1) Explains how corruption in education limits access to knowledge and leads to social exclusion, undermining human development goals.
2) Presents evidence that corruption is prevalent in education systems in the region and disadvantages vulnerable groups.
3) Discusses approaches for measuring multidimensional poverty and social exclusion as it relates to corruption.
This document provides information on the state of civics education in the United States and strategies for improvement. It shows that based on national test results, a large percentage of 4th, 8th, and 12th grade students score below proficient in civics. Voter turnout in the US is also comparatively low internationally. The document then presents a sample civics curriculum aimed at developing informed and engaged citizens, with lessons that have students discuss citizenship from different perspectives. It promotes civics instruction as important for fostering proactive citizens.
This document summarizes the challenges faced by governments in financing disaster risks and the role of risk transfer solutions. It notes that the costs of natural disasters are growing and most losses are uninsured, burdening public sector budgets. A range of pre-event financing options are discussed to help governments plan for disaster impacts on infrastructure, emergency response costs, revenue losses, and supporting uninsured populations. Risk transfer solutions like insurance and catastrophe bonds can help spread sovereign disaster risks across global capital markets.
2018 DRR Financing 6.2 Ivan ZverzhanovskiUNDP Eurasia
The document discusses partnerships and financing for disaster risk reduction, resilience, and climate risk. It outlines five transformational approaches - generating or leveraging financial resources, realigning existing financial flows, avoiding future expenditures, enhancing effectiveness and equity of resource distribution, and focusing on financial results not just revenues. UNDP aims to bring new actors together with traditional development stakeholders around complex issues through a platform approach. Examples of partnerships discussed include working with international financial institutions, a climate change window with Russia, and a disaster preparedness program with Deutsche Post DHL.
This document discusses potential sources of financing for sustainable development goals (SDGs) in Middle-Income Europe and Central Asia. It finds that domestic public finance, particularly national budgets, are critical sources of funding. Commercial flows like foreign direct investment and bank loans also contribute significantly in some countries. However, more work is needed to systematically track how national budget expenditures align with SDGs. Official development assistance remains important for some countries highly reliant on remittances. Overall, the analysis finds that a combination of public, private and international sources will be needed to achieve the SDGs in the region.
1) A flood insurance model was developed for Georgia based on detailed flood hazard and risk modelling within an integrated flood risk management framework.
2) The model included flood mapping, calculating risk scores and potential damage/losses, and developing an index-based insurance scheme with risk-based premiums and payout principles.
3) While the insurance scheme was not piloted during the initial project due to various challenges, efforts are ongoing to address flooding and other natural hazards through policy interventions like risk financing and early warning systems.
This document discusses introducing financial instruments like flood insurance in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It provides an overview of flood risks and losses in the region. Models and tariffs for index-based and indemnity-based flood insurance schemes were developed based on flood hazard and risk maps. Buildings and agricultural areas in the Vrbas River basin were classified into risk zones that determine insurance premium rates. The project aims to implement insurance pilots and incorporate flood coverage into broader disaster insurance packages. Next steps include working with communities and establishing the necessary institutional and legal framework.
David Simmons notes that catastrophe insurance has traditionally focused on property loss but its scope is wider, such as disaster response. Existing catastrophe risk models do not account for second- and higher-order effects of critical infrastructure failures. Network analysis can help model how failures may diffuse through interconnected systems. Even with perfect models, risks may remain if key infrastructure components lie outside a country's borders.
This document provides information on the state of civics education in the United States and strategies for improvement. It shows that based on national test results, a large percentage of 4th, 8th, and 12th grade students score below proficient in civics. Voter turnout in the US is also comparatively low internationally. The document then presents a sample civics curriculum aimed at developing informed and engaged citizens, with lessons that have students discuss citizenship from different perspectives. It promotes civics instruction as important for fostering proactive citizens.
This document summarizes the challenges faced by governments in financing disaster risks and the role of risk transfer solutions. It notes that the costs of natural disasters are growing and most losses are uninsured, burdening public sector budgets. A range of pre-event financing options are discussed to help governments plan for disaster impacts on infrastructure, emergency response costs, revenue losses, and supporting uninsured populations. Risk transfer solutions like insurance and catastrophe bonds can help spread sovereign disaster risks across global capital markets.
