The Australian government identifies national health priorities based on several key principles:
1. Principles of social justice - including supporting vulnerable groups and allocating resources fairly.
2. Prevalence and burden of health conditions - considering conditions that affect many people or have high costs.
3. Potential for prevention and early intervention - targeting modifiable risk factors and improving health behaviors.
4. Cost to individuals and communities - both the financial and non-financial impacts of diseases.
Priority groups identified include Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders, those in rural/remote areas, and low socioeconomic groups experiencing health inequities. Data on disease rates, mortality, and morbidity help determine the most significant health issues facing Australia.
HSC PDHPE Core 1: Health Priorities in AustraliaVas Ratusau
Class of 2017 - updated PowerPoint presentation that includes current data, updated syllabus & content.
Includes class activities & examination style questions
King Holmes, MD, PhD: Present and Future Challenges in Global Public HealthUWGlobalHealth
King Holmes, MD, PhD: Present and Future Challenges in Global Public Health, Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Sept. 12, 2009.
The Hidden Risk That Is Tearing Your Company Apart Acbg 3 30 10leanhealthguru
The ACBG Edge is an process that allows construction companies manage the health and productivity risk of their employees. This complements American Construction Benefits Group\’s Lean Health Insurance Advantage. Together, these construction wellness processes create champion companies in 3 short years.
HSC PDHPE Core 1: Health Priorities in AustraliaVas Ratusau
Class of 2017 - updated PowerPoint presentation that includes current data, updated syllabus & content.
Includes class activities & examination style questions
King Holmes, MD, PhD: Present and Future Challenges in Global Public HealthUWGlobalHealth
King Holmes, MD, PhD: Present and Future Challenges in Global Public Health, Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Sept. 12, 2009.
The Hidden Risk That Is Tearing Your Company Apart Acbg 3 30 10leanhealthguru
The ACBG Edge is an process that allows construction companies manage the health and productivity risk of their employees. This complements American Construction Benefits Group\’s Lean Health Insurance Advantage. Together, these construction wellness processes create champion companies in 3 short years.
GLOBAL HEALTH AND DISEASEChapter 2Chapter 2 OverviewIMatthewTennant613
GLOBAL HEALTH AND DISEASE
Chapter 2
Chapter 2: Overview
Introduction
Burden of Disease
Non communicable Disease
Infectious Disease
The Future of Infectious Disease
Public Health and Healthcare Strategies
Conclusion
Introduction
Development and management
Understanding the environmental or national context
Social and cultural beliefs
The physical environment
The political climate
3
3
Introduction
Understanding the environmental or national context
Economic development
Social structures
Types of diseases present in the population
4
4
Introduction
Influence of population health needs
Distribution of medical resources
Provision of health services
5
5
Introduction
Demands on healthcare systems
Disease prevention
Primary treatment
Secondary treatment
Tertiary treatment
6
6
Introduction
Integration of the healthcare system with public health system
Public health system responsibilities
7
7
Burden of Disease
Measurement of disease
Prevalence
Incidence
Disease specific mortality
Case fatality rate
Mortality rates
8
8
Burden of Disease
Reporting the burden of disease
Disability-adjusted life years (DALY)
Quality-adjusted life years (QALY)
Health expectancy
Healthy life years
Application of cost-benefit analyses
9
9
Burden of Disease
Effect of measurement on appropriation of health resources
Difficulties with collecting health statistics
10
10
Noncommunicable Disease
Heart disease
Cerebrovascular disease
Respiratory infections
HIVAIDS
Chronic pulmonary disease
Perinatal conditions
Diarrheal disease
Tuberculosis
Malaria
Respiratory tract cancers
Top 10 leading causes of death
Noncommunicable Disease
Emergence of noncommunicable disease
Heart disease
Stroke
Cancer
12
12
Noncommunicable Diseases
Emergence of noncommunicable disease
Chronic respiratory disease
Mental illness
Diabetes
13
13
Noncommunicable Disease
Increasing impact on worldwide mortality
Differences between communicable and noncommunicable disease
World Health Organization projection
14
14
Noncommunicable Disease
Risk factors for noncommunicable disease
Lifestyle
Environment
Top ten leading causes of death worldwide
15
15
Noncommunicable Disease
Cardiovascular disease
Forms of disease
Atherosclerotic disease
Non-atherosclerotic disease
16
16
Noncommunicable Disease
Cardiovascular diseases Types
Coronary Artery Disease
Heart Attack
Congenital Heart Disease
Aneurysm
Heart Failure
High Blood Pressure
Stroke
Arrhythmias
17
17
Noncommunicable Disease
Cancer
Risk factors
Preventable risk factors
18
18
Noncommunicable Disease
Factors Known To Increase Cancer Risk
Age: can take decades to develop
Lifestyle: Certain lifestyle choices
Family history: 10% due to inherited condition
Health conditions: Some chronic health conditions can increase risks
Noncommunicable Disease
Factors Known To Increase Cancer Risk
Environment: may contain harmful chemicals
Globalization:
Rising consumption of tobacc ...
