depending on parent radium, and upward migration along faults.
The document outlines three important issues regarding radon studies: presence in groundwater, radon potential in soil and flux at the surface, and concentrations inside homes. It also discusses methods of measuring radon in soil using soil air samples or solid state nuclear track detectors.
Finally, the document discusses applications of radon monitoring including risk assessment from soil, identification of faults, hydrocarbon exploration, and
Radon is a naturally occurring, colorless, odorless gas that is a leading environmental health risk. It comes from the decay of uranium in soil and enters homes through cracks in foundations. Studies show a clear link between radon exposure and increased lung cancer risk, even at levels below the EPA's action level of 4 pCi/L. Radon is responsible for about 21,000 lung cancer deaths per year in the United States, making it a major public health issue. Home testing and mitigation are recommended where radon levels are at or above the EPA's action level to reduce risk of lung cancer from radon exposure.
Radon is a naturally occurring, colorless, odorless gas that is a leading environmental health risk in Minnesota. It enters homes and buildings from the soil and can cause lung cancer when the radon decays into radioactive particles that are inhaled. Studies of miners and homes with radon exposure show a linear relationship between radon levels and increased cases of lung cancer, even at levels below the EPA's action level of 4 pCi/L. Radon exposure is responsible for about 21,000 lung cancer deaths per year in the United States, making it a major public health issue. Minnesota residents need to test homes and take action to reduce radon levels if above the EPA guideline.
Bathroom Collection by Cosentino is a unique concept in the
architectural sector, based on the use of single materials
that offer superior performance and remarkable beauty
This document provides information about Silestone quartz surfaces for kitchen and bathroom applications. It discusses the key features of Silestone including its durability, stain and scratch resistance, variety of colors and textures, large slab sizes, and 25-year warranty. It also shows photos of kitchen and bathroom projects using Silestone and promotes its authenticity as the original quartz brand.
Radon is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless radioactive gas that can seep into homes and buildings, posing serious health risks. In Nova Scotia, where radon levels can vary, it's crucial for homeowners to understand the importance of radon testing and how to proceed with the process.
This document provides information about radon and recommends testing homes for radon levels. It notes that radon is a radioactive gas that comes from soil and enters homes through cracks, causing lung cancer. It recommends testing all homes for radon levels and fixing homes with levels over 4 pCi/L. Radon can be found all over the U.S. and is a significant cause of lung cancer deaths each year. Testing is easy and inexpensive, and high radon levels can be reduced through mitigation systems.
This document provides a summary of radon and recommendations for testing homes for radon. It notes that radon is a radioactive gas that can cause lung cancer, with an estimated 21,000 lung cancer deaths per year in the US. It recommends that all homes be tested for radon using inexpensive test kits, and that high radon levels above 4 pCi/L be fixed. It provides information on how radon enters homes and how to conduct both short-term and long-term radon tests.
Radon is a colorless, odorless radioactive gas found naturally in soil and rock that can enter homes through cracks and seams in the foundation. Prolonged exposure to radon increases the risk of lung cancer, with 10% of lung cancers worldwide due to radon exposure. Health Canada provides information to test radon levels in homes and recommends taking action if levels are above 200 Bq/m3, the new safety guideline lowered from the previous level of 800 Bq/m3. Simple measures like improving basement ventilation or sealing cracks may reduce radon levels in some homes.
Radon is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless radioactive gas that can seep into homes and buildings, posing serious health risks. In Nova Scotia, where radon levels can vary, it's crucial for homeowners to understand the importance of radon testing and how to proceed with the process.
Radon is a radioactive gas produced by the natural decay of uranium in soil, rock, and water. It is the second leading cause of lung cancer in the United States. Radon cannot be seen, tasted, or smelled and can only be detected through testing. It migrates up from the soil and into homes through cracks in foundations and gaps around pipes. Indoor levels should not exceed 4.0 pCi/L according to the EPA. Short and long term testing kits are available to test radon levels in homes, and elevated levels can be mitigated through systems that vent radon gas to the outside.
Radon is a radioactive gas that occurs naturally and can accumulate in homes, potentially causing lung cancer. It is colorless, odorless and tasteless. It is produced from the radioactive decay of uranium in soil and rock and enters homes through cracks and gaps in foundations. Testing involves measuring radon levels over a minimum of 48 hours using various devices. If levels exceed 4 pCi/L, mitigation such as sealing entry points and installing sub-slab depressurization systems is recommended to reduce radon levels.