2018 DRR Financing 6.2 Ivan ZverzhanovskiUNDP Eurasia
The document discusses partnerships and financing for disaster risk reduction, resilience, and climate risk. It outlines five transformational approaches - generating or leveraging financial resources, realigning existing financial flows, avoiding future expenditures, enhancing effectiveness and equity of resource distribution, and focusing on financial results not just revenues. UNDP aims to bring new actors together with traditional development stakeholders around complex issues through a platform approach. Examples of partnerships discussed include working with international financial institutions, a climate change window with Russia, and a disaster preparedness program with Deutsche Post DHL.
This document discusses potential sources of financing for sustainable development goals (SDGs) in Middle-Income Europe and Central Asia. It finds that domestic public finance, particularly national budgets, are critical sources of funding. Commercial flows like foreign direct investment and bank loans also contribute significantly in some countries. However, more work is needed to systematically track how national budget expenditures align with SDGs. Official development assistance remains important for some countries highly reliant on remittances. Overall, the analysis finds that a combination of public, private and international sources will be needed to achieve the SDGs in the region.
1) A flood insurance model was developed for Georgia based on detailed flood hazard and risk modelling within an integrated flood risk management framework.
2) The model included flood mapping, calculating risk scores and potential damage/losses, and developing an index-based insurance scheme with risk-based premiums and payout principles.
3) While the insurance scheme was not piloted during the initial project due to various challenges, efforts are ongoing to address flooding and other natural hazards through policy interventions like risk financing and early warning systems.
This document discusses introducing financial instruments like flood insurance in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It provides an overview of flood risks and losses in the region. Models and tariffs for index-based and indemnity-based flood insurance schemes were developed based on flood hazard and risk maps. Buildings and agricultural areas in the Vrbas River basin were classified into risk zones that determine insurance premium rates. The project aims to implement insurance pilots and incorporate flood coverage into broader disaster insurance packages. Next steps include working with communities and establishing the necessary institutional and legal framework.
David Simmons notes that catastrophe insurance has traditionally focused on property loss but its scope is wider, such as disaster response. Existing catastrophe risk models do not account for second- and higher-order effects of critical infrastructure failures. Network analysis can help model how failures may diffuse through interconnected systems. Even with perfect models, risks may remain if key infrastructure components lie outside a country's borders.
The document discusses how analytics can support resilience. It argues analytics must quantify risks through modeling potential futures, characterize risk frequencies and impacts, and support all aspects of resilience including shocks, stresses, and strategic objectives. Analytics must be fit for purpose, simulate a full range of possibilities, and be well calibrated and validated against historical events.
Pension funds are seeking higher returns through alternative investments like real estate, commodities, and hedge funds. These alternative investments have risen to 26% of holdings for large US pension funds, up from 7% a decade ago. A 2018 survey found that 70% of institutional investors plan to increase their allocations to alternatives in 2018. Some large pension funds in the UK and Germany have already invested over $100 million in insurance-linked securities (ILS) to diversify their portfolios. ILS such as catastrophe bonds can improve portfolio risk statistics like volatility while maintaining or increasing average returns through exposure to independent risk factors globally.
This document discusses catastrophe bonds (CAT bonds) as a solution to issues with natural disaster insurance. It provides examples of government entities that have used CAT bonds and outlines the basic structure of CAT bonds. Key legal issues for CAT bonds include determining the appropriate jurisdiction based on regulatory frameworks and structures available. Triggers that determine bond payouts must be modellable, definite, and objective like parametric triggers that are based on measurable parameters like windspeed.
This document summarizes a $500 million catastrophe bond issued by FloodSmart Re Ltd. to provide reinsurance to the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) it administers. The bond has an indemnity trigger and covers flood losses from named storms over a three year period in the United States. Payouts are determined based on actual flood losses to the NFIP as assessed by modeling firm KatRisk. This represents the largest catastrophe bond ever issued to provide reinsurance to a government entity for flood risk.
This document summarizes lessons learned from weather index-based crop insurance programs. It discusses the promises of index-based insurance including reduced moral hazard and adverse selection compared to conventional insurance. Experience from a program in the Philippines is described, covering over 2,500 farmers for excess rainfall. Issues with indexing accuracy and technical challenges are outlined. Lessons are provided around scaling up programs including addressing subsidy policies, weaknesses of index-based insurance, and tracking poverty reduction impacts. Upcoming work in Burkina Faso aims to bundle insurance with financial products and resilient agricultural practices.