Top 10 killers.H&HN Hospitals & Health Networks. Nov 2012 v86.docxedwardmarivel
Top 10 killers.
H&HN Hospitals & Health Networks. Nov 2012 v86 i11 p68(1).
Full Text:COPYRIGHT 2012 Health Forum, Inc.
Here are the leading causes of death in the United States and the number of lives they took in 2010, based on preliminary data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
1. Heart disease (599,413)
2. Cancer (567,628)
3. Chronic lower respiratory diseases (137,353)
4. Stroke (cerebrovascular diseases) (128,842)
5. Accidents (unintentional injuries) (118,021)
6. Alzheimer's disease (79,003)
7. Diabetes (68,705)
8. Influenza and pneumonia (53,692)
9. Nephritis, nephrotic syndrome and nephrosis (48,935)
10. Intentional self-harm (suicide) (36,909)
Source: CDC/National Center for Health Statistics, 2012
Record Number: A311049240
CHOOSE ONE DISEASE AND DISCUSS IN 200-300 WORDS
CDC report provides snapshot of U.S. health.
Mary Ann Moon. Internal Medicine News. March 15, 2010 v43 i5 p64(1).
Full Text:COPYRIGHT 2010 International Medical News Group
The use of medical technology has grown dramatically over the last decade, according to the federal government's annual health report.
That's just one finding in the massive "Health, United States, 2009," a snapshot of Americans' health, which the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention compiles yearly as "an essential step in making sound health policy and setting research and program priorities."
This year's edition, the 33rd, includes a special section on medical technology, which includes procedures, tests, drugs, devices, and support systems such as computerized records. The principal findings in this section include:
* The use of MRI, CT, and PET imaging soared during the past decade. The number of such imaging studies either ordered or provided by physician offices and hospital outpatient departments more than tripled; those ordered or provided by emergency departments quadrupled.
* The rate of knee replacement surgery performed in patients aged 45 years and older rose 70% during the same interval, from 26 to 45 per 10,000 population. The rate of total hip replacement surgery increased by 33%, and that of partial hip replacements increased by 60%.
* The rate of angioplasty without stent placement declined by 80% during the past decade. Drug-eluting stents have rapidly replaced bare-metal stents and were used in 75% of angioplasties in 2006.
* The number of assisted reproductive technology cycles doubled during the past decade, with the fastest rate of growth occurring in women older than 40 (11% per year).
* The rate of outpatient upper endoscopies rose by 90%, and the rate of outpatient colonoscopy tripled during the same interval.
* The use of diabetes drugs among patients aged 45 and older increased approximately 50%, and that of statins soared 10-fold in the past decade.
* The percentage of people taking at least one prescription drug during the preceding month rose from 38% in the 1980s and 1990s to 47% in recent years. The percentage taking three or ...
