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COSTING AND PRICING
MS. MARILOU C. ARCEGA
BDD DIVISION CHIEF
DTI-ZAMBALES
2
COSTING
LAYUNIN:
 Upang
maintindihan ang
pagkakaiba ng mga
gastos na direkta
(direct costs)at hindi
direktang bahagi ng
produkto (indirect
costs)
Upang matutunan
ng gumagawa kung
paano kuwentahin
ang puhunan sa isang
piraso o yunit ng
produkto
Upang maunawaan
ang kahalagahan
ng pagkuwenta ng
puhunan sa
paggawa para
malaman ang
kikitain pag
ipinagbili ang
produkto
3
Pagkuwenta ng Puhunan sa Paggawa
• Ito ay proseso
upang malaman
kung magkano ang
puhunan sa
paggawa at kung
magkano ang
presyo sa pagbenta
• Ito ay dapat na
ginagawa bago
simulan ang
paggawa
(produksyon) at
hindi pagkatapos
nito
4
• Ang prosesong ito
ay dapat na alam
at
pinagtutulungan
ng manggagawa
at ng may ari ng
negosyo
• Ito ay dapat
gawin na ang
pinakamababang
presyo ang
basehan
(pinakamura ang
pipiliing gastos)
5
Mga Gastos na Direktang Bahagi ng Produkto
(Direct Costs)
• Ito ay mga
gastusin na
nagiging
bahagi ng
produkto
• Tumutulong
sa pagbuo ng
isang
produkto
• Ito ay maaaring
MATERYALES
sa paggawa,
BAYAD NG
MANGGAGAW
A (labor)
6
Mga Gastos na Direktang Bahagi ng Produkto
(Direct Costs)
DIRECT MATERIALS = KASANGKAPAN/MATERYALES
UPANG MABUO ANG PRODUKTO
DIRECT LABOR= BAYAD SA MANGGAGAWA NA
DIREKTANG GUMAGAWA NG PRODUKTO
7
Halimbawa: BANANA CHIPS
DIRECT COST
MATERIALS
BANANA 500
OIL 650
WATER 40
SUGAR 110
ARTIFICIAL FLAVOR 40
LABOR 300
TOTAL DIRECT COST 1640
8
Paraan ng Pagkuwenta ng Total Direktang
Gastos para sa isang yunit o produkto
Total ng Direktang
Gastos
______________
Total Units ng
Produktong
Nagawa
=
Direktang
Gastos sa bawat
produkto o per
yunit
9
Paraan ng Pagkuwenta ng Total
Direktang Gastos para sa isang
yunit o produkto
1,640
_____________
30
= 55/PACK
10
Halimbawa: BANANA CHIPS
DIRECT COST
BANANA 500
OIL 650
WATER 40
SUGAR 110
ARTIFICIAL FLAVOR 40
LABOR 300
TOTAL DIRECT COST 1640
DIVIDED BY (no. of units) 30 PACK
DIRECT COST PER UNIT 55
11
Mga Gastos na hindi bahagi ng Produkto
(Indirect Costs)
◉ Ito ay mga gastusin na hindi
nagiging bahagi ng produkto subalit
kailangan o mahalaga upang
makagawa o mabuo ang produkto
nang maaayos
12
Mga Gastos na hindi bahagi ng Produkto (Indirect
Costs)
◉ FACTORY OVERHEAD – LAHAT NG MGA
GASTOS NA KAILANGAN SA PAGGAWA NG
PRODUKTO O MAY RELASYON SA FACTORY
{GAWAAN} NA HINDI BAHAGI NG PRODUKTO
13
Ito ay maaaring mga gastusin sa
mga:
 gamit pambalot (packaging materials)
 bayad sa kuryente sa pagawaan (factory)
 renta sa pagawaan {factory}
 insurance ng mga kagamitan sa paggawa
 bayad sa tubig na ginagamit sa pagawaan
 suweldo ng factory supervisor
14
Halimbawa: BANANA CHIPS
INDIRECT COSTS
GAS 200
PACKAGING 450
LABEL 300
TOTAL INDIRECT COSTS 950
15
Paraan ng Pagkuwenta ng Hindi Direktang Gastos (Indirect sa
bawat isang produkto o yunit)
Total Gastos na Hindi
Direkta (Indirect
Costs)
______________
Total Units ng
Produktong Nagawa
=
Gastos na Hindi
Direkta sa bawat
Produkto o per
yunit
16
Paraan ng Pagkuwenta ng Hindi Direktang Gastos (Indirect sa bawat
isang produkto o yunit)
950/30 = 32/PACK
17
Halimbawa: BANANA CHIPS
INDIRECTCOST GAS 200
PACKAGING 450
LABEL 300
TOTALINDIRECTCOST 950
DIVIDEDBY (no. of units) 30 PACK
INDIRECTCOSTPERUNIT 32
18
Paraan ng Pagkuwenta sa Gastos sa Produksyon o Paggawa sa
bawat isang produkto o yunit
MATERYALES + LABOR
+
FACTORY
OVERHEAD =
Total na
Gastos sa
Produksyo
n sa bawat
produkto o
per yunit
19
Paraan ng Pagkuwenta sa Gastos sa Produksyon o Paggawa sa
bawat isang produkto o yunit
MATERYALES + LABOR
(55)
+
FACTORY
HEAD
(32)
=
Total na
Gastos sa
Produksyo
n sa bawat
produkto o
per yunit
(87)
Pangalawang Bahagi: PAGPREPRESYO NG
PRODUKTO NA IBEBENTA (PRICING)
20
21
Layunin ng Pagprepresyo ng Produkto
Maitaas ang kita
Maibaba ang
pagkalugi
Maibalik ang
puhunan
Maitaas ang benta
Mapalawak ang
pinagbebentahan
Magkaroon ng pangalan
ang produkto
22
Ano ang PRESYO?