The document discusses various catastrophe insurance programs that provide coverage for climate risks. It describes programs like the Caribbean Catastrophe Risk Insurance Facility (CCRIF) and African Risk Capacity (ARC), which allow countries to pool risks and receive payouts quickly after qualifying disasters. It also discusses opportunities to develop disaster risk insurance programs for cities, the poor, and incentivize risk-reducing behavior through insurance.
This document summarizes various sovereign and public-private natural catastrophe (NatCat) risk transfer schemes from around the world. It then shows that the global uninsured losses from NatCat events in 2017 were around 69% of overall losses, demonstrating a large protection gap. Finally, it outlines Munich Re's vision to offer the right risk transfer solution for clients' needs, whether through traditional reinsurance, parametric insurance, or catastrophe bonds, depending on the perils and terms required.
This document summarizes examples of innovative public sector risk transfer solutions using insurance markets from around the world. It then discusses two case studies in more detail: a $1.36 billion catastrophe bond that transferred earthquake risk for Mexico, Chile, Peru and Colombia through a World Bank platform, and a $425 million pandemic insurance facility covering outbreaks in poor countries that was the first to insure against response costs to pandemics.
Parametric insurance provides a key tool for disaster risk financing in regions impacted by climate change. It uses independent weather or other parameters to automatically trigger payouts, allowing for fast compensation without claims handling. This makes it well-suited for providing rapid liquidity to governments after disasters. Case studies show parametric insurance lowering costs through risk pooling and providing millions in payouts through facilities like CCRIF and coverage for the Philippines. It can help cover major disasters while traditional insurance and other methods address smaller, more frequent events.
This document discusses catastrophe bonds as a "win-win" solution for governments and investors. Catastrophe bonds allow governments to access capital rapidly after natural disasters to fund relief and reconstruction. The bond principal is returned unless a triggering event, such as an earthquake above a specific magnitude, occurs. This transfers some disaster risk from governments to investors. The document outlines the advantages for both parties and provides examples of catastrophe bond structures and pricing. It promotes catastrophe bonds as an attractive asset class for investors seeking diversification and argues they are an effective risk mitigation tool for governments facing climate change risks.
This document discusses the international market for insuring against natural disasters through catastrophe bonds and collateralized reinsurance. It provides an overview of trends in the market, including strong growth in collateralized reinsurance deals. The document also discusses how parametric disaster finance instruments could help governments access quick funds after a natural disaster through catastrophe bonds tied to geophysical indices. Examples of existing disaster finance programs in Mexico and proposals for one in Romania are outlined.
2018 DRR Financing 2.2 Alexander FrostUNDP Eurasia
This document provides an overview of the insurance market in Eurasia. It contains statistics on key metrics like GDP, population, insurance penetration, and gross written premiums for various countries in the region. It also identifies factors that affect insurance development, such as slow structural reforms, state control of the industry, and lack of knowledge about insurance. Additionally, it discusses how open markets have led to rapid growth of insurers in the region compared to protected markets. The document was written by Alexander Frost in October 2018 for an organization called Global Risk Intelligence & Data.
2018 DRR Financing 1.5 Mohamed Al HadiUNDP Eurasia
The Islamic Development Bank provides concise summaries in 3 sentences or less that provide the high level and essential information from the document. The Islamic Development Bank (IDB) was established in 1974 to foster economic development among its 57 member countries according to Islamic principles. The IDB funds projects related to disaster prevention, mitigation, and recovery through its ordinary capital and grants totaling $1.33 billion, with 89% of funding coming from grants. The IDB's interventions have focused on rehabilitation projects (80%), with distribution of projects primarily in Africa (71%) and Asia (18%).
The document summarizes gaps in disaster risk reduction (DRR) financing and efforts to address them. Key points include:
- 321,907 lives lost and $487 billion in direct losses from 2007-2016 due to disasters, with costs increasing from climate change.
- Developing Asian countries face an annual average loss of $78 billion and infrastructure financing gap of $1.7 trillion per year.
- The Asian Development Bank finances DRR programs and investments in areas like flood management and seismic retrofitting, but these make up only 2.5% of infrastructure spending excluding large countries.
- Efforts are needed to strengthen DRR strategies, assessments, knowledge, insurance programs, and leverage more public and private funding
This document discusses disaster risk financing and the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction. It notes that disaster risk is increasing as seen by rising average annual losses relative to GDP in many countries from 1998-2017. The Sendai Framework aims to increase the number of countries and local governments that adopt disaster risk reduction strategies. These strategies can inform investment priorities and support projects to increase resilience. While progress is being made, more efforts are needed to accelerate financing for disaster risk reduction given the growing challenges from factors like climate change and urbanization. International frameworks like the Sendai Framework and SDGs provide guidance but implementation of coordinated strategies across systems is still developing.