The global ecosystem analyst - the date broker of personal medical data based on artificial intelligence and blockchain technologies.The personal ecosystem for diagnosing a human body in real time.Finds sources, patterns of development of different diseases and prevents future illnesses. Insurance Health life.
Mortality and Morbidity what are the major health problems in.docxgilpinleeanna
Mortality and Morbidity: what are the major health problems in the developing world?
On one hand, people in low-income countries are much worse off, and much more likely to die
prematurely, than people in wealthier parts of the world. On the other hand, it's important to
note that those who live past age five have strong chances of living to the age of 60 ; saving a life
from even a single cause of death means saving a person who is likely to live significantly longer.
Children under five in low-income countries primarily die of preventable and treatable diseases
such as malaria, respiratory infections, diarrhea, perinatal conditions, measles, and HIV/AIDS.
Between the ages of 5 and 60, the major causes of death in low-income countries (relative to
higher-income countries) are HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and maternal mortality (i.e., deaths in
childbirth). After the age of 60, there are large differences in the mortality rates for many of the
same causes of death that affect those under 5, as well as for many conditions that require
advanced medical attention (heart disease, cancer, diabetes).
The table below shows the differences between low-income and high-income countries, in
terms of deaths per 1,000, by age range and cause of death. It is color-coded: yellow squares
represent causes of death for which mortality rates are greater in low-income countries by at
least 0.5 deaths per 1,000 people, orange squares represent causes of death for which mortality
rates are greater in low-income countries by at least 1 deaths per 1,000 people), and red
squares represent causes of death for which mortality rates are greater in low-income countries
by at least 2.5 deaths per 1,000 people.
1
Note that conditions vary within the developing world. Mortality rates for many causes are
higher in Sub-Saharan Africa than in the group of low-income countries (which includes some
highly populous Asian countries, such as India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh).
Non-fatal health problems
Household surveys of those living on under $1 or $2 per day show that the poor are often sick.
In the surveys cited by Banerjee and Duflo (2006), in every country for which data was available
an average of over 10% of households reported at least one member needed to see a doctor in
the month prior to the survey. In many areas the average exceeded 25%; parts of India, Mexico,
and Nicaragua had averages above 35%. Here we do not discuss all health problems in detail,
but we present three prevalent conditions (malnutrition, parasitic worms, and malaria) which
are both direct causes of symptoms and risk factors for other conditions. In addition, we
present data on the prevalence of a selection of health problems that are common in low-
income countries and compare prevalence rates in these countries to rates in high-income
countries.
Malnutrition is a widespread pro ...
15m people worldwide suffer a stroke every day. What can be done to combat the disease? This report, sponsored by AstraZeneca, assesses current developments and the economic burden of stroke across the regions of the world.