Statement of Robert W. Howarth to Congress on the Dangers of FrackingMarcellus Drilling News
Cornell Professor Robert Howarth, Ph.D., appeared before a congressional subcommittee on May 31, 2012 to deliver his standard litany of fearmongering that fracking is unsafe and should be slowed or stopped. This is the official trascript of his prepared remarks.
Influence of chimney effect on the radon effective dose of the lung simulated...IOSR Journals
One of the well-known radon prone areas of the world is Ramsar in Iran, which is surrounded by the
Alborz Mountain in its southern part and Caspian Sea on the north. The annual effective dose in the district of
Talesh-Mahalleh is higher than the annual dose limits for radiation workers. In this study, the indoor radon
level and effective dose of the lung were estimated using a Prassi portable radon gas survey meter in a model
house containing top soil samples from different parts of Ramsar. For the extremely hot samples, the effective
dose of the lung in winter season was 27.75±2.55mSv, when the windows and exhaust part of chimney were
closed. However, when the chimney was turned on and the exhaust part of chimney was open, the effective dose
of the lung was reduced to 1.27±0.23mSv. Also the seasonal radon effective doses of the lung with other samples
were reduced to low values. The results suggest by using chimney effect and chimney heaters a significant
lessening of the radon seasonal effective dose in dwellings of Ramsar can be achieved.
2 studies on radon exhalation rate from construction materials of mandya dist...BIOLOGICAL FORUM
ABSTRACT: Human beings are continuously exposed to ionizing radiation from naturally occurring radioactive elements present in the earth crust and in the atmosphere. On the surface of the earth, the concentration of radionuclides varies from place to place depending on local geology and geography. Radon is a radioactive inert gas, which contribute a major portion of the radiation dose received by the world population. The 222Rn exhalation rate was studied in the samples of construction materials used in Mandya district, Karnataka state, India. The 222Rn exhalation rate in the samples of construction materials used in large amounts varied from 5.75 to 15.62 mBq kg-1 h-1. Higher 222Rn exhalation rates were observed in M-sand and crusher dust. The 222Rn exhalation rate in the samples of construction materials used in small amounts varied from below detection level to 32.73 mBq kg-1 h-1. Maximum rate of 222Rn exhalation was observed in the samples of red granite.
Effect of Temperature and Humidity on Indoor Radon Concentrationijtsrd
This document presents the results of an experiment that investigated the effect of temperature and humidity on indoor radon concentration. Nine experiments were conducted in a laboratory where the temperature and humidity were controlled. Indoor radon concentration was measured under different temperature (10°C, 20°C, 30°C) and humidity (20%, 50%, 80%) conditions. The results showed a negative correlation between temperature and radon concentration, with radon concentration decreasing as temperature increased. There was a slight positive correlation between humidity and radon concentration. Specifically, at lower temperatures, higher humidity was correlated with higher radon levels.
Radon is the second leading cause of lung cancer, causing an estimated 21,000 deaths in the United States annually. Unfortunately, Tennessee is a hotbed for radon.
Most of the cancer risk resulting from radon in the household water supply is due to inhalation of the radioactive by-products that are produced from radon that has been released from the water into the air, rather than from drinking water.
This document summarizes a study that measured levels of radon, thoron, and their progeny in dwellings in some areas of India over different seasons. Radon-thoron dosimeter cups containing solid state nuclear track detectors were placed in dwellings for three months periods during rainy, winter, and summer seasons. Higher average radon concentrations and annual effective doses were observed during winter compared to other seasons. Measurements were made to observe the effect of environmental conditions on radon-thoron levels throughout the year.
This document summarizes a study that measured 222Rn activity levels in 198 groundwater wells in southern Quebec, Canada. The goals were to examine the relationship between 222Rn levels and local geology/hydrogeology and to estimate potential health risks. Most wells showed low 222Rn activities below 100 Bq/L, the WHO limit for groundwater. Higher levels up to 310 Bq/L were found in wells tapping the Appalachian Mountains and Mont-Saint-Hilaire intrusion, known U-rich areas. 222Rn levels seemed related to lithological differences between more U-rich metasediments and magmatic intrusions versus carbonaceous silty shales. Radon was slightly enriched
This document discusses radon gas and its applications in geology and environmental science. It begins by defining radon as a radioactive gas produced by the decay of radium within uranium. It then covers several key points about radon including its mobility in geological environments, concentrations depending on parent radium, and upward migration along faults.
The document outlines three important issues regarding radon studies: presence in groundwater, radon potential in soil and flux at the surface, and concentrations inside homes. It also discusses methods of measuring radon in soil using soil air samples or solid state nuclear track detectors.