The document discusses increasing risks from natural disasters as populations grow in hazardous areas. It notes that the economic costs and insured losses from disasters are rising, placing greater burdens on governments. While governments are uniquely exposed after catastrophes, they typically only seek funds after events. The document emphasizes that resilience requires understanding hazards, liability, and political contexts without a deep understanding, resilience is not possible. It closes by listing speakers at the event from organizations including the Asian Development Bank, Islamic Development Bank, and Japan International Cooperation Agency.
Understanding of Self - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
The document discusses how analytics can support resilience. It argues analytics must quantify risks through modeling potential futures, characterize risk frequencies and impacts, and support all aspects of resilience including shocks, stresses, and strategic objectives. Analytics must be fit for purpose, simulate a full range of possibilities, and be well calibrated and validated against historical events.
Pension funds are seeking higher returns through alternative investments like real estate, commodities, and hedge funds. These alternative investments have risen to 26% of holdings for large US pension funds, up from 7% a decade ago. A 2018 survey found that 70% of institutional investors plan to increase their allocations to alternatives in 2018. Some large pension funds in the UK and Germany have already invested over $100 million in insurance-linked securities (ILS) to diversify their portfolios. ILS such as catastrophe bonds can improve portfolio risk statistics like volatility while maintaining or increasing average returns through exposure to independent risk factors globally.
This document discusses catastrophe bonds (CAT bonds) as a solution to issues with natural disaster insurance. It provides examples of government entities that have used CAT bonds and outlines the basic structure of CAT bonds. Key legal issues for CAT bonds include determining the appropriate jurisdiction based on regulatory frameworks and structures available. Triggers that determine bond payouts must be modellable, definite, and objective like parametric triggers that are based on measurable parameters like windspeed.
This document summarizes a $500 million catastrophe bond issued by FloodSmart Re Ltd. to provide reinsurance to the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) it administers. The bond has an indemnity trigger and covers flood losses from named storms over a three year period in the United States. Payouts are determined based on actual flood losses to the NFIP as assessed by modeling firm KatRisk. This represents the largest catastrophe bond ever issued to provide reinsurance to a government entity for flood risk.
This document summarizes lessons learned from weather index-based crop insurance programs. It discusses the promises of index-based insurance including reduced moral hazard and adverse selection compared to conventional insurance. Experience from a program in the Philippines is described, covering over 2,500 farmers for excess rainfall. Issues with indexing accuracy and technical challenges are outlined. Lessons are provided around scaling up programs including addressing subsidy policies, weaknesses of index-based insurance, and tracking poverty reduction impacts. Upcoming work in Burkina Faso aims to bundle insurance with financial products and resilient agricultural practices.
The document discusses various catastrophe insurance programs that provide coverage for climate risks. It describes programs like the Caribbean Catastrophe Risk Insurance Facility (CCRIF) and African Risk Capacity (ARC), which allow countries to pool risks and receive payouts quickly after qualifying disasters. It also discusses opportunities to develop disaster risk insurance programs for cities, the poor, and incentivize risk-reducing behavior through insurance.
This document summarizes various sovereign and public-private natural catastrophe (NatCat) risk transfer schemes from around the world. It then shows that the global uninsured losses from NatCat events in 2017 were around 69% of overall losses, demonstrating a large protection gap. Finally, it outlines Munich Re's vision to offer the right risk transfer solution for clients' needs, whether through traditional reinsurance, parametric insurance, or catastrophe bonds, depending on the perils and terms required.
This document summarizes examples of innovative public sector risk transfer solutions using insurance markets from around the world. It then discusses two case studies in more detail: a $1.36 billion catastrophe bond that transferred earthquake risk for Mexico, Chile, Peru and Colombia through a World Bank platform, and a $425 million pandemic insurance facility covering outbreaks in poor countries that was the first to insure against response costs to pandemics.
Parametric insurance provides a key tool for disaster risk financing in regions impacted by climate change. It uses independent weather or other parameters to automatically trigger payouts, allowing for fast compensation without claims handling. This makes it well-suited for providing rapid liquidity to governments after disasters. Case studies show parametric insurance lowering costs through risk pooling and providing millions in payouts through facilities like CCRIF and coverage for the Philippines. It can help cover major disasters while traditional insurance and other methods address smaller, more frequent events.