GLOBAL HEALTH AND DISEASEChapter 2Chapter 2 OverviewIMatthewTennant613
GLOBAL HEALTH AND DISEASE
Chapter 2
Chapter 2: Overview
Introduction
Burden of Disease
Non communicable Disease
Infectious Disease
The Future of Infectious Disease
Public Health and Healthcare Strategies
Conclusion
Introduction
Development and management
Understanding the environmental or national context
Social and cultural beliefs
The physical environment
The political climate
3
3
Introduction
Understanding the environmental or national context
Economic development
Social structures
Types of diseases present in the population
4
4
Introduction
Influence of population health needs
Distribution of medical resources
Provision of health services
5
5
Introduction
Demands on healthcare systems
Disease prevention
Primary treatment
Secondary treatment
Tertiary treatment
6
6
Introduction
Integration of the healthcare system with public health system
Public health system responsibilities
7
7
Burden of Disease
Measurement of disease
Prevalence
Incidence
Disease specific mortality
Case fatality rate
Mortality rates
8
8
Burden of Disease
Reporting the burden of disease
Disability-adjusted life years (DALY)
Quality-adjusted life years (QALY)
Health expectancy
Healthy life years
Application of cost-benefit analyses
9
9
Burden of Disease
Effect of measurement on appropriation of health resources
Difficulties with collecting health statistics
10
10
Noncommunicable Disease
Heart disease
Cerebrovascular disease
Respiratory infections
HIVAIDS
Chronic pulmonary disease
Perinatal conditions
Diarrheal disease
Tuberculosis
Malaria
Respiratory tract cancers
Top 10 leading causes of death
Noncommunicable Disease
Emergence of noncommunicable disease
Heart disease
Stroke
Cancer
12
12
Noncommunicable Diseases
Emergence of noncommunicable disease
Chronic respiratory disease
Mental illness
Diabetes
13
13
Noncommunicable Disease
Increasing impact on worldwide mortality
Differences between communicable and noncommunicable disease
World Health Organization projection
14
14
Noncommunicable Disease
Risk factors for noncommunicable disease
Lifestyle
Environment
Top ten leading causes of death worldwide
15
15
Noncommunicable Disease
Cardiovascular disease
Forms of disease
Atherosclerotic disease
Non-atherosclerotic disease
16
16
Noncommunicable Disease
Cardiovascular diseases Types
Coronary Artery Disease
Heart Attack
Congenital Heart Disease
Aneurysm
Heart Failure
High Blood Pressure
Stroke
Arrhythmias
17
17
Noncommunicable Disease
Cancer
Risk factors
Preventable risk factors
18
18
Noncommunicable Disease
Factors Known To Increase Cancer Risk
Age: can take decades to develop
Lifestyle: Certain lifestyle choices
Family history: 10% due to inherited condition
Health conditions: Some chronic health conditions can increase risks
Noncommunicable Disease
Factors Known To Increase Cancer Risk
Environment: may contain harmful chemicals
Globalization:
Rising consumption of tobacc ...
Top 10 killers.H&HN Hospitals & Health Networks. Nov 2012 v86.docxedwardmarivel
Top 10 killers.
H&HN Hospitals & Health Networks. Nov 2012 v86 i11 p68(1).
Full Text:COPYRIGHT 2012 Health Forum, Inc.
Here are the leading causes of death in the United States and the number of lives they took in 2010, based on preliminary data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
1. Heart disease (599,413)
2. Cancer (567,628)
3. Chronic lower respiratory diseases (137,353)
4. Stroke (cerebrovascular diseases) (128,842)
5. Accidents (unintentional injuries) (118,021)
6. Alzheimer's disease (79,003)
7. Diabetes (68,705)
8. Influenza and pneumonia (53,692)
9. Nephritis, nephrotic syndrome and nephrosis (48,935)
10. Intentional self-harm (suicide) (36,909)
Source: CDC/National Center for Health Statistics, 2012
Record Number: A311049240
CHOOSE ONE DISEASE AND DISCUSS IN 200-300 WORDS
CDC report provides snapshot of U.S. health.
Mary Ann Moon. Internal Medicine News. March 15, 2010 v43 i5 p64(1).
Full Text:COPYRIGHT 2010 International Medical News Group
The use of medical technology has grown dramatically over the last decade, according to the federal government's annual health report.
That's just one finding in the massive "Health, United States, 2009," a snapshot of Americans' health, which the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention compiles yearly as "an essential step in making sound health policy and setting research and program priorities."
This year's edition, the 33rd, includes a special section on medical technology, which includes procedures, tests, drugs, devices, and support systems such as computerized records. The principal findings in this section include:
* The use of MRI, CT, and PET imaging soared during the past decade. The number of such imaging studies either ordered or provided by physician offices and hospital outpatient departments more than tripled; those ordered or provided by emergency departments quadrupled.
* The rate of knee replacement surgery performed in patients aged 45 years and older rose 70% during the same interval, from 26 to 45 per 10,000 population. The rate of total hip replacement surgery increased by 33%, and that of partial hip replacements increased by 60%.