Finally, the document discusses applications of radon monitoring including risk assessment from soil, identification of faults, hydrocarbon exploration, and
Radon is a naturally occurring, colorless, odorless gas that is a leading environmental health risk. It comes from the decay of uranium in soil and enters homes through cracks in foundations. Studies show a clear link between radon exposure and increased lung cancer risk, even at levels below the EPA's action level of 4 pCi/L. Radon is responsible for about 21,000 lung cancer deaths per year in the United States, making it a major public health issue. Home testing and mitigation are recommended where radon levels are at or above the EPA's action level to reduce risk of lung cancer from radon exposure.
Radon is a naturally occurring, colorless, odorless gas that is a leading environmental health risk in Minnesota. It enters homes and buildings from the soil and can cause lung cancer when the radon decays into radioactive particles that are inhaled. Studies of miners and homes with radon exposure show a linear relationship between radon levels and increased cases of lung cancer, even at levels below the EPA's action level of 4 pCi/L. Radon exposure is responsible for about 21,000 lung cancer deaths per year in the United States, making it a major public health issue. Minnesota residents need to test homes and take action to reduce radon levels if above the EPA guideline.
Bathroom Collection by Cosentino is a unique concept in the
architectural sector, based on the use of single materials
that offer superior performance and remarkable beauty
This document provides information about Silestone quartz surfaces for kitchen and bathroom applications. It discusses the key features of Silestone including its durability, stain and scratch resistance, variety of colors and textures, large slab sizes, and 25-year warranty. It also shows photos of kitchen and bathroom projects using Silestone and promotes its authenticity as the original quartz brand.
Silestone and ECO by Cosentino are quartz and recycled surface materials, respectively, that offer various benefits for kitchen and bathroom countertops and flooring. They have bacteriostatic properties, are highly resistant to scratches, impacts, stains and acids. Silestone comes in over 70 colors while ECO by Cosentino contains 75% recycled materials. Both products come with a 10 year warranty and have obtained various certifications. Dekton is an ultrathin and ultracompact surface material that is extremely resistant to abrasion, stains, scratches and heat, making it suitable for high performance countertops. It is available in large formats up to 3200 x 1440 mm
2 We know that nature is infinite,
something that is impossible to
reproduce. In Silestone, it is our
constant source of inspiration as a
unique and perfect representation of
what we try to offer our customers.
1 Sabemos que la naturaleza es
un ente inabarcable, algo imposible
de replicar. En Silestone, la tenemos
como constante inspiración, como
referencia perfecta y sublime de lo
que intentamos ofrecer a nuestros
clientes.
Silestone® and ECO Line Colour Series are low
porous surfaces and therefore highly resistant to
everyday domestic stains. For regular cleaning
of Silestone® or ECO Line Colour Series surfaces,
Cosentino S.A. recommends you use Q-Action. If
Q-Action is not available, water and mild/neutral
soap is the best option for regular cleaning.
This guide provides information and recommendations
on health and safety issues to be considered
in the cutting, grinding, polishing and installation
of SILESTONE®, DEKTON®, ECO, SENSA,
SCALEA, INTEGRITY AND PREXURY BY COSENTINO®.
A perfect surface is like the icing on a cake.
It is the final touch, your own personal
signature. With Caesarstone’s vast array of
colors, styles and motifs you are sure to find
your perfect design. Whether for the kitchen,
bathroom, or any space you can envision,
there is a Caesarstone surface that meets the
highest standards of quality while inspiring
creativity
H
e r i t a g e T i l e was created out of a need for tilework that embodies the same quality and craftsmanship
as period architecture. Every Heritage Tile collection has been carefully designed to reproduce the specific
time & place that defines your home to restore its original character and period authenticity. Heritage Tile
collections each offer a complete solution for the period home, composed of the appropriate surface finishes, color palettes,
trim and mouldings elements, floor mosaics, decorative designs, and ceramic accessories that define its period style.
Durable, versatile and aff ordable mosaics have been used
for more than 100 years in American architecture.
Creating historically inspired mosaic patterns is still possible
with Subway Mosaics. Th e vintage fl oors of pre-war homes
and buildings can be re-created today. Choose from our
catalog of historic classic fi elds and popular patterns or make
your own design. With 24 colors, 4 shapes and 7 sizes, the
possibilities are almost unlimited.
W
e are honored to present Japanese Tile, a carefully curated collection of artisan finishes. A region
known for its ceramic wares, the Tajimi area of central Japan embodies the history of the 16th
century kilns that still inhabit the landscape. Craftsmen today carry on the tradition of the Mino ware
in their ceramic tile design and production. With their natural hues and harmonious textures, these tiles allow you to create
a soothing and calm space for your projects.