◉ Ang PRESYO ay ang halaga ng pera
na kusang loob na babayaran ng
mamimili kapalit ng bagay, gamit,
produkto o serbisyo ng nagbebenta
23
Anu-ano ang mga
patakaran o paraan sa
pagprepresyo ng
produkto?
24
1.Ang gastos sa paggawa/produksyon ang basehan
(Production Costs)
Total na Gastos sa
Produksyon +
Mark-up (o
porsiyentong
ipapatong)
25
DIRECTCOST/UNIT 55
INDIRECTCOST/UNIT 32
TOTALPRODUCTIONCOST/UNIT 87
ADD:MARKUP(50%) 44
SELLINGPRICE 131
26
**Note: There is no hard and fast rule in setting
percentage for mark up (10%, 30%, 50%) provided:
• That administrative and operating expenses
such as office rentals, delivery expenses,
electricity, salaries of sales (office) clerk,
supervisor, etc are covered in the percentage
set by the owner
27
OPERATING EXPENSES : MGA
GASTOS SA PANG ARAW ARAW NA
OPERASYON NA HINDI BAHAGI NG
PAGGAWA NG PRODUKTO
28
2 TYPES OF OPERATING EXPENSES
1. SELLING EXPENSES :LAHAT NG GASTOS NA
MAY RELASYON SA PAGBENTA NG PRODUKTO
(advertising, promotion, delivery expense, salary of
salesman)
2. ADMINISTRATIVE EXPENSES: LAHAT NG
GASTOS NA MAY RELASYON SA
PANGKALAHATANG PAGPAPATAKBO NG
OPISINA {office rentals, electricity, salaries (office)
clerk, supervisor, office supplies,
29
Operating Expenses
SELLING
Advertising :Php 1,000
ADMINISTRATIVE
Rental : Php 3,000 per month
Salary of Sup :Php 3,000 per month
30
Assumption: 20 working days, 30 packs of
banana chips per day
Advertising : Php 1,000 per month
Rental : 3,000 per month
Salary of Sup : 3,000 per month
Total Php 7,000/20days/30 packs
Php 11.66/pack rounded as Php 12.00
31
2.Ang gastos sa paggawa at gastos sa operasyon
(Full Costs)
Total na Gastos sa
Produksyon
Total na Gastos
(Full Costs)
+
+
Total na
Gastos sa
Operasyon
Mark-up (o
porsiyentong
ipapatong)
=
Total na
Gastos (Full
Costs)
SELLING
PRICE)
32
2.Ang gastos sa paggawa at gastos sa operasyon
(Full Costs)
86.00
98.00
+
+
12.00
30%
29.40
=
98.00
127.40
33
MGA IBA PANG DAPAT
TANDAAN SA
PAGPREPRESYO NG
PRODUKTO
34
Ang mercado ang basehan o gaano kadami
ang bumibili sa produkto
• Kung mas madami
ang bumibili, mas
mahal ang produkto;
kung mas kaunti
ang bumibili, mas
mura ang produkto
• Ang presyo ay nag-
iiba depende sa
lugar, panahon o
bersyon ng
parehong produkto
35
Ang mga kapareho sa Negosyo
(competitors) ang basehan
• Kung minsan ay
pareho sa mga
kapareho sa
negosyo
• Kung minsan ay
mas mababa; kung
minsan ay mas
mataas
36
Mga iba pang paraan o stratehiya ng
pagprepresyo
• Mababa ang presyo ng
pinakasikat na produkto
upang mahikayat ang
mga mamimili at
mapasamang mabili ang
ibang produkto sa
tindahan
• Pagprepresyo ng mas
mababa ng ilang
sentimo lamang
(P99.95)
37
Mga iba pang paraan o stratehiya ng
pagprepresyo
• pagprepresyo ng
produkto upang
makamit ang inaasam
na tubo
• pagbebenta ng
bargain (buy one
take one)
38
Mga bagay-bagay na dapat isaalang-
alang sa pagtatalaga ng presyo
• ang lugar ng mga
mamimili (dadaan ka
ba sa mga middlemen)
• ang kalaban
• ang dami ng
produksyon sa bawat
buwan
• Pagkakataon para sa
espesyal na promosyon
ng produkto
THANKS!