* The rate of angioplasty without stent placement declined by 80% during the past decade. Drug-eluting stents have rapidly replaced bare-metal stents and were used in 75% of angioplasties in 2006.
* The number of assisted reproductive technology cycles doubled during the past decade, with the fastest rate of growth occurring in women older than 40 (11% per year).
* The rate of outpatient upper endoscopies rose by 90%, and the rate of outpatient colonoscopy tripled during the same interval.
* The use of diabetes drugs among patients aged 45 and older increased approximately 50%, and that of statins soared 10-fold in the past decade.
* The percentage of people taking at least one prescription drug during the preceding month rose from 38% in the 1980s and 1990s to 47% in recent years. The percentage taking three or ...
The global ecosystem analyst - the date broker of personal medical data based on artificial intelligence and blockchain technologies.The personal ecosystem for diagnosing a human body in real time.Finds sources, patterns of development of different diseases and prevents future illnesses. Insurance Health life.
Mortality and Morbidity what are the major health problems in.docxgilpinleeanna
Mortality and Morbidity: what are the major health problems in the developing world?
On one hand, people in low-income countries are much worse off, and much more likely to die
prematurely, than people in wealthier parts of the world. On the other hand, it's important to
note that those who live past age five have strong chances of living to the age of 60 ; saving a life
from even a single cause of death means saving a person who is likely to live significantly longer.
Children under five in low-income countries primarily die of preventable and treatable diseases
such as malaria, respiratory infections, diarrhea, perinatal conditions, measles, and HIV/AIDS.
Between the ages of 5 and 60, the major causes of death in low-income countries (relative to
higher-income countries) are HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and maternal mortality (i.e., deaths in
childbirth). After the age of 60, there are large differences in the mortality rates for many of the
same causes of death that affect those under 5, as well as for many conditions that require
advanced medical attention (heart disease, cancer, diabetes).
The table below shows the differences between low-income and high-income countries, in
terms of deaths per 1,000, by age range and cause of death. It is color-coded: yellow squares
represent causes of death for which mortality rates are greater in low-income countries by at
least 0.5 deaths per 1,000 people, orange squares represent causes of death for which mortality
rates are greater in low-income countries by at least 1 deaths per 1,000 people), and red
squares represent causes of death for which mortality rates are greater in low-income countries
by at least 2.5 deaths per 1,000 people.
1
Note that conditions vary within the developing world. Mortality rates for many causes are
higher in Sub-Saharan Africa than in the group of low-income countries (which includes some
highly populous Asian countries, such as India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh).
Non-fatal health problems
Household surveys of those living on under $1 or $2 per day show that the poor are often sick.
In the surveys cited by Banerjee and Duflo (2006), in every country for which data was available
an average of over 10% of households reported at least one member needed to see a doctor in
the month prior to the survey. In many areas the average exceeded 25%; parts of India, Mexico,
and Nicaragua had averages above 35%. Here we do not discuss all health problems in detail,
but we present three prevalent conditions (malnutrition, parasitic worms, and malaria) which
are both direct causes of symptoms and risk factors for other conditions. In addition, we
present data on the prevalence of a selection of health problems that are common in low-
income countries and compare prevalence rates in these countries to rates in high-income
countries.
Malnutrition is a widespread pro ...
15m people worldwide suffer a stroke every day. What can be done to combat the disease? This report, sponsored by AstraZeneca, assesses current developments and the economic burden of stroke across the regions of the world.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
3. BOOKMARK THIS WEBSITE AND DOWNLOAD
THE PDF
Australia’s health 2020: in brief (Full
publication;23July2020Edition)(AIHW)
4. Measuring Health Status
Role of
epidemiology
Measures of
epidemiology
(mortality, infant
mortality,morbidity,
life expectancy)
5. Role of Epidemiology
EPIDEMIOLOGY: The study of disease in groups or populations through the collection of data and
information, to identify patterns and cause.