Arabesque, intertwining, lacework in stone and marble. Fluid geometry defines the Talya
Collection from Sara Baldwin Design exclusively for Marble Systems. Influenced by the
extraordinary material culture and decorative artistic achievements of the Ottoman Empire,
“Talya” references centuries-old traditional motifs while also feeling completely current.
Sara Baldwin’s signature style has gained international attention. For over twenty years, Sara and
her prolific team in Virginia have created trends in stone and glass surfaces and flooring. The
Talya Collection was inspired by their travels to Turkey and the Middle East, and we sincerely
hope that Talya will serve as a metaphor for cultural bridges of all kinds.
This document is a slab catalog listing over 200 granite and limestone slabs. For each slab entry it provides the slab name, product code, finish and thickness. The majority of slabs are listed as polished and in a thickness of 1 1/4 inches. A wide variety of colors and patterns are represented from blacks, whites and grays to reds, greens and more decorative slabs. The catalog also includes a smaller section listing limestone slabs with similar information.
Since 1982, Marble Systems Inc. has been committed to creating exquisite collections of natural stone. Quarried and
processed to exacting specifications using the latest manufacturing technology, our product lines are produced in a wide
variety of specialized surface finishes ranging from our smooth Patika and polished lines to our rustic tumbled, chiseled,
and antiqued designs.
With distribution and design centers in Washington, D.C., New York, Florida and Los Angeles, Marble Systems is uniquely
positioned to provide an extensive supply of the industry’s highest quality natural stone products.
Why? Marble Systems is the exclusive distributor of The Tureks Stone Collection, bringing with it the strength of expert
quarry and manufacturing operations and the highest levels of quality control, while insuring for the quality, consistency
and supply of trade professionals and dealers. We control our stock from the quarry, to the factory, from our warehouse,
to your door.
Today, Marble Systems has emerged as the leading choice among top architects, interior designers and discriminating
homeowners seeking the finest in natural stone products. Several of our most prestigious projects include: Merrck Plaza,
Miami, Trump Plaza, New York, and the Bellagio Casino, Las Vegas.
If you’re looking for the finest selection of natural stone, select Marble Systems. The clear leading source for naturally
beautiful surfaces.
This document provides an overview of 14 porcelain tile collections from a manufacturer. It includes the collection names and product images. For each collection there is a 1-2 sentence description of the design and style. The document also includes technical specification sheets for some collections.
Since 1982, Marble Systems Inc. has been committed to creating exquisite collections of natural stone. Quarried and
processed to exacting specifications using the latest manufacturing technology, our product lines are produced in a wide
variety of specialized surface finishes ranging from our smooth Patika and polished lines to our rustic tumbled, chiseled,
and antiqued designs.
With distribution and design centers in Washington, D.C., New York, Florida and Los Angeles, Marble Systems is uniquely
positioned to provide an extensive supply of the industry’s highest quality natural stone products.
Why? Marble Systems is the exclusive distributor of The Tureks Stone Collection, bringing with it the strength of expert
quarry and manufacturing operations and the highest levels of quality control, while insuring for the quality, consistency
and supply of trade professionals and dealers. We control our stock from the quarry, to the factory, from our warehouse,
to your door.
Today, Marble Systems has emerged as the leading choice among top architects, interior designers and discriminating
homeowners seeking the finest in natural stone products. Several of our most prestigious projects include: Merrck Plaza,
Miami, Trump Plaza, New York, and the Bellagio Casino, Las Vegas.
If you’re looking for the finest selection of natural stone, select Marble Systems. The clear leading source for naturally
beautiful surfaces.
Phoenix is well known for incorporating distinctive
design approaches into uniquely modern
southwestern homes. One needs to look no further
than this incredible residence to see the success of
such an approach.
With an exterior oasis that contrasts the stark desert
surround, the interior of the home boasts powerful
natural stone walls throughout the bedrooms and
common areas, while the bright open layout of the
master bathroom showcases how pebbles, wood
and glass can be combined to create an enviable
modern environment.
A TRUE CLASSIC, Crema Mar l is a warm marble with exquisite veining.
It would be difficult to find any stone more beautiful and versatile than Crema Marfil.
The document describes a tile design called Granada. It has a geometric pattern inspired by traditional textiles, mixing classic motifs with a contemporary style. The tile is composed of stone and glass, giving it a timeless feel through the contrast of the translucent glass and solid stone elegance. Installation and usage notes are provided for the Granada tile, recommending grout choices and applications for both residential and commercial interior walls and floors.