This document discusses catastrophe bonds as a "win-win" solution for governments and investors. Catastrophe bonds allow governments to access capital rapidly after natural disasters to fund relief and reconstruction. The bond principal is returned unless a triggering event, such as an earthquake above a specific magnitude, occurs. This transfers some disaster risk from governments to investors. The document outlines the advantages for both parties and provides examples of catastrophe bond structures and pricing. It promotes catastrophe bonds as an attractive asset class for investors seeking diversification and argues they are an effective risk mitigation tool for governments facing climate change risks.
This document discusses the international market for insuring against natural disasters through catastrophe bonds and collateralized reinsurance. It provides an overview of trends in the market, including strong growth in collateralized reinsurance deals. The document also discusses how parametric disaster finance instruments could help governments access quick funds after a natural disaster through catastrophe bonds tied to geophysical indices. Examples of existing disaster finance programs in Mexico and proposals for one in Romania are outlined.
2018 DRR Financing 2.2 Alexander FrostUNDP Eurasia
This document provides an overview of the insurance market in Eurasia. It contains statistics on key metrics like GDP, population, insurance penetration, and gross written premiums for various countries in the region. It also identifies factors that affect insurance development, such as slow structural reforms, state control of the industry, and lack of knowledge about insurance. Additionally, it discusses how open markets have led to rapid growth of insurers in the region compared to protected markets. The document was written by Alexander Frost in October 2018 for an organization called Global Risk Intelligence & Data.
2018 DRR Financing 1.5 Mohamed Al HadiUNDP Eurasia
The Islamic Development Bank provides concise summaries in 3 sentences or less that provide the high level and essential information from the document. The Islamic Development Bank (IDB) was established in 1974 to foster economic development among its 57 member countries according to Islamic principles. The IDB funds projects related to disaster prevention, mitigation, and recovery through its ordinary capital and grants totaling $1.33 billion, with 89% of funding coming from grants. The IDB's interventions have focused on rehabilitation projects (80%), with distribution of projects primarily in Africa (71%) and Asia (18%).
The document summarizes gaps in disaster risk reduction (DRR) financing and efforts to address them. Key points include:
- 321,907 lives lost and $487 billion in direct losses from 2007-2016 due to disasters, with costs increasing from climate change.
- Developing Asian countries face an annual average loss of $78 billion and infrastructure financing gap of $1.7 trillion per year.
- The Asian Development Bank finances DRR programs and investments in areas like flood management and seismic retrofitting, but these make up only 2.5% of infrastructure spending excluding large countries.
- Efforts are needed to strengthen DRR strategies, assessments, knowledge, insurance programs, and leverage more public and private funding
This document discusses disaster risk financing and the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction. It notes that disaster risk is increasing as seen by rising average annual losses relative to GDP in many countries from 1998-2017. The Sendai Framework aims to increase the number of countries and local governments that adopt disaster risk reduction strategies. These strategies can inform investment priorities and support projects to increase resilience. While progress is being made, more efforts are needed to accelerate financing for disaster risk reduction given the growing challenges from factors like climate change and urbanization. International frameworks like the Sendai Framework and SDGs provide guidance but implementation of coordinated strategies across systems is still developing.
The document discusses increasing risks from natural disasters as populations grow in hazardous areas. It notes that the economic costs and insured losses from disasters are rising, placing greater burdens on governments. While governments are uniquely exposed after catastrophes, they typically only seek funds after events. The document emphasizes that resilience requires understanding hazards, liability, and political contexts without a deep understanding, resilience is not possible. It closes by listing speakers at the event from organizations including the Asian Development Bank, Islamic Development Bank, and Japan International Cooperation Agency.
Understanding of Self - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Aggression - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
ProSocial Behaviour - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Covey says most people look for quick fixes. They see a big success and want to know how he did it, believing (and hoping) they can do the same following a quick bullet list.
But real change, the author says, comes not from the outside in, but from the inside out. And the most fundamental way of changing yourself is through a paradigm shift.
That paradigm shift is a new way of looking at the world. The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People presents an approach to effectiveness based on character and principles.
The first three habits indeed deal with yourself because it all starts with you. The first three habits move you from dependence from the world to the independence of making your own world.
Habits 4, 5 and 6 are about people and relationships. The will move you from independence to interdependence. Such, cooperating to achieve more than you could have by yourself.
The last habit, habit number 7, focuses on continuous growth and improvement.