PREVALENCE: The number of cases of disease that exists in a defined population at a point in time
INCIDENCE: The number of new cases of disease occurring in a defined population over a period of
time.
Epidemiology is used by Governments and health-related organisations to obtain a picture of the health
status of a population.
6. What does it epidemiology do?
WHAT CAN IT TELLS
US?
Considers patterns to
determine:
WHO USES THESE MEASURES….
Helps researchers and health authorities:
SOME OF THE MEASURES...
Looks at data such as
Prevalence
Incidence
Distribution (the extent
of the issue)
The apparent causes
(either determinants or
indicators for disease)
Describe and compare the patterns of health of
groups, communities and populations
Identify health needs and allocate health
resources
Evaluate health behaviours and strategies to
control and prevent disease
Identify and promote behaviours to improve
health (e.g. lower sugar intake)
Governments, NGOs, health department,
medical practitioners etc...
-Births
-Deaths
-Disease incidence
-Disease prevalence
-Contact with health-care
providers
-Hospital use
-Injury incidence
-Work days lost
-Money spent on health care
7. Limitations
Whilst epidemiology has been a proven method of measuring health status, there are limitations. These
include;
- Largely objective data, therefore some subjective measures can be difficult to gauge e.g. life
expectancy provides valuable statistical information, but quality of life measures, however, are
far more subjective and often rely on self reporting tools which can be less reliable.
- Does not explain the why for health inequities.
- Numerous sources of information
- Varying levels of reliability
- Imprecise methods of data collection
- No standardisation of instruments, defintions and classifications
8. MEASURES OF EPIDEMIOLOGY
(mortality, infant mortality, morbidity, life expectancy)
MORTALITY: A measure of the number of deaths in a given population over a period of time (most
commonly a year). Usually represented per 100,000 of the population. Decreasing
INFANT MORTALITY: A measure of infant deaths in the first year of life (0-1yrs old), per 1000 live
births. Decreasing
MORBIDITY: The incidence or level of illness, disease or injury in a given population. Decreasing for
most major health conditions (or at least occurring later in people’s lives) - Survival rates increasing
unfortunately so is the incidence of diabetes and mental health problems.
LIFE EXPECTANCY: The average number of years a person can expect to live if the existing mortality
patterns continue. Increasing
9. Mortality
In 2020, there were 161,300 deaths
in Australia (52.4%M, 47.6% F).
These deaths had a wide range of
causes but some were more
common than others.
The leading causes of death in Australia (according
to ‘Australia’s Health in Brief remember the link at
the start of the unit that you bookmarked and
downloaded the PDF) are:
Although Coronary Heart Disease is number 1, in
2016 Cancer (all types combined) took over as the
leading cause of death. Coronary Heart Disease
remains, however, the leading single cause.
Potentially avoidable death rate fell by 41%
between 199 and 2019
What is the order?
Make sure the order is
correct in your notes
10. Important to understand Tables & Graphs
Based on the table
● What is the combined leading cause of
death?
● What is the leading cause death for
males?
● What is the leading cause of death for
females?
● What is responsible for more deaths –
lung cancer or Cerebrovascular
disease?
● Which is responsible for more deaths in
the given area:
Males – COPD or Females – Lung
cancer
11.
12. Mortality
In 2020:
● The leading cause of death was ischaemic heart diseases (IHD).
● Dementia, including Alzheimer's disease was the second leading cause of death. People who died from dementia
had a high median age at death of 89.1.
● Cerebrovascular diseases, lung cancer and chronic lower respiratory diseases rounded out the top five leading
causes.
● Deaths from the five leading causes all decreased from 2019.
● There were 55 deaths due to influenza. Influenza and pneumonia dropped to the 17th leading cause of death
(down from the 9th leading cause in 2019). The ranking of influenza and pneumonia is influenced by the severity of
the flu season.