Kumar Codename Fireworks at Hadapsar Link Road, Pune - PDF.pdfmonikasharma630
Codename Fireworks developed by Kumar Properties is a new residential development that offers 2/3 BHK premium residences with easy access to proposed ring road, airport, metro station.
For More Details:
Visit Here: kumar.developerprojects.com
Living in an UBER World - June '24 Sales MeetingTom Blefko
June 2024 Lancaster County Sales Meeting for Berkshire Hathaway HomeServices Homesale Realty covering the following topics: 1. VA Suspends Buyer Agent Payment Plan (article), 2. Frequently Used Terms in title, 3. Zillow Showcase Overview, 4. QuickBuy commission promotion, 5. Documenting Cooperative Compensation, 6. NAR's Code of Ethics - Mass Media Solicitations, 7. Is it really cheaper to rent? 8. Do's and Don't's when Terminating the Agreement of Sale, 9. Living in an UBER World
BEST FARMLAND FOR SALE | FARM PLOTS NEAR BANGALORE | KANAKAPURA | CHICKKABALP...knox groups real estate
welcome to knox groups real estate company in Bangalore. best farm land for sale near Bangalore and madhugiri . Managed farmland near Kanakapura and Chickkabalapur get know more details about the projects .Knox groups is a leading real estate company dedicated to helping individuals and businesses navigate the dynamic real estate market. With our extensive knowledge, experience, and commitment to excellence, we deliver exceptional results for our clients. Discover the perfect foundation for your agricultural aspirations with KNOX Groups' prime farm lands. These aren't just plots; they're the fertile grounds where vibrant crops flourish, livestock thrives, and unique agricultural ventures come to life. At KNOX, we go beyond selling land we curate sustainable ecosystems, ensuring that your journey toward agricultural success is seamless and prosperous.
AVRUPA KONUTLARI ESENTEPE - ENGLISH - Listing TurkeyListing Turkey
Looking for a new home in Istanbul? Look no further than Avrupa Konutlari Esentepe! Our beautifully designed homes provide the perfect blend of luxury and comfort, making them the perfect choice for anyone looking for a high-quality home in the city.
With a wide range of apartment types available, from 1+1 to 4+1, we have something to suit every need and budget. Each apartment is designed with attention to detail and features spacious and bright living areas, making them the perfect place to relax and unwind after a long day.
One of the things that sets Avrupa Konutlari Esentepe apart from other developments is our focus on creating a community that is both comfortable and convenient. Our homes are surrounded by lush green spaces, perfect for enjoying a peaceful stroll or having a picnic with friends and family. Additionally, our complex includes a variety of social and recreational amenities, such as swimming pools, sports fields, and playgrounds, making it easy for residents to stay active and socialize with their neighbors.
https://listingturkey.com/property/avrupa-konutlari-esentepe/
Stark Builders: Where Quality Meets Craftsmanship!shuilykhatunnil
At Stark Builders our vision is to redefine the renovation experience by combining both stunning design and high quality construction skills. We believe that by delivering both these key aspects together we are able to achieve incredible results for our clients and ensure every project reflects their vision and enhances their lifestyle.
Although we are not all related by blood we have created a team of highly professional and hardworking individuals who share the common goal of delivering beautiful and functional renovated spaces. Our tight nit team are able to work together in a way where we pour our passion into each and every project as we have a love for what we do. Building is our life.
The SVN® organization shares a portion of their new weekly listings via their SVN Live® Weekly Property Broadcast. Visit https://svn.com/svn-live/ if you would like to attend our weekly call, which we open up to the brokerage community.
Anilesh Ahuja Pioneering a Paradigm Shift in Real Estate Success.pptxneilahuja668
Anilesh Ahuja journey is a testament to the power of vision, resilience, and unwavering determination. As a visionary leader, he continues to inspire and empower others to dream big and challenge the status quo. His legacy extends far beyond the realm of real estate, leaving an indelible mark on the industry and the world at large.
2. 1
NATURAL STONE COUNTERTOPS AND RADON
Summary
Radon gas occurs naturally in the environment and is present in outdoor and
indoor air throughout the world. Radium, which is the source of radon gas, is a
natural and minor constituent of many common building materials such as
concrete, brick, gypsum, and natural stone. Granite and other stones that are a
popular choice for countertops and other decorative features in homes have been
evaluated extensively. Over 500 measurements of radon emissions from granite
have been published in the peer reviewed scientific literature. This information
provides a reasonable basis for preliminary estimates of typical and upper bound
levels of radon in indoor air of homes associated with emissions from natural
stone countertops.