Assignment 1 (Introductions to Microsoft Power point 2019) kiran.pptx
Corruption in Education in Eastern Europe and Central Asia impact on social inclusion and human development
1. Corruption in Education in Eastern Europe
and Central Asia: impact on social inclusion
and human development
Francesco Checchi,
UNDP Bratislava Regional Centre
Regional Conference on Fighting Corruption in Education
in Eastern Europe and Central Asia
24 November, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
3. Reasons for engaging on
anti corruption in sectors
1) Criticism of the “traditional’ approach to fighting corruption
2) Basic service delivery (health- education) one of the areas
where corruption mostly occurs
TI global corruption Barometer – 2010 Data from NIS
percentage of people reporting bribes
40
35
30
25
20
15
percentage of people reporting bribes
10
5
0
4. Reasons for engaging on
anti corruption in sectors
3) There is a lot of work still to be done:
corruption in sectors still to be assessed in many
countries
little systemisation of good practices and lessons
learned from anti-corruption activities in basic public
service
Few programmes addressing the issue in the region
4) The value added of addressing corruption in sectors :
Utilization of sector expertise and AC expertise
Address specific corruption patterns in the sectors
5. Human development and
anti corruption: making the link
human development goal of the development
assistance, social inclusion = tool to achieve HD
Education is the key sector for social inclusion
Corruption is an obstacle (barrier) for educationally
deprived people to make choices and limits their
freedoms to get access to knowledge . It leads to social
exclusion of uneducated people.
Fight against corruption in education contributes to
promotion of social inclusion (inviting for more equal
access to education, promoting knowledge-based
society, improving quality of human capital)
6. Education and social inclusion
Social exclusion = inability to participate
process and an outcome (access to goods and rights)
Drivers and risks
Exclusion from -
Inclusion in
Economic life
Education
Corrup
system
tion Civic and social life
and networks
Structural
deficiencies
Social services
7. Corruption – education –
social exclusion
Corruption in education >
1. Waste and unequal use of educational resources at various levels:
(from the central to the local government - from local government to
schools and teachers - from schools and teachers to the
students)
2. Misallocation of talents
3. Propagating culture of corruption
Social Exclusion drivers: structures and
institutions, values and behavioral Social exclusion risk
patterns and policies factors: individual
developed in culture of corruption will characteristics (lack
not be able to promote social inclusion or of education)
to address the issue of corruption
8. Evidence from the region
Source: Regional Human Development Report
“Beyond Transition. Towards Inclusive Societies”
, UNDP 2011
10. Tolerance of corruption
Social exclusion index by dominating values (tolerance to
corruption) and type of settlement
30
25 Low acceptance of
unofficial payments for
20 services or for getting
business done
15
10 High acceptance of
unofficial payments for
services or for getting
5 business done
0
Villages Small towns Capital
Source: Social Exclusion Survey 2009
12. Multidimensional Poverty Approach
Same UNDP/OPHI approach as used for Global HDR 2010 for poverty
„Dual cutoff‟ method:
within dimension: based on deprivation with respect to given dimension
across dimensions: overall threshold (number of deprivations) beyond which a
person is considered socially excluded
13. Three dimensions of social exclusion
(with 8 indicators each):
Economic: Deprivation in
incomes, basic needs,
access to employment, financial services;
material needs and lack of amenities;
housing and ICT-related exclusion.
Social services: Access to and affordability of
education and health services;
other public services, such as public utilities.
Participation: Deprivation in
political, cultural and social participation;
political, cultural and social support networks.
14. Tough measurement question:
How many deprivations does it
take to be excluded?
Threshold-number of deprivations, a matter of
choice
Our survey: 9
14
15. The cut-off line affects the share of excluded, but not
countries‟ relative standing
Social exclusion headcount for three different thresholds
100
90
Percentage of people considered 'socially excluded'
80
threshold
70
Kazakhstan
for each cutoff value
60 Moldova
FYR
50
Macedonia
Serbia
40
Tajikistan
30
Ukraine
20
10
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Deprivation cutoff value
16. individual dimensions to overall
exclusion
FYR
Kaz. Moldova Macedonia Serbia Tajikistan Ukraine
A. Economic 34% 32% 30% 31% 39% 28%
exclusion
B. Exclusion from 34% 39% 38% 38% 34% 36%
social services
C. Exclusion from 32% 30% 32% 31% 27% 36%
participation in civic
and social life and
networks