● Suicide was the 15th leading cause of death. People who died from suicide had median age at death of 43.5.
● COVID-19 was the 38th leading cause of death, with 898 deaths recorded through the civil registration system.
● From 2011 to 2020:
● Deaths due to Ischaemic heart diseases and Cerebrovascular diseases decreased by 22.9% and 15.8% respectively.
● Deaths due to Dementia, including Alzheimer's disease increased by 47.8% (4,711 deaths).
17. Summary
The 10 leading causes of death in 2018 were generally the same as in 2008, albeit with different
rankings (Figure 3).
• For males, coronary heart disease was the leading cause of death in both these years,
accounting for 17% of deaths in 2008 and 13% in 2018. However, the death rate from
coronary heart disease has decreased over the decade. The largest change in leading
causes of death for males from 2008 to 2018 was the rise of dementia including Alzheimer’s
disease, from seventh to third place.
• For females, coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, breast cancer and colorectal
cancer fell in rank from 2008 to 2018. On the other hand, there were notable increases—for
dementia including Alzheimer’s disease (from third to first place) and for COPD (from
seventh to fifth place).
18. Infant Mortality
This measure is considered to be the most
important indicator of the health status of a
nation and can also predict life expectancy.
It is divided into;
- neonatal (deaths in first 28 days of life) =
influenced by maternal and neonatal care
- post-neonatal (day 29-1 yr)
Infant mortality rate was 3.3 deaths per
1000 live births in 2017
19. INFANT MORTALITY
TREND =
DECREASING
Regional and remote areas
accounted for 38% of
premature deaths
Mortality rates are between 1.2
and 3.8 times as high in
regional and remote areas than
in major cities
More premature deaths are
males (62% vs 38%)
Has improved due to:
- Improved medical diagnosis
- Improved public sanitation
- Health education
- Improved support services
20. Morbidity
Illness, disease and injury are all
conditions that reduce our quality
of life. Information about the
prevalence and incidence of these
conditions gives us a better
perspective of the Nations health.
21. MORBIDITY TREND = DECREASING WITH SURVIVAL RATES
INCREASING. DIABETES AND MENTAL HEALTH ISSUES INCREASING
Morbidity measures:
- Hospital Use
- Doctor visits and Medicare
statistics - Medicare is
Australia’s public-funded
universal health care
system. Providing free or
low cost medical,
optometric and hospital
care. Federal Government
funding.
- Health surveys and reports
- Disability and handicap
statistics
*DALY - Disability-adjusted life years
(think of 1 DALY as 1 year of healthy life lost)
22. Life Expectancy = INCREASING
Life expectancy is continually
increasing. A child born between
2016-18 can expect to live to 84.9
(females – ½ a year more than
previous report) or 80.7 (males – a
1/3 a year more than previous report).
This is attributed to:
- Lower infant mortality
- Declining death rates from CVD
- Declining overall death rates
from cancer
- Fall in deaths from traffic
accidents
23.
24.
25. The burden of
illness and the
potential to
reduce this
burden is the
greatest
significant
consideration of
the Government
when prioritising
health funding.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30. Identifying priority health
issues
Principles of Social Justice
Priority Populations Groups
Prevalence of condition
Potential for prevention and
early intervention
Costs to the individual and
community
31. Identifying Priority Health Issues
P - Principles of Social Justice (Remember
SEED??)