The average and maximum radon concentrations estimated from these data to
result from emissions by natural stone are low in comparison to relevant
benchmarks of radon exposure. The radon concentration estimated as a result of
average radon emissions from natural stone reported in the scientific literature is
approximately:
300 times lower than (or 0.3% of) levels of radon in outdoor air,
1,000 times below (or 0.001% of) the average concentration of radon found in
the air of U.S. homes, and
3,000 times less than (or 0.00004% of) the action level for indoor air
recommended by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
Further refined assessments of indoor exposure to radon as a result of emissions
from natural stone will be possible as additional information becomes available
about other types of stones in the marketplace, including their various
applications in homes and radon emission rates. Nonetheless, information
3. 2
available at present indicates that radon levels associated with natural stone
countertops in homes are low in comparison to background levels of exposure and
natural stone is a minor contributor compared to other sources of radon gas.
Introduction
Natural stone is a popular choice for countertops in homes throughout the United
States. These surfaces are typically referred to as “granite” but in fact can consist
of a variety of stone types that includes actual granite and marble. Regardless of
the specific type, all natural stones used as countertops are composed of several
major minerals and numerous minor constituents. Radium is one of the minor
components of some countertops made from natural stone.
Radon, produced from radium, is a radioactive gas that occurs naturally in the
environment and is present in outdoor and indoor air throughout the world.
Radon has been found to pose a health risk for exposed individuals as the
concentration increases. Useful benchmarks for evaluating exposure include
action levels recommended by the EPA, baseline concentrations of radon in
indoor and outdoor air, and goals for radon indoors established by the Congress
of the United States.
In considering the public’s health, we ask an important question - how much do
natural stone countertops contribute to the amount of radon inside U.S. homes in
comparison to those benchmarks? The answer is very little, according to the best
scientific evidence that is available at this time.
The objective of this white paper is to explain why this is the case and to
demonstrate this conclusion with three robust yet simple examples that cover a
range of realistic household conditions.
We begin with a summary of radon emissions from natural stone countertops
reported in the scientific literature; next, describe how ventilation influences
4. 3
levels of radon in indoor air of homes; then present estimates of radon levels in
homes that could arise from natural stone countertops; and conclude by
comparing those levels to the benchmark values mentioned above.
Radon Emissions from Stone Countertops
The amount of radon released from a natural stone countertop in a home depends
on the surface area of countertop in the home and the amount of radon released
per unit area of stone. Sufficient information is available to derive reasonable
estimates for both of those parameters.
An average kitchen with stone countertops has a working surface area of
approximately 50 square feet (ft2) according to a large sample of sales data
provided to Environmental Health & Engineering, Inc. by the Marble Institute of
America, while a typical bathroom installation is approximately 18 ft2 of stone.
Accounting for both the kitchen and bath, the underside face of the counter, and
the thickness of the stone (about 1.2 inches), a typical installation of natural
stone countertop includes a total surface area of approximately 140 ft2. To
produce the most health protective estimates, we assume that the entire surface
area is open to the room and contributing radon to the indoor air.
Over 500 measurements of radon released from granite and marble have been
reported in peer reviewed articles published in the leading scientific journals that
focus on radiation and health.1-17 Stones included in those studies were mined
from quarries throughout the world and reflect the diversity of stones in the U.S.
market. Radon emissions, sometimes called the exhalation rate, are expressed as
the amount of radioactivity released per square foot of stone per hour
(pCi ft-2 h-1). As shown in Figure 1, most of the stones tested so far have an
exhalation rate between 0.1 and 5 pCi ft-2 h-1, while the average and maximum
values are 1.9 and 34 pCi ft-2 h-1, respectively.
5. 4
Figure 1 Distribution of radon exhalation rates reported in the peer-reviewed scientific
literature.
The emission rate for radon from stone countertops in a home is calculated as the
product of the surface area and exhalation rate. A typical kitchen and bath
installation of natural stone countertop that had the average radon exhalation
would result in radon emissions of approximately 270 pCi per hour (140 ft2 of
stone surface area multiplied by a radon exhalation of 1.9 pCi ft-2 h-1). A typical
installation of natural stone with the maximum exhalation rate reported for
natural stones would have a radon emission rate of approximately 4,760 pCi per
hour. The emissions from the stone countertops are then mixed within the
volume of the home and by the exchange of indoor and outdoor air, commonly
referred to as ventilation.
The Role of Ventilation
Residential buildings of all types are designed to “breathe”, that is, to allow
outdoor air to enter inside the home and indoor air to exit to the outside.