Any questions?
39

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COSTING-AND-PRICING-WD-TALKING-POINTS (DCMCA).pptx

  • 1. COSTING AND PRICING MS. MARILOU C. ARCEGA BDD DIVISION CHIEF DTI-ZAMBALES
  • 2. 2 COSTING LAYUNIN:  Upang maintindihan ang pagkakaiba ng mga gastos na direkta (direct costs)at hindi direktang bahagi ng produkto (indirect costs) Upang matutunan ng gumagawa kung paano kuwentahin ang puhunan sa isang piraso o yunit ng produkto Upang maunawaan ang kahalagahan ng pagkuwenta ng puhunan sa paggawa para malaman ang kikitain pag ipinagbili ang produkto
  • 3. 3 Pagkuwenta ng Puhunan sa Paggawa • Ito ay proseso upang malaman kung magkano ang puhunan sa paggawa at kung magkano ang presyo sa pagbenta • Ito ay dapat na ginagawa bago simulan ang paggawa (produksyon) at hindi pagkatapos nito
  • 4. 4 • Ang prosesong ito ay dapat na alam at pinagtutulungan ng manggagawa at ng may ari ng negosyo • Ito ay dapat gawin na ang pinakamababang presyo ang basehan (pinakamura ang pipiliing gastos)
  • 5. 5 Mga Gastos na Direktang Bahagi ng Produkto (Direct Costs) • Ito ay mga gastusin na nagiging bahagi ng produkto • Tumutulong sa pagbuo ng isang produkto • Ito ay maaaring MATERYALES sa paggawa, BAYAD NG MANGGAGAW A (labor)
  • 6. 6 Mga Gastos na Direktang Bahagi ng Produkto (Direct Costs) DIRECT MATERIALS = KASANGKAPAN/MATERYALES UPANG MABUO ANG PRODUKTO DIRECT LABOR= BAYAD SA MANGGAGAWA NA DIREKTANG GUMAGAWA NG PRODUKTO
  • 7. 7 Halimbawa: BANANA CHIPS DIRECT COST MATERIALS BANANA 500 OIL 650 WATER 40 SUGAR 110 ARTIFICIAL FLAVOR 40 LABOR 300 TOTAL DIRECT COST 1640
  • 8. 8 Paraan ng Pagkuwenta ng Total Direktang Gastos para sa isang yunit o produkto Total ng Direktang Gastos ______________ Total Units ng Produktong Nagawa = Direktang Gastos sa bawat produkto o per yunit
  • 9. 9 Paraan ng Pagkuwenta ng Total Direktang Gastos para sa isang yunit o produkto 1,640 _____________ 30 = 55/PACK
  • 10. 10 Halimbawa: BANANA CHIPS DIRECT COST BANANA 500 OIL 650 WATER 40 SUGAR 110 ARTIFICIAL FLAVOR 40 LABOR 300 TOTAL DIRECT COST 1640 DIVIDED BY (no. of units) 30 PACK DIRECT COST PER UNIT 55
  • 11. 11 Mga Gastos na hindi bahagi ng Produkto (Indirect Costs) ◉ Ito ay mga gastusin na hindi nagiging bahagi ng produkto subalit kailangan o mahalaga upang makagawa o mabuo ang produkto nang maaayos
  • 12. 12 Mga Gastos na hindi bahagi ng Produkto (Indirect Costs) ◉ FACTORY OVERHEAD – LAHAT NG MGA GASTOS NA KAILANGAN SA PAGGAWA NG PRODUKTO O MAY RELASYON SA FACTORY {GAWAAN} NA HINDI BAHAGI NG PRODUKTO
  • 13. 13 Ito ay maaaring mga gastusin sa mga:  gamit pambalot (packaging materials)  bayad sa kuryente sa pagawaan (factory)  renta sa pagawaan {factory}  insurance ng mga kagamitan sa paggawa  bayad sa tubig na ginagamit sa pagawaan  suweldo ng factory supervisor
  • 14. 14 Halimbawa: BANANA CHIPS INDIRECT COSTS GAS 200 PACKAGING 450 LABEL 300 TOTAL INDIRECT COSTS 950
  • 15. 15 Paraan ng Pagkuwenta ng Hindi Direktang Gastos (Indirect sa bawat isang produkto o yunit) Total Gastos na Hindi Direkta (Indirect Costs) ______________ Total Units ng Produktong Nagawa = Gastos na Hindi Direkta sa bawat Produkto o per yunit
  • 16. 16 Paraan ng Pagkuwenta ng Hindi Direktang Gastos (Indirect sa bawat isang produkto o yunit) 950/30 = 32/PACK
  • 17. 17 Halimbawa: BANANA CHIPS INDIRECTCOST GAS 200 PACKAGING 450 LABEL 300 TOTALINDIRECTCOST 950 DIVIDEDBY (no. of units) 30 PACK INDIRECTCOSTPERUNIT 32