P - Priority Populations Groups
P - Prevalence of Condition
P - Potential for Prevention and Early
Intervention
C - Cost to the Individual and Community
Priority groups are identified on;
- Their contribution to the burden
of illness in the community
- The potential for the reduction
of this burden
Priority groups include;
- ATSI
- Low SES
- Rural and Remote
- People born overseas
- Elderly
- People with disabilities
32. SEED - The Social Justice Principles
Supportive Environments:
All Australians have the right to be healthy. Environments need to be structured
so that they are supportive of this. Examples include: Provision of health
services/products at affordable or no cost, products/services are located in
metropolitan, rural and remote locations and providing products/services that
help people overcome difficulties associated with disabilities. Give 2 examples
Equity:
Ensuring that resources are allocated fairly so that all Australians have the
opportunity to be healthy. This may mean resources are allocated to some
groups/communities in greater amounts. Give 2 examples
Diversity:
Australia has a diverse population with diverse health needs. Each group’s issues
must be met. E.g. Greater volume of services and facilities for our aging
population, Medicare demonstrate diversity with translation services, community
initiatives making citizens born overseas aware of the available health services.
Give 2 examples
33. Some Examples
Medicare: provides essential medical care at an
affordable cost, or at no cost, so that socioeconomic
factors should not restrict a person’s capacity to
receive the treatment they need. Federally Funded
Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS): Subsidises
(reduces) the cost of selected drug treatments deemed
to be life-saving or adding significantly to quality of
life. Several costly drug therapies for cardiovascular
disease, cancer and other chronic diseases are
included on the subsidised list under the PBS.
Federally Funded
Medicare Safety Net: Identifies a threshold over
which basic medical costs incurred in any one year are
further subsidised by the government. -------------------
34. Priority Population Groups
If a specific population group is experiencing health disadvantages, it could be argued that their right to
be healthy is being impinged. Epidemiology has informed us that some population groups do
experience health inequalities and that these disadvantages need to be addressed.
This identification helps authorities:
- determine the disadvantages of certain groups
- better understand social determinants
- prevalence of disease and injury in specific groups
- determine the needs of groups in relation to the SJP
Examples include:
- Royal Flying Doctors Service (RDFS), providing aeromedical emergency health services and clinics in
remote sites
- Incentive programs for medical practitioners and dentists to practice in rural or remote areas
- Allocating more funding to Indigenous health services than non-Indigenous
- Developing NSW Multicultural Health Communication Service (supporting culturally and linguistically
diverse communities)
35. Prevalence of Condition
Refers to how common the condition is within
the community. We obtain this through
epidemiological data. It relates primarily to high
levels of preventable chronic disease, injury
and mental health problems.
High prevalence rates indicate the health and
economic burden that the disease or condition
places on the community.
Looks to reduce the burden of disease
(remember the table 5 slides ago?)
36. Potential for Prevention and Early Intervention
The majority of disease and illnesses suffered by Australians result from poor lifestyle behaviours.
Unfortunately simply changing people’s behaviours is easier said than done. Many people’s choices are
a reflection on their environment.
SES, access to info and health services, employment, housing, support networks and environmental
infrastructure (water, roads, power grids etc..) are increasingly being viewed as determinants of health
inequities.
Individual and environmental determinants must both be met. Support in addressing the modifiable risk
factors is important.
E.g. Quitting smoking, breast screening etc...
37. Cost to the Individual and Community
INDIVIDUAL:
Refers to the economic and health burden placed onto an
individual. Measured in terms of financial loss, loss of
productivity, diminished quality of life and emotional stress.
Financial and productivity costs = costs associated with
treatment or impaired ability e.g. hospital charges,
rehabilitation, medical fees, drugs therapies, travel costs and
loss of income.
Non-financial = pain and suffering experienced and the
reduction in quality of life. E.g. not being able to participate in
activities they once did and enjoyed, lifestyle changes for
carers of injured or disabled. Emotional trauma is also a non-
financial cost to an individual.
COMMUNITY:
These can be DIRECT or INDIRECT costs.
DIRECT:
Money spent on diagnosing, treating and caring for
the sick, plus the money for prevention. E.g.
Research, screenings, hospital admissions,
pharmaceutical prescriptions and education.
INDIRECT:
The value of output lost when people become too ill
to work or die prematurely. E.g. forgone earnings,
absenteeism and the retaining of replacement
workers.