Common pathways through which air moves into and out of homes are
6. 5
illustrated in Figure 2. This breathing or ventilation of a home has an important
influence on indoor air concentrations of materials generated by indoor sources,
including radon released from natural stone. In brief, concentrations in indoor air
decrease as ventilation increases. Ventilation is therefore beneficial for reducing
concentrations of materials emitted to indoor air from sources inside of homes.
Figure 2 Illustration of ventilation in homes.
Image courtesy of U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=home_sealing.hm_improvement_sealing
Accessed August 2008.
Two useful and closely related measures of residential airflow are the air
exchange rate (AER) and ventilation rate. AER is the fraction of air inside a
home that is replaced by outdoor air each hour. Ventilation rate is simply the
volume of air flow represented by the AER and is calculated as the interior
volume of a home multiplied by the AER. No home is completely airtight nor
would we want it to be. Without air exchange and ventilation supplying fresh air
and oxygen, we wouldn’t survive in a sealed home. Therefore, to appropriately
assess the potential impact of radon emissions on occupants in a home the
ventilation rate must be included in any evaluation.
7. 6
Ventilation characteristics for U.S. homes are well understood as a result of
numerous studies that have measured AER in a cross-section of residential
buildings across the nation.18 The annual average AER for a typical U.S. home is
generally accepted to be approximately 0.5 per hour.19 This means that a typical
single family home with 1,800 ft2 of living space and 8 foot ceilings has a
ventilation rate of approximately 7,200 ft3 of air per hour (1,800 ft2 x 8 feet x 0.5
per hour). An additional ventilation rate of 0.2 AER is also considered to evaluate
the impact of tighter homes on levels of radon in indoor air.
The next section explains how knowledge of radon emissions from natural stone
in a home and the ventilation rate of a home can be used to estimate radon
concentrations in indoor air with a simple model.
Radon in Indoor Air From Natural Stone
Long-term, whole-house average concentrations of indoor radon associated with
emissions from natural stone can be estimated from the radon emission rates and
ventilation rates discussed above. The concentration in units of picoCuries per
liter of air (pCi L-1)20 is calculated by dividing the radon emission rate by the
ventilation rate, then dividing by a constant to convert from cubic feet to liters of
air.
The results of applying the equation above to three scenarios of radon emission
rates and ventilation rates are summarized in Table 1. Annual average
concentrations of radon are estimated to range from 0.001 pCi L-1 for an average
home with the average radon emission rate to 0.06 pCi L-1 for a tightly
constructed home with the maximum radon emission rate reported in the
scientific literature.
8. 7
Information about normal levels of exposure to radon is presented in the next
section in order to provide a context for interpreting the concentrations estimated
in Table 1.
Exposure to Radon
As noted earlier, radon is a natural part of our environment that is produced
from rocks, soil, and other materials. Background concentrations of radon in
outdoor air are generally about 0.4 picoCuries per liter (pCi L-1). The Congress of
the United States has established a long-term goal that indoor radon levels be no
more than outdoor levels.22
In comparison to background, the average concentration of radon in the air of an
American home is generally considered to be 1.3 pCi L-1, about three times
greater than typical levels in outdoor air.23 Radon levels in indoor air of homes
generally reflect local geology and characteristics specific to the condition of each
home. Important sources of radon in indoor air include radon in outdoor air that
moves indoors and radon in soil gas that enters through the foundation of homes.
Finally, the EPA recommends an action level of 4 pCi L-1for radon concentration
Table 1 Annual average whole house concentration of radon in indoor air for three
scenarios of emissions from natural stone countertops inside of a typical home
Scenario
Radon Emission
Rate
(pCi h-1
)
Ventilation
Rate
(ft3
h-1
)
Radon
Concentration
(pCi L-1
)
Average radon exhalation rate,
average ventilation rate
270 7,200 0.001
Maximum radon exhalation rate,
average ventilation rate
4,760 7,200 0.02
Maximum radon exhalation rate,
minimum ventilation rate
4,760 2,880 0.06
Home with 1,800 ft2
with 8 foot tall ceilings
pCi h-1
picoCurie of radon per hour
ft3
h-1
cubic feet of air per hour
pCi L-1
picoCurie of radon per liter of air
9. 8
in indoor air of homes.24 The EPA recommends that engineering controls be
implemented in homes with concentrations above this action level in order to
reduce exposure to radon.
Figure 3 contains a summary of radon concentrations from granite countertops
estimated for a typical home in comparison to: outdoor levels, the average level in
U.S. homes, and the EPA action level. In a typical home, radon in indoor air
associated with emissions from natural stone countertops having the average
exhalation rate reported in the literature is estimated to be approximately 300
times below outdoor levels, 1,000 times less than the average concentration of
radon inside U.S. homes, and 3,000 times lower than the action level for radon
recommended by the EPA. When a lower air exchange rate is paired with the
maximum emission rate, the indoor radon concentration is still 7 times lower
than outdoors, 12 times lower than the average concentration in U.S. homes and
70 times lower than the EPA action level.