  • 18. 18 Paraan ng Pagkuwenta sa Gastos sa Produksyon o Paggawa sa bawat isang produkto o yunit MATERYALES + LABOR + FACTORY OVERHEAD = Total na Gastos sa Produksyo n sa bawat produkto o per yunit
  • 19. 19 Paraan ng Pagkuwenta sa Gastos sa Produksyon o Paggawa sa bawat isang produkto o yunit MATERYALES + LABOR (55) + FACTORY HEAD (32) = Total na Gastos sa Produksyo n sa bawat produkto o per yunit (87)
  • 20. Pangalawang Bahagi: PAGPREPRESYO NG PRODUKTO NA IBEBENTA (PRICING) 20
  • 21. 21 Layunin ng Pagprepresyo ng Produkto Maitaas ang kita Maibaba ang pagkalugi Maibalik ang puhunan Maitaas ang benta Mapalawak ang pinagbebentahan Magkaroon ng pangalan ang produkto
  • 22. 22 Ano ang PRESYO? ◉ Ang PRESYO ay ang halaga ng pera na kusang loob na babayaran ng mamimili kapalit ng bagay, gamit, produkto o serbisyo ng nagbebenta
  • 23. 23 Anu-ano ang mga patakaran o paraan sa pagprepresyo ng produkto?
  • 24. 24 1.Ang gastos sa paggawa/produksyon ang basehan (Production Costs) Total na Gastos sa Produksyon + Mark-up (o porsiyentong ipapatong)
  • 26. 26 **Note: There is no hard and fast rule in setting percentage for mark up (10%, 30%, 50%) provided: • That administrative and operating expenses such as office rentals, delivery expenses, electricity, salaries of sales (office) clerk, supervisor, etc are covered in the percentage set by the owner
  • 27. 27 OPERATING EXPENSES : MGA GASTOS SA PANG ARAW ARAW NA OPERASYON NA HINDI BAHAGI NG PAGGAWA NG PRODUKTO
  • 28. 28 2 TYPES OF OPERATING EXPENSES 1. SELLING EXPENSES :LAHAT NG GASTOS NA MAY RELASYON SA PAGBENTA NG PRODUKTO (advertising, promotion, delivery expense, salary of salesman) 2. ADMINISTRATIVE EXPENSES: LAHAT NG GASTOS NA MAY RELASYON SA PANGKALAHATANG PAGPAPATAKBO NG OPISINA {office rentals, electricity, salaries (office) clerk, supervisor, office supplies,
  • 29. 29 Operating Expenses SELLING Advertising :Php 1,000 ADMINISTRATIVE Rental : Php 3,000 per month Salary of Sup :Php 3,000 per month
  • 30. 30 Assumption: 20 working days, 30 packs of banana chips per day Advertising : Php 1,000 per month Rental : 3,000 per month Salary of Sup : 3,000 per month Total Php 7,000/20days/30 packs Php 11.66/pack rounded as Php 12.00
  • 31. 31 2.Ang gastos sa paggawa at gastos sa operasyon (Full Costs) Total na Gastos sa Produksyon Total na Gastos (Full Costs) + + Total na Gastos sa Operasyon Mark-up (o porsiyentong ipapatong) = Total na Gastos (Full Costs) SELLING PRICE)
  • 32. 32 2.Ang gastos sa paggawa at gastos sa operasyon (Full Costs) 86.00 98.00 + + 12.00 30% 29.40 = 98.00 127.40
  • 33. 33 MGA IBA PANG DAPAT TANDAAN SA PAGPREPRESYO NG PRODUKTO
  • 34. 34 Ang mercado ang basehan o gaano kadami ang bumibili sa produkto • Kung mas madami ang bumibili, mas mahal ang produkto; kung mas kaunti ang bumibili, mas mura ang produkto • Ang presyo ay nag- iiba depende sa lugar, panahon o bersyon ng parehong produkto
  • 35. 35 Ang mga kapareho sa Negosyo (competitors) ang basehan • Kung minsan ay pareho sa mga kapareho sa negosyo • Kung minsan ay mas mababa; kung minsan ay mas mataas
  • 36. 36 Mga iba pang paraan o stratehiya ng pagprepresyo • Mababa ang presyo ng pinakasikat na produkto upang mahikayat ang mga mamimili at mapasamang mabili ang ibang produkto sa tindahan • Pagprepresyo ng mas mababa ng ilang sentimo lamang (P99.95)
  • 37. 37 Mga iba pang paraan o stratehiya ng pagprepresyo • pagprepresyo ng produkto upang makamit ang inaasam na tubo • pagbebenta ng bargain (buy one take one)
  • 38. 38 Mga bagay-bagay na dapat isaalang- alang sa pagtatalaga ng presyo • ang lugar ng mga mamimili (dadaan ka ba sa mga middlemen) • ang kalaban • ang dami ng produksyon sa bawat buwan • Pagkakataon para sa espesyal na promosyon ng produkto

Editor's Notes

  1. This is intended for all manufacturing or processing business only. They are those who use raw materials and turn them into finished goods or products.
  2. DIRECT COSTS – COSTS THAT FORM PART OF THE PRODUCT ( EXAMPLE –INGREDIENTS OF PASTILLAS ; INDIRECT COST – COSTS THAT ARE RELATED IN THE PRODUCTION BUT DO NOT FORM PART OF THE PRODUCT (EXAMPLE-PACKAGE AND LABEL) Per Unit Cost – Cost per unit based on the volume of quantity being produced (30 packs of 100g banana chips)
  3. PRICE CAN BE BASED ON TOTAL PRODUCTION COSTS; THIS SHOULD BE DONE BEFORE THE PROCESSING ,NOT AFTER
  4. Costing should be a common knowledge or an agreement bet the owner and processor; if possible get the lowest cost of production
  5. Labor is the payment of the person directly involved in the production, thus considered as direct cost
  6. Indirect Costs in Production is also called Factory Overhead – all cost related in production that do not form part of the product or are not directly related in the process
  7. It is important to guide the msme to understand his/her direct and indirect costs to be able to account every cost involve in the production
  8. Total Production Costs = Direct Cost + Factory Overhead
  9. Mark up is computed 50% off the total production cost
  10. Note: The owner has the rightful decision as to the percentage of markup based on the factors in the market to be discussed later.
  11. Operating expenses are not related in production
  12. FULL COSTING –TOTAL OF PRODUCTION COSTS AND OPERATING COSTS MARK UP IS BASED ON THE TOTALL FULL COSTS
  13. COMPUTATIONS CAN BE ROUNDED OFF SINCE THERE ARE CENTAVOS INVOLVED
  14. EXAMPLE: DRESS bought from SM vs. DRESS bought from DIVISORIA
  15. The owner decides if his price is the same with his competitor or not, provided his product offers a unique selling proposition
  16. Strategy in pricing to invite more customers is to lower the price of the most popular and mostly demanded product in the store to give chances for the other products to be sold; P99.95, 399.93, etc is called psychological pricing where the interest or attention of the buyer is caught rather than pricing at P100 or P400 where it appears to be more expensive
  17. This is where the percentage mark up is decided by the owner according to his profit objective; buy one take one can be a strategy in selling but make sure the price of the “take one “ is included in pricing
  18. Pricing can be affected by middlemen, thus the owner should decide as to how much price is he willing to sell to the middlemen and up to what price the middlemen should offer the product. Good relationship bet the owner and the middlemen should be established.
  19. Before any questions, let me end this lecture by sharing this quote from Colin Powell "There are no secrets to success. It is the result of preparation, hard work, and learning from failure."