Figure 3 Comparison of radon in residential indoor air associated with natural stone
countertops (using average and maximum emission rates) in comparison to
background levels of radon in outdoor and indoor air, and the action level for radon
in indoor air recommended by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
10. 9
END NOTES
1. Al-Jar Allah, M. (2001). "Radon exhalation from granites used in Saudi
Arabia." Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 53: 91-8.
2. Al-Jar Allah, M., et al. (2001). "Determination of radon exhalation rates from
tiles using active and passive techniques." Radiation Measurements 34: 491-
495.
3. Al-Jar Allah, M., et al. (2005). "Correlation between radon exhalation and
radium content in granite samples used as construction material in Saudi
Arabia." Radiation Measurements 40: 625-629.
4. Arafat, W. (2004). "Specific activity and hazards of granite samples collected
from the Eastern Desert of Egypt." Journal of Environmental Radioactivity
75: 315-27.
5. Chao, C. Y., et al. (1999). "Radon emanation of building material--impact of
back diffusion and difference between one-dimensional and three-dimensional
tests." Health Physics 76: 675-81.
6. Chen, C. J., et al. (1993). "Radon exhalation rate from various building
materials." Health Physics 64: 613-9.
7. El-Dine, N. W., et al. (2001). "Measurement of radioactivity and radon
exhalation rate in different kinds of marbles and granites." Applied Radiation
and Isotopes 55: 853-60.
8. Fazal-ur-Rehman, et al. (2003). "Application of the can technique and radon
gas analyzer for radon exhalation measurements." Applied Radiation and
Isotopes 59: 353-358.
9. Khan, A. J., et al. (1992). "Measurement of radon exhalation rate from some
building materials." Nuclear Tracks and Radiation Measurements 20: 609-
610.
10. Osmanlioglu, A. E. (2006). "Natural radioactivity and evaluation of effective
dose equivalent of granites in Turkey." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 121:
325-9.
11. 10
11. Petropoulos, N. P., et al. (2002). "Photon attenuation, natural radioactivity
content and radon exhalation rate of building materials." Journal of
Environmental Radioactivity 61: 257-69.
12. Righi, S., et al. (2006). "Natural radioactivity and radon exhalation in
building materials used in Italian dwellings." Journal of Environmental
Radioactivity 88: 158-70.
13. Rizzo, S., et al. (2001). "Gamma activity and geochemical features of building
materials: estimation of gamma dose rate and indoor radon levels in Sicily."
Applied Radiation and Isotopes 55: 259-265.
14. Singh, H., et al. (2008). "Radon exhalation rate and uranium estimation study
of some soil and rock samples from Tusham ring complex, India using SSNTD
technique." Radiation Measurements in press:
15. Sonkawade, R. G., et al. (2008). "Natural radioactivity in common building
construction and radiation shielding materials." Atmospheric Environment
42: 2254-2259.
16. Stoulos, S., et al. (2003). "Assessment of natural radiation exposure and radon
exhalation from building materials in Greece." Journal of Environmental
Radioactivity 69: 225-40.
17. Sundar, S. B., et al. (2003). Measurement of radon exhalation rate from
Indian granite tiles. International Radon Symposium. 2: 78-1.3.
18. Exposure Factors Handbook, Chapter 17 Residential Building
Characteristics, National Center for Environmental Assessment, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, 1997.
19. 2005 ASHRAE Handbook—Fundamentals [SI Edition]. Atlanta, GA:
American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers,
Inc.
20. The term “picoCurie per liter” is a measure of the amount of radioactivity in a
liter of air.
21. This calculation represents the whole house concentration in indoor air
assuming that radon is fully mixed throughout the home.
12. 11
22. A Citizen’s Guide to Radon: The Guide to Protecting Yourself and Your
Family From Radon, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Indoor
Environments Division, EPA 402-K-07-009, May 2007.
23. Marcinowski F, et al. (1994). National and regional distributions of airborne
radon concentrations in U.S. homes, Health Physics, 66:699-706.
24. Health Effects of Exposure to Radon, Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation
VI, National Research Council, National Academy Press, 1999.
13. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH & ENGINEERING
117 Fourth Avenue Tel: 800.825.5343
Needham, MA 02494 781.247.4300
Web: www.eheinc.com Fax: 781.247.4305